專業(yè)英語(土木工程 路橋方向)李嘉 第三版 翻譯 中英對照

1、Lesson7TransptationSystems交通交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)Transptationsysteminadevelopednationconsistsofawkofmodesthathaveevolvedovermanyyears.Thesystemconsistsofvehiclesguidewaysterminalfacilitiescontrolsystems:theseoperateaccdingtoestabli

2、shedproceduresschedulesintheaironlonwater.Thesystemalsorequiresinteractionwiththeusertheoperattheenvironment.Thesystemsthatareinplacereflectthemultitudeofdecisionsmadebyshipperscarriersgovernmentindividualtravelersaffect

3、ednonusersconcerningtheinvestmentintheuseoftransptation.Thetransptationsystemthathasevolvedhasproducedavarietyofmodesthatcomplementeachother.在發(fā)達(dá)國家，交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)由網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)組成的模式已經(jīng)發(fā)展了好多年。這個系統(tǒng)由交通工具、軌道、站場設(shè)施和控制系統(tǒng)組成。這些依照空中、陸上和水上已制定的程序和計劃運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

4、。這個系統(tǒng)也需要和用戶、司機(jī)和環(huán)境互動?，F(xiàn)在的運(yùn)輸體系可以反映出與投資和使用有關(guān)的多方?jīng)Q定，包括運(yùn)輸業(yè)主、承運(yùn)商、政府、每個出行者以及受影響的非使用者等。逐步發(fā)展的交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)形成了各種互補(bǔ)模式。TheU.S.transptationsystemtodayisahighlydevelopedcomplexwkofmodesfacilitiesthatfurnishesshipperstravelerswithawiderangeofch

5、oicesintermsofservicesprovided.Eachmodeoffersauniquesetofserviceacteristicsintermsoftraveltimefrequencycomftreliabilityconveniencesafety.Thetermlevelofserviceisusedtodescribetherelativevaluesoftheseattributes.Thetraveler

6、shippermustcomparethelevelofserviceofferedwiththecostindertomaketradeoffsmodeion.Furthermeashippertravelercandecidetouseapubliccarriertouseprivate(personal)transptation.Fexampleamanufacturercanshipgoodsthroughatruckingfi

7、rmwithcompanytrucksahomeownerwhohasbeenrelocatedcanhireahouseholdmovingcompanyrentatruckacommutercanelecttoridethebustowkdriveacar.Eachofthesedecisionsinvolvesacomplexsetoffactsthatrequireflexibilitythatmakeit“rightfthej

8、ob”underacertainsetofcircumstances.Theautomobileisconsideredtobeareliablecomftableflexibleubiquitousfmofpersonaltransptationfmanypeople.Howeverwhendistancesaregreattimeisatapremiumairtransptationwillbeedsupplementedbythe

9、autoflocaltravel.Ifcostisimptanttimeisnotatapremiumifanautoisnotavailablethenintercitybusrailmaybeused.在費(fèi)用，旅行時間，方便性和靈活性等方面，每種方式都有自身的優(yōu)勢，從而使得它在特定情形下成為最佳選擇。對很多人來說，汽車是一種可靠、舒適、靈活且普遍存在的私人運(yùn)輸方式。然而，當(dāng)距離很遠(yuǎn)或者時間很寶貴時，人們將選擇航空運(yùn)輸并在當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)輸中補(bǔ)

10、以汽車運(yùn)輸。如果費(fèi)用很重要而時間并不緊，或者不能使用汽車時，可以使用城際巴士或火車。ingamodetohaulfreightfollowsasimilarapproach.Truckshavetheadvantagesofflexibilitytheabilitytoprovidedotodoservice.Theycancarryavarietyofparcelsizesusuallycanpickupdelivertomeetth

11、ecustomer’sschedule.Waterwayscanshipheavycommoditiesatlowcostbutonlyatslowspeedsbetweenpointsonarivercanal.Railroadscanhaulanimmensevarietyofcommoditiesbetweenanytwopointsbutusuallyrequiretrucktransptationtodeliverthegoo

12、dstofreightterminaltotheirfinaldestination.Ineachinstanceashippermustdecidewhetherthecosttimeadvantagesaresuchthatthegoodsshouldheshippedbytruckalonebyacombinationoftruckwaterwayrail.選擇貨運(yùn)方式也可以遵循相似方法?？ㄜ嚨膬?yōu)勢在于靈活和提供門到門服務(wù)?？ㄜ嚳?/p>

13、以運(yùn)送多種尺寸貨物并可以按照客戶時間表上門收取或交付貨物。水運(yùn)可以低價運(yùn)送很重的貨物，但是速度很低，并且只能在河流或運(yùn)河的兩點(diǎn)間運(yùn)送。鐵路可以在任意兩地間運(yùn)送大量貨物，但往往需要卡車再將貨物轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到終點(diǎn)或目的地。每種方式，托運(yùn)商都要權(quán)衡花費(fèi)和時間來決定只用卡車或者通過卡車、水運(yùn)和火車聯(lián)運(yùn)。Manyindustrieshavebeentryingtoreducetheirpartssuppliesinventiespreferringtot