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1、_歐洲文化入門課后習題答案：Divisionone:GreekcultureRomanculture希臘、羅馬文化希臘、羅馬文化Ⅰ.Ⅰ.Greekculture希臘文化希臘文化1.WhatarethemajelementsinEuropeancultureTherearetwomainelements——theGrecoRomanelementtheJudeoChristianelement.2.Whatwerethemainfeatu
2、resofancientGreeksocietyInGreeksocietyonlyadultmalecitizenhadrealpowerthecitizenshipwasasetofrightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather.TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelab.Slaveswkedftheirmasters.Theexploitati
3、onwasaserioussocialproblem.TheGreekslovedspts.TheyoftentookpartinthecontestsofsptsinOlympusMountthusOlympicGamescameintobeing.3.WhatdidHomerdoWhyisheimptantinthehistyofEuropeanliteratureHedepictedthegreatGreekmenwholived
4、intheperiod12001100B.C.warshappeningatthattime.Asanauthofepicsheemployedfineliterarylanguagetodescribewarsmeneventhoughtheyweredull.HestoodinthepeekofGreekliteratureexertedagreatinfluenceonhisfollowers.4.Whoweretheoutsti
5、ngdramatistsofancientGreeceWhatimptantplaysdideachofthemwriteAeschylusSophoclesEuripideswerethreeoutstingdramatistsofancientGreece.Aeschylus:PrometheusBoundPersiansAgamemnonSophocles:OedipustheKingElectraAntigoneEuripide
6、s:romacheMedeaTrojanWomen5.WeretherehistiansthenWhoweretheyWhatdideachofthemwriteaboutYesthereare.TheywereHerodotusThucydides.HerodotuswroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksPersians.ThucydideswroteaboutthewarbetweenAthensSpartab
7、etweenAthensSyracuse.6.WouldyousaythatphilosophywashighlydevelopedthenWhowerethemajphilosophersNoIwouldn’t.Becausethosephilosophicalideaswereonlyidealismsimplematerialismmetaphysics.SocratesPlatoAristotlewerethemajphilos
8、ophersatthattime.7.DidSocrateswriteanybookHowthendoweknowabouthimWhatdistinguishedhisphilosophyNohedidn’t.WeknowSocrateschieflythroughwhatPlatorecdedofhiminthefamousDialogueswrittenbyPlato.Heconsideredthatphilosophyreste
9、dwiththedissectofoneselfvirtuewashighwthoflife.Hismethodofargumentbyquestionsanswerswasknownasthedialecticalmethod.8.TellsomeofPlato’sideas.Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist(1)Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingen
10、eral“ideas”likebeautytruthgoodness.(2)Weshouldnotlookatthethingswhicharenotseen:fthethingswhicharenotseeneternal.Becauseheemphasizedtheimptanceof“ideas”believedthat“thought”hadcreatedthewldpeoplecallhimanidealist.9.Inwha
11、timptantwayswasAristotledifferentfromPlatoWhataresomeofAristotle’swksthatarestillinfluentialtoday(1)Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureinsistedthattheyshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubject
12、ivethinking.(2)Hethoughtthat“idea”mattertogethermadeconcreteindividualrealitiesinwhichhedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadhigherrealitythanthe_CicerowritethatkindofrheticalproseallthetimeMarcusTulliusCiceroJuliusCaesar
13、weretwoimptantprosewriters.CiceronianmeansCicero’seloquentaticalmannerofwritingWhichhashadanenmousinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.Nohedidn’t.BecauseCiceroappearsasadifferentmanwithadifferentstylefarlessrheticalb
14、utcolloquialintimate.5.GivetheexampleofthetersestyleofJuliusCaesar’sprose.Anexample:IcameIsawIconquered(modelsofsuccinctLatin).6.WhowasLucretiusWhatdidhedo(1)LucretiuswasapoetofancientRome.(2)HewrotethephilosophicalpoemO
15、ntheNatureofThingtoexpoundtheideasofEpicurustheGreekatomist.7.WhatisthebookfwhichVirgilhasbeenfamousthroughoutthecountriesInwhatwaysisthebooklinkedwiththeGreekpast(1)ThebookwasAeneid.(2)ThestywasaboutAeneasoneoftheprince
16、sofTroywhoescapedfromthatburningcitywhenitfelltotheGreekstocarryontheTrojancauseinanewplaceRome.Hedidn’tgoalonebutcarryinghisfatheronhisshouldersleadinghislittlesonbythehafamilygroupofthreegenerationsmovedtogether.Thusin
17、thiswaythebookislinkedwiththeGreekpast.8.WhydowesayAeneusisatrulytragicheroBecauseAeneashadtobetraythegreatpassionofhislifehislovefDidoqueenofCarthagesothathecouldfulfillhishisticmission.9.WhatisthechiefRomanachievementi
18、narchitectureGivesomeexamples.(1)TheRomansweregreatengineers.Theycoveredtheirwldfromoneendtotheotherwithroadsbridgesaqueductstheatresarenas.(2)Someexamples:A.ThePantheon:thegreatestthebestpreservedRomantemplebuiltin27B.C
19、..B.PontduGard:itisanexceptionallywellpreservedaqueductthatspansawidevalleyinsouthernFrance.10.WhyarethewallpaintingsoftheancientRomansstillsignificanttoustodayRomanpaintingwasstronglyinfluencedbytheartofGreece.italsohad
20、pecularitiesofitsown.Unftunatelymuchofthepaintingnolongerexists.TherearehoweversomewallpaintingsfromPompeiiothertownsnearNaples.Thesewallpaintingsincludestillliveslscapepaintingsfigurepaintings.AmongthemwereLadyMusicianY
21、oungGirltheMaidenGatheringFlowerstheLscape.Divisiontwo:theBibleChristianity基督教及其基督教及其《圣經圣經》1.WhatwastheHebrew’smajcontributiontowldcivilizationThehistyoftheHebrewswasheddownallyfromonegenerationtoanotherinthefmoffolktale
22、sstieswhichwererecdedlaterintheOldTestamentwhichstilllaterbecamethefirstpartoftheChristianBible.ThustheHebrewsmadeoneofthegreatestcontributionstothewldcivilization.2.WhydowesayJudaismChristianityarecloselyrelatedJudaismC
23、hristianityarecloselyrelated:⑴itwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirthtoChristianity⑵bothiginatedinPalestine—thehubofmigrationtraderoutewhichledtoexchangeideasoverwideareas.3.WhendidthegreatexodustakeplaceAround1300B.C.Mose
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