在議會(huì)中的公務(wù)員在德國(guó)起決定因素的理論和證據(jù)【外文翻譯】

1、1本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯原文：原文：PublicServantsinParliament:theyevidenceonitsdeterminantsinGermanyThispaperaddressesthepersonallinkagesbetweenthepublicservicethelegislaturethatemergebecausepublicservantspursueapoliticalmate.Thereare

2、concernsthattherepresentationofpublicservantsinparliamentsgeneratesaconflictofinterest.WepresentacostbenefitcalculusanalyzespecificlegalprovisionsftheGermanLaendertoundersttheionofpublicservantsintoparliaments.Wefindthat

3、alegalincompatibilityofapositioninthepublicserviceapoliticalmatedecreasesacompensationfhavingtoholdone’sofficeinabeyanceincreasesthefractionofpublicservantsinLaenderparliaments.Indertorestricttheabuseofsovereignauthitygo

4、vernmentfunctionsareassignedtodifferentbodiesinademocracy(preceptoftheseparationofpowers).Thoughbroadlyappliedinprincipletheconcretepersonalseparationissetdifferentlybasedonspecificinstitutionsineverydemocracy.Amajconsti

5、tutionaldecisionconcernsthedegreeofcompatibilityofemploymentinthepublicservicewithelectiontothelegislature.IntheUnitedStatesintheUnitedKingdomineligibilityappliesi.e.publicservantshavetowithdrawfromofficeevenbefetheyacce

6、ptacidacyhavenoclaimtoreemploymentinthefmerpositionaftertheelection.IncontrastincountrieslikeAustriaGermanythereareweakstrongfmsofincompatibilitybutnorulingofineligibilityexists.Infactalargeproptionofparliamentariansinth

7、esecountriesisfromthepublicservice.In200755.2%ofthemembersofthefirstparliamentarychamberinAustriawerepublicservants.TherespectivefigureinGermanywas40.2%.Eventhoughthestrongrepresentationofpublicservantsinparliamentshasra

8、isedpublicconcernithasnotyetsparkedmuchscientificresearch.Theexistenceofpersonalunionaffiliationstheperkofguaranteedreemploymentcompromisetheconstitutionallyproposed(party)politicalneutralityofthepublicservicegenerateaco

9、nflictofinterests.Thisisduetotheseparliamentarians’doubleroleasagentsinpublicserviceasprincipalsthatsupervisethepublicservicein3(potential)consequencesftheoutcomesofthepoliticalprocessarederived.Basedonanoveldatasetsomeo

10、fthetheeticallyanalyzeddeterminantsaretestedempirically.FalltheGermanstateswecompileddataonthefractionofpublicservantsinparliamentonthelegalrestrictionsprivilegesappliedtopublicservantsoverthelast60years.Asmainresultswef

11、indthatthegrantingofcompensationfholdingofficeinabeyanceisstatisticallyrelatedtoalargerfractionofpublicservantsinparliamentwhereastheapplicationofastrictaswellasasoftincompatibilityrulesignifyinghigheropptunitycostsiscre

12、latedwithasmallerfractionofpublicservantsinparliament.Weseeourwkasanovelcontributiontocomparativeinstitutionalanalysisdealingwiththespecificissueofpoliticalion.Itlinkswithseveralstrsofliteratureinpoliticalsciencepolitica

13、leconomicsofionmarketsfpoliticiansdisclosurerulesfpoliticianseconomicanalysisofpoliticalcareerspoliticalrecruitmenteliteresearch.Anotherlinkiswithwkinadministrativesciencecomparativeconstitutionallawonissuesofincompatibi

14、lity.ClosesttoourstudyintheGermancontextisthecarefulwkbythepoliticalscientistsKlattSchrodewhodiscussthepotentialcausesconsequencesoftherepresentationofpublicservantsinparliaments.Howevertheyneitherprovideasystematicaccou

15、ntofthedeterminantsinonecohesiveframewkndotheyofferanempiricaltestonrepresentation.PublicservantsasvotersSofarwehavemainlydiscussedtheinstitutionalprovisionspromotingthesupplyofpublicservantsasparliamentarycidates.Inthis

16、subsectionwelookatacomplementaryaspectinoutliningthedemfpublicservantsaslegislats.Weemphasizetheroleofpublicservantsasvotersoftenganizedinpublictradeunionsanalysetheattractivenessofpublicservantsascidatesfpoliticalpartie

17、s.Thebureauvotingmodelofgovernmentgrowthhypothesizesthatpublicservantsaremelikelytocasttheirvotesinelections.Thismodelassumesthatpublicservantsholdmarkedpoliticalopinionstherefefavcidatesadvocatinghighergovernmentspendin

18、g.Thehighturnoutofpublicservantshasbeendocumentedinseveralstudies.Intheirresearchthehigherturnoutratesfpublicservantscomparedtoemployeesfromothersectsarepartlyexplainedbyacteristicsspecifictothemasagroup:onaveragehigherl