人口-概況與歷史變遷-英語(yǔ)國(guó)家

1、People,demography, human resources,UK, US( with a China dimension),Demography,Population size, (ranking of the population size in the world) population density, rankingLevel of urbanization Age structure Population

2、 growth rateLiteracy rate, indicator of educational level.Ethnic composition Religious compositionMigration (migrant), emigration (emigrant), immigration (immigrant)Major demographical change (in history) due to mig

3、ration…,Migration: a historical process,The current population composition in a country (ethnicity, language, religion) and the national culture are determined by migration in history (or the lack of migration).一國(guó)國(guó)民構(gòu)成現(xiàn)狀

4、（族群、語(yǔ)言、宗教）及其國(guó)家文化由歷史人口遷徙決定migrate – migrant – migration, emigrate – emigrant – emigration; immigrate –immigrant - immigration Immigrant: economic immigrant, refugee and asylum seeker.Immigration policy: exclusive排他性,

5、inclusive包容性, assimilation融合, segregation 隔離, multiculturalism多元文化主義. Citizenship: citizen – alien [temporary/permanent residents, guest workers, refugee, illegal immigrant…],Population 2016 (wfb),,UK population,England

6、 has the highest population density. It is most populated area in the UK.,2000 US population density persons/per sm: 1-4 (y), 5-9 (lt. green), 25-49 (dk. green), 50-99 (blue-green), 100-249 (blue), 250-66,995 (black).,

7、,2013 US population density persons/per sm:,,New England on the east coast was the earlier European settlement.New York City is the most populous city in the United States.The most densely populated state is New J

8、ersey (1,121/mi2 or 433/km2), Rhode Island (1,021.6/mi2 or 394.4/km2)， Massachusetts (871.1/mi2 or 336.3/km2),Age structure（2016）,Urbanization: urban population,Net migration ratio,Net immigration ratio (2016),Population

9、 growth rate (2016),China: a reconsideration,Population sizeAge structureGrowth rateChange of the family planning policy:1979-2015 one child 2016- two children,,Education level,literacy,traditionally u

10、nderstood as the ability to read and write.the ability to use language, numbers, images and other means to understand and use the dominant symbol systems of a culture.the "ability to identify, understand, interpre

11、t, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts.(UNESCO)The key to all literacy: reading development ( a progression of skills -- understand spoken words and deco

12、de written words, and culminates in the deep understanding of text),Race - ethnicity,Be careful with the words!,race: the classification of humans into groups based on physical traits, ancestry, genetics or social relati

13、ons, or the relations between themE.g.the Mongoloid race蒙古人種(黃色人種)the Caucasoid race高加索人種(白種)the Negroid race 尼格羅種(黑人)The Australoid race 澳大利亞種 （棕種）the American Indian race 美洲印第安人種the Malayan race 馬來人種。。。,,A so

14、cially constructed concept with little genetic proof. 社會(huì)建構(gòu)的概念，沒有什么基因的證據(jù)Racism ? discrimination歧視, exclusion排斥,segregation隔離, slavery奴隸制, genocide種族清洗 (Holocaust as the extreme example)Today, “populations”, “peoples”,

15、“ethnic groups”, or “communities are more politically correct terms.Language, religion, place of origin,Ethnic groups in the UK,The earliest inhabitants?,Neolithic British Isles(from around 4300 – 2000 BC)e.g. Stonehe

16、nge (from 3000 BC to 2000 BC)Bronze Age Britain (around 2200 to 750 BC) The Beaker people; Iberian originThe ancient Britons; The Celts (the Iron Age, around 750 BC – 43 AD)),Stonehenge,Major European ethnic groups

17、 in pre-history 史前歐洲主要族群,Today’s Austria: Celtic people凱爾特人, Mediterranean: Greeks, Romans, North Europe: Germanic peoples 日耳曼人North, central and southeast Europe: Slavs斯拉夫人.,the core Hallstatt territory (in today’s A

18、ustria) before 500 BC    maximum Celtic expansion by the 270s BC     uncertain    6 'Celtic nations', throughout the Middle Ages (viz. Brittany, Wales, Cornwall, Isle o

19、f Man, Ireland, Scotland)    Celtic-speaking areas today,,,,,,,,Hallstatt （哈爾希塔特文化的，歐洲早期鐵器時(shí)代第一期文化的）the predominant Central European culture from the 8th to 6th centuries BC (European Early Iron Age),T

20、he Roman conquest,55BC, 54 BC Julius Caesar's expeditionsAD 43 Invasion by Emperor ClaudiusRoman Britain ( Latin: Britannia) for about 400 years407 A.D. (?), withdrawal of last Roman legion,Reference:,The

