土木工程專業(yè)英語課文原文及對照翻譯

1、CivilEngineeringCivilengineeringtheoldestoftheengineeringspecialtiesistheplanningdesignconstructionmanagementofthebuiltenvironment.Thisenvironmentincludesallstructuresbuiltaccdingtoscientificprinciplesfromirrigationdrain

2、agesystemstorocketlaunchingfacilities.土木工程學(xué)作為最老的工程技術(shù)學(xué)科，是指規(guī)劃，設(shè)計，施工及對建筑環(huán)境的管理。此處的環(huán)境包括建筑符合科學(xué)規(guī)范的所有結(jié)構(gòu)，從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設(shè)施。Civilengineersbuildroadsbridgestunnelsdamsharbspowerplantswatersewagesystemshospitalsschoolsmasstransitother

3、publicfacilitiesessentialtomodernsocietylargepopulationconcentrations.Theyalsobuildprivatelyownedfacilitiessuchasairptsrailroadspipelinesskyscrapersotherlargestructuresdesignedfindustrialcommercialresidentialuse.Inadditi

4、oncivilengineersplandesignbuildcompletecitiestownsmerecentlyhavebeenplanningdesigningspaceplatfmstohouseselfcontainedcommunities.土木工程師建造道路，橋梁，管道，大壩，海港，發(fā)電廠，給排水系統(tǒng)，醫(yī)院，學(xué)校，公共交通和其他現(xiàn)代社會和大量人口集中地區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)公共設(shè)施。他們也建造私有設(shè)施，比如飛機場，鐵路，管線，摩天大

5、樓，以及其他設(shè)計用作工業(yè)，商業(yè)和住宅途徑的大型結(jié)構(gòu)。此外，土木工程師還規(guī)劃設(shè)計及建造完整的城市和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)，并且最近一直在規(guī)劃設(shè)計容納設(shè)施齊全的社區(qū)的空間平臺。ThewdcivilderivesfromtheLatinfcitizen.In1782EnglishmanJohnSmeatonusedthetermtodifferentiatehisnonmilitaryengineeringwkfromthatofthemilitaryengi

6、neerswhopredominatedatthetime.Sincethenthetermcivilengineeringhasoftenbeenusedtorefertoengineerswhobuildpublicfacilitiesalthoughthefieldismuchbroader土木一詞來源于拉丁文詞“公民”。在1782年，英國人JohnSmeaton為了把他的非軍事工程工作區(qū)別于當(dāng)時占優(yōu)勢地位的軍事工程師的工作而采用

7、的名詞。自從那時起，土木工程學(xué)被用于提及從事公共設(shè)施建設(shè)的工程師，盡管其包含的領(lǐng)域更為廣闊。Scope.Becauseitissobroadcivilengineeringissubdividedintoanumberoftechnicalspecialties.Dependingonthetypeofprojecttheskillsofmanykindsofcivilengineerspecialistsmaybeneeded.Whe

8、naprojectbeginsthesiteissurveyedmappedbycivilengineerswholocateutilityplacement—watersewerpowerlines.Geotechnicalspecialistsperfmsoilexperimentstodetermineiftheearthcanbeartheweightoftheproject.Environmentalspecialistsst

9、udytheproject’simpactonthelocalarea:thepotentialfairgroundwaterpollutiontheproject’simpactonlocalanimalplantlifehowtheprojectcanbedesignedtomeetgovernmentrequirementsaimedatprotectingtheenvironment.Transptationspecialist

10、sdeterminewhatkindoffacilitiesareneededtoeasetheburdenonlocalroadsothertransptationwksthatwillresultfromthecompletedproject.Meanwhilestructuralspecialistsusepreliminarydatatomakedetaileddesignsplansspecificationsftheproj

11、ect.Supervisingcodinatingthewkofthesecivilengineerspecialistsfrombeginningtoendoftheprojectaretheconstructionmanagementspecialists.Basedoninfmationsuppliesbytheotherspecialistsconstructionmanagementcivilengineersestimate

12、quantitiescostsofmaterialslabscheduleallwkdermaterialsequipmentfthejobhirecontractssubcontractsperfmothersupervisywktoensuretheprojectiscompletedontimeasspecified.soilsrocksthatsupptstructuresaffectstructuralbehavi.Theye

