zhongguo在宗教上的新法規(guī)一小步,而不是一個(gè)巨大的飛躍前進(jìn)【外文翻譯】

1、外文翻譯China’sNewRegulationsonReligion:ASmallStepNotaGreatLeapFwardI.INTRODUCTIONTheinteractionofgovernmentreligioninChinahaslongbeenavolatilesituation.Asthenumberofreligiousbelieversgrowsthesituationdoesnotappeartobeimprov

2、ing.WhiletheChineseconstitutionguaranteesfreedomofreligiousbeliefthegovernmentofChinamaintainsclosesupervisionoverreligionreligiousactivitieswithacomplexsystemoflegalmechanismsenfcementactions.Aspartofitslargerprogramfso

3、cialcontrolthegovernmentpermitssomereligiouslibertiesfauthizedsupervisedreligionsgenerallyprohibitsrepressesprosecutesunauthizedgroups.SimultaneouslyChinaismakingthetransitionfroma“rulebylaw”societywherethegovernmentuses

4、thelawtoruleisitselfabovethelawtoa“ruleoflaw”societywherelawbindsallacts—governmentalindividual.TheChinesegovernmentrecentlyissuednewregulationsgoverningreligionsreligiousactivities.Thegovernmentassertedthatthesenewregul

5、ationswhichbecameeffectiveMarch12005area“paradigmshift”a“turningpoint”inreligiousaffairswillstardizedisparateregionalpracticeprovidemelegalrecoursefcitizenswhoserightshavebeenviolatedgenerally“safeguard”religiousfreedomi

6、nChina.ThisCommentanalyzesthesenewregulationsarguesthatthenewregulationsareastepintherightdirectiontowardtheruleoflawinChinainthattheyprovidemeunifmityintheadministrationofreligiousregulationsclarifytheinteractionbetween

7、religiousbodiesgovernmentgansgiverecoursetocitizenswhosereligiouslibertieshavebeenviolatedharnessthevaguenessoftheregulationstoachieveflexibilityinaccommodatingreligionomitsomerestrictiveprovisionsfoundinpreviousregulati

8、onsgiveadditionallegalprotectionsinafewareas.Despitetheseimprovementstheregulationsareonlyasmallsteptowardstruereligiousfreedombecausetheyrepresentcontinuingstrongstatesupervisionofreligiondonotprotectnonsanctionedgroups

9、providepunitivepossiblyarbitrarypenaltiesfnoncomplianceleaveinterpretationofimptantyetvagueprovisionstobureaucraticdiscretionleaveunansweredhostsofquestionsregardingotherreligiousregulationsimplementationissues.Unftunate

10、lywhetherthenewregulationsensurereligiousfreedomhingesonhowgovernmentofficialsimplementinterprettheregulationsatthenationalprovinciallocallevels.InalltheregulationsreflectasmallsteptowardtruereligiousfreedominChinabutnom

11、e.PartIIofthisCommentgivesabriefoverviewoflawpolicyinChinatheTheRABisresponsiblefmonitingthefiverecognizedreligionssupervisingthepatrioticreligiousassociationscraftingnationalreligiousregulationsoverseeingregionalRABsfig

12、htingthespreadof“cults”preventing“feigndomination”ofreligion.SincealmostallRABofficialsarealsoPartymembersRABofficialsarerarelyreligiousbelievershoweveratthenationallevelRABofficialsareoftenquiteknowledgeablesophisticate

13、daboutreligiousbeliefspractices.AttheprovincialespeciallyatthelocallevelsRABsaresometimesmergedwiththebureauoverseeingethnicaffairssomebureaucratsarelesseducatedsophisticated.ProvincialRABofficialsundergoperiodictraining

14、toensuresomemeasureofstardizationinadministrationbutdecentralizationlocalcontrolhaveledtoafairdegreeofdisparityinimplementingnationalpoliciesonreligionatthelocallevels.Inadditioncruptioniswidespreadatnearlyeverylevel.Ano

15、therganundertheStateCouncilisthePublicSecurityBureau(PSB)whichisgedwithlawenfcement.OnalladministrativelevelsthePSBsareusuallytheganizationstaskedwith“crackingdown”onunregisteredillegalgroups.PSBsarepartoflocalgovernment

16、saretherefesubjecttolocalpressuresprejudices.PSBsdonotnecessarilyconsultwithRABswhentheyarrestmembersof“unregistered”religiousgroups.3.LegislaturejudiciaryTheNationalPeople’sCongress(NPC)isnominallythestate’slegislativea

17、rmbutbecauseitmeetsonlyonceayear(undertheclosesupervisionoftheParty)itfunctionsmeasarubberstampthanasatruedeliberativebody.MeoversincetheNPCvotesonlyonthemostimptantfarreachingmatterstheStateCouncilislefttoissueregulatio

18、nsthatmakeupthebulkoflawinChina.Article126oftheconstitutionassertstheprincipleofjudicialindependenceyetjudicialindependenceinChinaismeafutureidealthanafact.People’sCourtsatnationallowerlevelsrepttotheircrespondingPeople’

19、sCongressestheNationalPeople’sCongressisthefinalarbiterofstatutyinterpretation.China’saccessiontotheWldTradeganization(WTO)hasprompteddebateastohowtomovefrom“rulebylaw”to“ruleoflaw”makeChina’slawsconsistentwithinternatio

20、nalstardsofjudicialindependencejudicialreviewtransparencyhumanrights.InChinalegalscholarsthejudiciaryhavebecomeincreasinglyreceptivetotheconceptofjudicializationoftheconstitutionwhichwouldallowcitizenstosuebasedonviolati

21、onsofconstitutionallyenshrinedrights.HeretofethecourtshavenotplayedasignificantroleinprotectingreligiouslibertiesinChinauntiltheconstitutionisjudicializedreligiousbelieverstheeticallyhaveaconstitutionalrightto“freedomofr