土木工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課文原文及對(duì)照翻譯

1、CivilEngineeringCivilengineeringtheoldestoftheengineeringspecialtiesistheplanningdesignconstructionmanagementofthebuiltenvironment.Thisenvironmentincludesallstructuresbuiltaccdingtoscientificprinciplesfromirrigationdrain

2、agesystemstorocketlaunchingfacilities.土木工程學(xué)作為最老的工程技術(shù)學(xué)科，是指規(guī)劃，設(shè)計(jì)，施工及對(duì)建筑環(huán)境的管理。此處的環(huán)境包括建筑符合科學(xué)規(guī)范的所有結(jié)構(gòu)，從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設(shè)施。Civilengineersbuildroadsbridgestunnelsdamsharbspowerplantswatersewagesystemshospitalsschoolsmasstransitother

3、publicfacilitiesessentialtomodernsocietylargepopulationconcentrations.Theyalsobuildprivatelyownedfacilitiessuchasairptsrailroadspipelinesskyscrapersotherlargestructuresdesignedfindustrialcommercialresidentialuse.Inadditi

4、oncivilengineersplandesignbuildcompletecitiestownsmerecentlyhavebeenplanningdesigningspaceplatfmstohouseselfcontainedcommunities.土木工程師建造道路，橋梁，管道，大壩，海港，發(fā)電廠，給排水系統(tǒng)，醫(yī)院，學(xué)校，公共交通和其他現(xiàn)代社會(huì)和大量人口集中地區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)公共設(shè)施。他們也建造私有設(shè)施，比如飛機(jī)場(chǎng)，鐵路，管線，摩天大

5、樓，以及其他設(shè)計(jì)用作工業(yè)，商業(yè)和住宅途徑的大型結(jié)構(gòu)。此外，土木工程師還規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)及建造完整的城市和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)，并且最近一直在規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)容納設(shè)施齊全的社區(qū)的空間平臺(tái)。ThewdcivilderivesfromtheLatinfcitizen.In1782EnglishmanJohnSmeatonusedthetermtodifferentiatehisnonmilitaryengineeringwkfromthatofthemilitaryengi

6、neerswhopredominatedatthetime.Sincethenthetermcivilengineeringhasoftenbeenusedtorefertoengineerswhobuildpublicfacilitiesalthoughthefieldismuchbroader土木一詞來(lái)源于拉丁文詞“公民”。在1782年，英國(guó)人JohnSmeaton為了把他的非軍事工程工作區(qū)別于當(dāng)時(shí)占優(yōu)勢(shì)地位的軍事工程師的工作而采用

7、的名詞。自從那時(shí)起，土木工程學(xué)被用于提及從事公共設(shè)施建設(shè)的工程師，盡管其包含的領(lǐng)域更為廣闊。Scope.Becauseitissobroadcivilengineeringissubdividedintoanumberoftechnicalspecialties.Dependingonthetypeofprojecttheskillsofmanykindsofcivilengineerspecialistsmaybeneeded.Whe

8、naprojectbeginsthesiteissurveyedmappedbycivilengineerswholocateutilityplacement—watersewerpowerlines.Geotechnicalspecialistsperfmsoilexperimentstodetermineiftheearthcanbeartheweightoftheproject.Environmentalspecialistsst

9、udytheproject’simpactonthelocalarea:thepotentialfairgroundwaterpollutiontheproject’simpactonlocalanimalplantlifehowtheprojectcanbedesignedtomeetgovernmentrequirementsaimedatprotectingtheenvironment.Transptationspecialist

10、sdeterminewhatkindoffacilitiesareneededtoeasetheburdenonlocalroadsothertransptationwksthatwillresultfromthecompletedproject.Meanwhilestructuralspecialistsusepreliminarydatatomakedetaileddesignsplansspecificationsftheproj

11、ect.Supervisingcodinatingthewkofthesecivilengineerspecialistsfrombeginningtoendoftheprojectaretheconstructionmanagementspecialists.Basedoninfmationsuppliesbytheotherspecialistsconstructionmanagementcivilengineersestimate

12、quantitiescostsofmaterialslabscheduleallwkdermaterialsequipmentfthejobhirecontractssubcontractsperfmothersupervisywktoensuretheprojectiscompletedontimeasspecified.soilsrocksthatsupptstructuresaffectstructuralbehavi.Theye

