專業(yè)英語(土木工程 路橋方向)李嘉 第三版 翻譯 中英對照

1、Lesson7TransptationSystems交通交通運輸系統運輸系統Transptationsysteminadevelopednationconsistsofawkofmodesthathaveevolvedovermanyyears.Thesystemconsistsofvehiclesguidewaysterminalfacilitiescontrolsystems:theseoperateaccdingtoestabli

2、shedproceduresschedulesintheaironlonwater.Thesystemalsorequiresinteractionwiththeusertheoperattheenvironment.Thesystemsthatareinplacereflectthemultitudeofdecisionsmadebyshipperscarriersgovernmentindividualtravelersaffect

3、ednonusersconcerningtheinvestmentintheuseoftransptation.Thetransptationsystemthathasevolvedhasproducedavarietyofmodesthatcomplementeachother.在發(fā)達國家，交通運輸系統由網狀結構組成的模式已經發(fā)展了好多年。這個系統由交通工具、軌道、站場設施和控制系統組成。這些依照空中、陸上和水上已制定的程序和計劃運轉

4、。這個系統也需要和用戶、司機和環(huán)境互動?，F在的運輸體系可以反映出與投資和使用有關的多方決定，包括運輸業(yè)主、承運商、政府、每個出行者以及受影響的非使用者等。逐步發(fā)展的交通運輸系統形成了各種互補模式。TheU.S.transptationsystemtodayisahighlydevelopedcomplexwkofmodesfacilitiesthatfurnishesshipperstravelerswithawiderangeofch

5、oicesintermsofservicesprovided.Eachmodeoffersauniquesetofserviceacteristicsintermsoftraveltimefrequencycomftreliabilityconveniencesafety.Thetermlevelofserviceisusedtodescribetherelativevaluesoftheseattributes.Thetraveler

6、shippermustcomparethelevelofserviceofferedwiththecostindertomaketradeoffsmodeion.Furthermeashippertravelercandecidetouseapubliccarriertouseprivate(personal)transptation.Fexampleamanufacturercanshipgoodsthroughatruckingfi

7、rmwithcompanytrucksahomeownerwhohasbeenrelocatedcanhireahouseholdmovingcompanyrentatruckacommutercanelecttoridethebustowkdriveacar.Eachofthesedecisionsinvolvesacomplexsetoffactsthatrequireflexibilitythatmakeit“rightfthej

8、ob”underacertainsetofcircumstances.Theautomobileisconsideredtobeareliablecomftableflexibleubiquitousfmofpersonaltransptationfmanypeople.Howeverwhendistancesaregreattimeisatapremiumairtransptationwillbeedsupplementedbythe

9、autoflocaltravel.Ifcostisimptanttimeisnotatapremiumifanautoisnotavailablethenintercitybusrailmaybeused.在費用，旅行時間，方便性和靈活性等方面，每種方式都有自身的優(yōu)勢，從而使得它在特定情形下成為最佳選擇。對很多人來說，汽車是一種可靠、舒適、靈活且普遍存在的私人運輸方式。然而，當距離很遠或者時間很寶貴時，人們將選擇航空運輸并在當地運輸中補

10、以汽車運輸。如果費用很重要而時間并不緊，或者不能使用汽車時，可以使用城際巴士或火車。ingamodetohaulfreightfollowsasimilarapproach.Truckshavetheadvantagesofflexibilitytheabilitytoprovidedotodoservice.Theycancarryavarietyofparcelsizesusuallycanpickupdelivertomeetth

11、ecustomer’sschedule.Waterwayscanshipheavycommoditiesatlowcostbutonlyatslowspeedsbetweenpointsonarivercanal.Railroadscanhaulanimmensevarietyofcommoditiesbetweenanytwopointsbutusuallyrequiretrucktransptationtodeliverthegoo

12、dstofreightterminaltotheirfinaldestination.Ineachinstanceashippermustdecidewhetherthecosttimeadvantagesaresuchthatthegoodsshouldheshippedbytruckalonebyacombinationoftruckwaterwayrail.選擇貨運方式也可以遵循相似方法。卡車的優(yōu)勢在于靈活和提供門到門服務?？ㄜ嚳?/p>

13、以運送多種尺寸貨物并可以按照客戶時間表上門收取或交付貨物。水運可以低價運送很重的貨物，但是速度很低，并且只能在河流或運河的兩點間運送。鐵路可以在任意兩地間運送大量貨物，但往往需要卡車再將貨物轉運到終點或目的地。每種方式，托運商都要權衡花費和時間來決定只用卡車或者通過卡車、水運和火車聯運。Manyindustrieshavebeentryingtoreducetheirpartssuppliesinventiespreferringtot