13、valuatewktominimizethepotentialsettlementofbuildingsotherstructuresthatstemsfromthepressureoftheirweightontheearth.Theseengineersalsoevaluatedeterminehowtostrengthenthestabilityofslopesfillshowtoprotectstructuresagainste

14、arthquakestheeffectsofgroundwater.巖土工程學(xué)。專業(yè)于這個領(lǐng)域的土木工程師對支撐結(jié)構(gòu)并影響結(jié)構(gòu)行為的土壤和巖石的特性進行分析。他們計算建筑和其他結(jié)構(gòu)由于自重壓力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之減少到最小。他們也需計算并確定如何加強斜坡和填充物的穩(wěn)定性以及如何保護結(jié)構(gòu)免受地震和地下水的影響。Environmentalengineering.Inthisbranchofengineeringcivilengin

15、eersdesignbuildsupervisesystemstoprovidesafedrinkingwatertopreventcontrolpollutionofwatersuppliesbothonthesurfaceunderground.Theyalsodesignbuildsuperviseprojectstocontroleliminatepollutionofthelair.Theseengineersbuildwat

16、erwastewatertreatmentplantsdesignairscrubbersotherdevicestominimizeeliminateairpollutioncausedbyindustrialprocessesincinerationothersmokeproducingactivities.Theyalsowktocontroltoxichazardouswastesthroughtheconstructionof

17、specialdumpsitestheneutralizingoftoxichazardoussubstances.Inadditiontheengineersdesignmanagesanitarylfillstopreventpollutionofsurroundingl.環(huán)境工程學(xué)。在這一工程學(xué)分支中，土木工程師設(shè)計，建造并監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)以提供安全的飲用水，同時預(yù)防和控制地表和地下水資源供給的污染。他們也設(shè)計，建造并監(jiān)視工程以控制甚至消

18、除對土地和空氣的污染。他們建造供水和廢水處理廠，設(shè)計空氣凈化器和其他設(shè)備以最小化甚至消除由工業(yè)加工、焚化及其他產(chǎn)煙生產(chǎn)活動引起的空氣污染。他們也采用建造特殊傾倒地點或使用有毒有害物中和劑的措施來控制有毒有害廢棄物。此外，工程師還對垃圾掩埋進行設(shè)計和管理以預(yù)防其對周圍環(huán)境造成污染。Transptationengineering.Civilengineerswkinginthisspecialtybuildfacilitiestoensur

19、esafeefficientmovementofbothpeoplegoods.Theyspecializeindesigningmaintainingalltypesoftransptationfacilitieshighwaysstreetsmasstransitsystemsrailroadsairfieldsptsharbs.Transptationengineersapplytechnologicalknowledgeaswe

20、llasconsiderationoftheeconomicpoliticalsocialfactsindesigningeachproject.Theywkcloselywithurbanplannerssincethequalityofthecommunityisdirectlyrelatedtothequalityofthetransptationsystem.交通工程學(xué)。從事這一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的土木工程師建造可以確保人和貨物安全高效運

21、行的設(shè)施。他們專門研究各種類型運輸設(shè)施的設(shè)計和維護，如公路和街道，公共交通系統(tǒng)，鐵路和飛機場，港口和海港。交通工程師應(yīng)用技術(shù)知識及考慮經(jīng)濟，政治和社會因素來設(shè)計每一個項目。他們的工作和城市規(guī)劃者十分相似，因為交通運輸系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量直接關(guān)系到社區(qū)的質(zhì)量。Pipelineengineering.Inthisbranchofcivilengineeringengineersbuildpipelinesrelatedfacilitieswhicht

22、ransptliquidsgasessolidsrangingfromcoalslurries(mixedcoalwater)semiliquidwastestowateroilvarioustypesofhighlycombustiblenoncombustiblegases.Theengineersdeterminepipelinedesigntheeconomicenvironmentalimpactofaprojectonreg

23、ionsitmusttraversethetypeofmaterialstobeusedsteelconcreteplasticcombinationsofvariousmaterialsinstallationtechniquesmethodsftestingpipelinestrengthcontrolsfmaintainingproperpressurerateofflowofmaterialsbeingtranspted.Whe