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1、本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯原文：原文：GuestEdit’sIntroductionZhangtingtingTheHouseholdRegistrationSystem(hukou)wasapivotalinstitutionofpoliticalsocialcontrolinMaoistChina.Fmethantwentyyearspeopleunderthissystemhadnofreedomtorelocate.Rural
2、urbanmigrationwasparticularlysanctioned.Thoughunintendedtheincursionofeconomicrefminthelate1970ssetinmotionachainofconsequencesthatbegantheerosionofthehukousystem.ThisissueofChineseLawGovernmentpresentstranslationsofheed
3、governmentregulationsdirectivescircularsregardingtheadministrationofthehukousystembefeaftertherefm.PartIcontainstheofficialdefinitionsofthehukourelatedconceptsaswellasanofficialexplanationoftheregistrationprocedures.Part
4、IIincludestworegulationsthatpresentamacropictureoftheframewkofhukouregistrationbefetherefm:“RegistrationofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonResidenceRegistration”of1958the“CircularConcerningtheInstitutionsofResidenceRegistrati
5、onTransferProceduresfTransferedCadresWkers.”PartIIIintroducesnewregulationscreatedtocopewiththeincreasingpopulationmobilitysincetherefmincluding“RegulationsonResidenceIdentityCardsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina”“Regulation
6、sonApplicationsfTemparyResidenceCards”“RegulationsonPublicSecurityManagementoverRentedLeasedHousing”tonameafew.Theseregulationsshedlightonthechangesthathaveoccurredinthehukousystemitsfuture.Tousherinthemainbodyofthisissu
7、eIshallbrieflyexamineinthisintroductionthefollowingquestions:HowdidthehukousystemcomeintobeingHowwasitenfcedduringtheMaoisteraWhatpoliticalsocialeconomicfcesbroughtaboutthechangesinthehukousystemwhatisthefutureoftheThepr
8、ocesswasusuallyextremelydifficult.EnfcingtheHukouSystemFromitsinceptionitwasapparentthatthehukousystemcouldnotfunctiononitsown.Toassistthehukousystemincontrollingpopulationmobilitycollectivefarmswereestablishedthroughout
9、China.Thesefarmswerebestowedwithgovernmentadministrativefunctions.Whiletheunitofthehukouregistrationwasthehouseholdincitiestownsitwasthevillageinthecountryside.Villagecollectivesmaintainedasingleregisterwiththenamesofall
10、householdsindividuals.Peasantswererequiredtorepttothecollectivesfdailywk.Ifapeasantneededtotravelhewasrequiredtoseekpermissionfromhisvillagetoleave.Ifgrantedhewouldreceivealetterofintroductionfromthevillagewhichwouldserv
11、easanidentificationcardduringhistrip.3Collectivizationofthefarmsectwascompletedin1956.Coupledwiththehukousystemthisassuredahighdegreeofstatecontrolovertheruralpopulace.Meanwhileafmalurbanrationingsystemwasinstitutedin195
12、3.Staterationedproductscoveredalmostallfoodstuffsotherconsumergoodsfromclothtobicycles.Topurchasethestateownedproductspeoplewererequiredtopresentrationcouponsinadditiontotherequiredpayment.Theallocationoffoodrationsother
13、consumergoodsaswellassocialservicesweredirectlylinkedtohouseholdregistration.Rationcouponsweregivenoutonlytoregisteredurbanresidents.Stateownedwkunits(danwei)wereingeofdistributingrationcoupons.Inadditionadanweialsoprovi
14、dedhousingchildren’seducationhealthcaretransptationmovietheatersevenrestaurantstoitsemployees.Fewfromthecountrysidewereabletoearnalivinginurbancenterswithoutanofficialjobassignment.Thankstorationingthedanweisystemurbanre
15、sidentsonaverageenjoyedafarbetterstardoflivingthanruralresidents.CouldpeasantsliveincitieswithouturbanregistrationbefetheeconomicrefmAlthoughtravelwasoccasionallyrestricteditwasnotthemainobstacleprohibitingspontaneousmig
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