21、 Roman Republic： 509 BC — 27 BCDuring the first two centuries of its existence the Roman Republic expanded from central Italy to the entire Italian peninsula. By the following century it included North Africa, Spain, a

22、nd what is now southern France. Two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century BC, it included the rest of modern France, Greece, and much of the eastern Mediterranean.,Reference:,The Roman Empire：27?BC?–

23、?285/395?AD (Undivided) Octavian (Augustus)285?–?476 (Western)c.?330?–?1453 (Eastern),,,,Island of Great Britain,Mid- 5th C – early 7th C. arrival of Germanic Anglos, Saxons, Jutes, in today’s England (the land of t

24、he Angles) ? ancestors of the English, Old English7 kingdoms ? A unified Kingdom of England by Edgar the Peaceful (King of England from 959 to 975) little Roman influence kept.羅馬影響保留甚微,,,,Roman legacy,Roads and buildin

25、gs (left: Hadrian Wall, Roman bath)Christianity (full conversion in the Middle Ages)Language: Latin (limited),,Scotland: not invaded by Romans, nor Anglo-SaxonsWales: invaded by Romans, not by the Anglo-Saxons,Wester

26、n Europe: 9th – 11th centuries waves of migration and invasion,Magyars 馬札爾人(Hungarians)Muslim ArabsVikings維京人 from the Scandinavian peninsula (also called the Norse (people from the north): ancestors of today’s Danes,

27、Norwegians, Swedes,,Vikings: great seafarers 水手,,Influence of Viking settlement on the English language,Over a thousand words eventually became part of standard English: landing, score, fellow, take, busting, steersman,

28、sk-: skirt, sky, skin… personal pronouns, 3rd person-singular-ending –s.A large number of places (over 1,500) in England have Danish names: -by: Grimsby, Naseby; -thrope, -thwaite, -toft.Personal names: -son.,Vital i

29、nfluence of Vikings’ descendants in Normandy on England 諾曼底地區(qū)維京人后裔對(duì)英格蘭的關(guān)鍵影響,the Norse = people from the north ? Normandy911 A.D. French king granted the Viking tribal leader the title “Duke of Normandy”.Assimilation of

30、 the Normans into French culture (language).同化,1066， Norman conquest,1066 A.D. Duke of Normandy, William I conquered England (The Battle of Hasting). William I: the king of England, the Duke of Normandy = the vassal of

31、the French King 法國(guó)國(guó)王的封臣. The 12th century, England and France were the most powerful monarchs in Europe. (The Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453),Influence of Anglo-Norman French on English language after 1066,Law and gove

32、rnment: crime, government, judge, jury, parliament, prison, revenue, taxChurch：chapter, prayer, religion, sacrament, saintNobility: baron, baroness; count, countess; duke, prince, princess; viscount, noble, royalMilit

33、ary：army, captain, company, defense, enemy, marine, soldierCooking：beef, dine, mutton, pork, salmonCulture and luxury goods：art, bracelet, dance, diamond, painting, satin，sculptureOther：adventure, change, charge, cour

34、age, fruit, letter, literature, magic, male, female, mirror, pilgrimage, proud, question, regard, special,English words origin,,The empire on which the sun never sets All areas of the world that were ever part of the Br

35、itish Empire. Current British Overseas Territories have their names underlined in red.,,Commonwealth of Nations,,,Current immigration to the UK,Imperial legacyNew wave of immigration because of EU: free movem

36、ent of people.Refugees and asylum seekers (current Syria crisis),Summary：migration and ethnicity in UK,Prehistoric period: the Iberian; the Celtic43 – 410 AD: Romans invasion in England and Wales (not in Scotland)Mid

37、5th C. – early 7th C: migration and settlement of the Anglo-Saxons in England, Germanic language ? Old English5th – 10th centuries: creation of EnglandLate 8th – late 11th centuries.: invasion of the Vikings1066 Norma

38、n Conquest. Old English ? medieval EnglishLate 16th – 20th centuries: overseas colonization, the Sun Never Set EmpireToday’s UK: Multi-ethnicity, multi-culture.Ancestors of the English: Anglo-SaxonsAncestors of the I

39、rish, Scottish and Welsh: Celtic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh),Race and ethnicity in the US,America,The aboriginal people: American Indians.Why they were called Indians?1492, Columbus…,Christopher Columbus

40、 (1451 – 1506), an Italian origin navigator and explorer.The discovery of the New World (America).4 voyages made between 1492 and 1504.,1607 - 1775,Regional Origins of Immigrants to the United States, Selected Years,,T

41、he US is an immigration country,A complex historical processA major source of population growth and cultural change (2050: 397 m or 327 m)Positive contribution to the American economycf：Top 10 emigrant countries in 20