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1、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯標(biāo)題：WhenYourContractManufacturerBecomesYourCompetit原文：Outsourcingtheentiremanufacturingofaproductallowsiginalequipmentmanufacturers(OEMs)toreducelabcostsfreeupcapitalimprovewkerproductivity.OEMscanthenconcentr

2、ateonthethingsthatmostenhanceaproduct’svalue–R&Ddesignmarketingfinstance.Facilitatingthesegainsarethecontractmanufacturer’s(CM)specialstrengthswhichmayincludelocationinalowwageleconomiesofscalemanufacturingprowessexposur

3、etotheengineeringdevelopmentprocessesofproductsithlesfotherOEMs.(SuchexposureputstheCMinapositiontoproposeimprovementstodifferentclients’products.)AsIBMothercompanieshavelearnedhowevercontractmanufacturingisatwoedgedswd.

4、FonethingaCMisprivytoanOEM’sintellectualproperty(IP)whichitcanleaktootherclientsarrogate.FanotheranambitiousupstartCMcanclaimfitselftheveryadvantagesitprovidesanOEM.HavingmanufacturedanOEM’sproductinitsentiretytheCMmayde

5、cidetobuilditsownbrfgeitsownrelationshipswithretailersdistributs–includingthoseoftheOEM.WhenthesethingshappentheOEMmayfinditselffacingnotonlymedangerousincumbentsbutalsoacompetitofanewkind:theonceunderestimatedCM.Addingi

6、nsulttoinjuryiftheOEMhadnotgivenitsbusinesstothetraitouscontractmanufacturertheCM’srevenuesknowledgemighthaveremainedsufficientlymeagertopreventitfromenteringitspatron’smarket.Althoughlaunchingabrwouldnotbeatrivialundert

7、akingfanycontractmanufacturerabridentityrootedintheCM’sproductionprowesswouldhaveimmediatecredibility.MeoveraCMwkingfseveralOEMshasexperiencefocusnowonproductresearchdesignsalesleavingproductiontothenewspecialists:contra

8、ctmanufacturers.ContractmanufacturinginvolvesoutsourcinganentiremanufacturingprocesstothepointwhereinmanyinstancesnoneofanOEM’semployeeswillhavephysicallytouchedtheproductthey’remarketingselling.Thepracticebeganin1981wit

9、hthemanufactureofthefirstIBMPCsbutadecadepassedbefeitreachedsucheverydayproductsastoysclothingfootwearbeerpharmaceuticals.Todayevenafewcnersoftheautomobileindustryhaveembracedit:Finl’sValmetAutomotiveassemblesthePscheBox

10、sterAustria’sMagnaSteyrassemblescarsfMercedesBMWSaab.Thediffusionofcontractmanufacturinghasheightenedcompetitioninsomeindustriesinfourways.Thecreationofnewcompanies.Contractmanufacturingfacilitatesthecreationofnewfirmsdi

11、visions.Businessesthatoutsourcedon’thavetoraiseinvestriskthecapitalnecessarytodeveloptheirownproductionfacilities.Thustheycanbypassthetraditionaldeterrentstoenteringnewmarkets.Indeedanyfirm–evenonesellinglowvolumes–cande

12、creaseitsunitcostssimplybyretainingtheCMwiththebiggestscale.That’showDellGatewayhavebeenabletoventurebeyondtheirPCrootsenterthedomesticelectronicsmarketsfplasmaLCD，televisionsDVDplayersmethan50othernewproducts.Thecreatio

13、nofnewbrs.Contractmanufacturers’evolvingsituationencouragesthemtodeveloptheirownbrs.Ithappensasfollows:AsCMsreachefficientscaletheircostlevelsconverge.Atthesametimetheproductstheymakebegintocommoditize.InresponseCMswilla

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