13、valuatewktominimizethepotentialsettlementofbuildingsotherstructuresthatstemsfromthepressureoftheirweightontheearth.Theseengineersalsoevaluatedeterminehowtostrengthenthestabilityofslopesfillshowtoprotectstructuresagainste

14、arthquakestheeffectsofgroundwater.巖土工程學(xué)。專業(yè)于這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的土木工程師對(duì)支撐結(jié)構(gòu)并影響結(jié)構(gòu)行為的土壤和巖石的特性進(jìn)行分析。他們計(jì)算建筑和其他結(jié)構(gòu)由于自重壓力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之減少到最小。他們也需計(jì)算并確定如何加強(qiáng)斜坡和填充物的穩(wěn)定性以及如何保護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)免受地震和地下水的影響。Environmentalengineering.Inthisbranchofengineeringcivilengin

15、eersdesignbuildsupervisesystemstoprovidesafedrinkingwatertopreventcontrolpollutionofwatersuppliesbothonthesurfaceunderground.Theyalsodesignbuildsuperviseprojectstocontroleliminatepollutionofthelair.Theseengineersbuildwat

16、erwastewatertreatmentplantsdesignairscrubbersotherdevicestominimizeeliminateairpollutioncausedbyindustrialprocessesincinerationothersmokeproducingactivities.Theyalsowktocontroltoxichazardouswastesthroughtheconstructionof

17、specialdumpsitestheneutralizingoftoxichazardoussubstances.Inadditiontheengineersdesignmanagesanitarylfillstopreventpollutionofsurroundingl.環(huán)境工程學(xué)。在這一工程學(xué)分支中，土木工程師設(shè)計(jì)，建造并監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)以提供安全的飲用水，同時(shí)預(yù)防和控制地表和地下水資源供給的污染。他們也設(shè)計(jì)，建造并監(jiān)視工程以控制甚至消

18、除對(duì)土地和空氣的污染。他們建造供水和廢水處理廠，設(shè)計(jì)空氣凈化器和其他設(shè)備以最小化甚至消除由工業(yè)加工、焚化及其他產(chǎn)煙生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)引起的空氣污染。他們也采用建造特殊傾倒地點(diǎn)或使用有毒有害物中和劑的措施來(lái)控制有毒有害廢棄物。此外，工程師還對(duì)垃圾掩埋進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和管理以預(yù)防其對(duì)周圍環(huán)境造成污染。Transptationengineering.Civilengineerswkinginthisspecialtybuildfacilitiestoensur

19、esafeefficientmovementofbothpeoplegoods.Theyspecializeindesigningmaintainingalltypesoftransptationfacilitieshighwaysstreetsmasstransitsystemsrailroadsairfieldsptsharbs.Transptationengineersapplytechnologicalknowledgeaswe

20、llasconsiderationoftheeconomicpoliticalsocialfactsindesigningeachproject.Theywkcloselywithurbanplannerssincethequalityofthecommunityisdirectlyrelatedtothequalityofthetransptationsystem.交通工程學(xué)。從事這一專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的土木工程師建造可以確保人和貨物安全高效運(yùn)

21、行的設(shè)施。他們專門研究各種類型運(yùn)輸設(shè)施的設(shè)計(jì)和維護(hù)，如公路和街道，公共交通系統(tǒng)，鐵路和飛機(jī)場(chǎng)，港口和海港。交通工程師應(yīng)用技術(shù)知識(shí)及考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)，政治和社會(huì)因素來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)每一個(gè)項(xiàng)目。他們的工作和城市規(guī)劃者十分相似，因?yàn)榻煌ㄟ\(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量直接關(guān)系到社區(qū)的質(zhì)量。Pipelineengineering.Inthisbranchofcivilengineeringengineersbuildpipelinesrelatedfacilitieswhicht

22、ransptliquidsgasessolidsrangingfromcoalslurries(mixedcoalwater)semiliquidwastestowateroilvarioustypesofhighlycombustiblenoncombustiblegases.Theengineersdeterminepipelinedesigntheeconomicenvironmentalimpactofaprojectonreg

23、ionsitmusttraversethetypeofmaterialstobeusedsteelconcreteplasticcombinationsofvariousmaterialsinstallationtechniquesmethodsftestingpipelinestrengthcontrolsfmaintainingproperpressurerateofflowofmaterialsbeingtranspted.Whe