油氣開采與鉆探

1、油氣開采與鉆探,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,Exploring and Drilling for Oil and Gas,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,什么是石油，什么是天然氣?,石油和天然氣是儲(chǔ)存在地層中的物質(zhì)它們是從分解的動(dòng)植物殘骸演變而來科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為石油是這樣形成的：很久很久以前死亡的動(dòng)植物被厚厚的沉積物緩慢掩埋。經(jīng)過很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，在一定的壓力和溫度下，這些有機(jī)物轉(zhuǎn)變成立今天人們發(fā)現(xiàn)

2、的石油。(例如：我們現(xiàn)在知道堆積的垃圾可以產(chǎn)生沼氣),Prepared by Tom Sheeran,What are Oil and Gas?,Oil and Gas are substances found within the earth’s crust.They are thought to come from decomposed plant and animal matter.Scientists believe

3、 the plants and animals died long ago, and were slowly buried by thick layers of sediments. Over a long period of time, and with pressure and temperature, the organic materials were converted into the oil and gas which

4、are found today. (For example, we know that present day garbage dumps give off methane gas),Prepared by Tom Sheeran,自然狀態(tài)下的石油有的粘稠，有的稀薄。顏色有黑的，也有淺顏色的。,很多其他材料也來自于石油產(chǎn)品:塑料織布的材料 (例如: 聚酯纖維)日用化學(xué)品 各種油漆,關(guān)于油氣我們還需要知道些什么？,Prepa

5、red by Tom Sheeran,通過提煉，石油可以制成很多產(chǎn)品:發(fā)電廠用的燃料輕型車用的汽油卡車和火車用的柴油飛機(jī)用的航空汽油房屋取暖用的燃料油,Oil in it’s natural state can be thick or thin, black or light colored.When oil is refined, many products can be obtained:Energy for p

6、owerGasoline for carsDiesel fuel for trucks and trainsHi-octane fuels for planesHeating oil for houses,Many other materials also come from petroleum:PlasticsMaterials for clothes (example: polyester fabrics)Chemi

7、cals for everyday use Paints,What else do we know about oil and gas?,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,你知道石油中含有天然氣嗎？,天然氣在石油里處于溶解狀態(tài)，就像汽水中溶解的發(fā)出嘶嘶響聲的二氧化碳一樣,當(dāng)石油被開采出來的時(shí)候，一些天然氣也隨著石油被采出來。,,一桶石油可能含有 1~10,000立方英尺的天然氣，含量的多少取決于油藏的類型。,一桶油中的氣

8、體可以裝滿你的整個(gè)房子！,,,,,,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,Did you know that oil has natural gas in it?,The natural gas is in solution, just like the carbon dioxide which is put inside of pop to give it its fizz.,When oil is produced,

9、 some gas is produced with the oil.,,A barrel of oil may contain anywhere from 1 cubic ft of gas, to over 10,000 cubic ft, depending on the type of reservoir.,That’s enough gas in a single barrel of oil to fill your whol

10、e house!,,,,,,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,哪里可以找到石油和天然氣?,,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,Where can we find Oil and Gas?,,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,有的人認(rèn)為石油在一個(gè)地下的大池子里.實(shí)際上，大多數(shù)油是嵌在巖石顆粒和沙子之間很小的孔隙里。大多數(shù)這樣的孔隙肉眼是看不到的。,,,,Prep

11、ared by Tom Sheeran,,Some people think that oil is in big pools underground.Actually, most oil is trapped in the tiny pore spaces between grains of rock or sand. Most of these pores are too small to be seen with

12、the naked eye.,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,那么我們?nèi)绾握业接杏偷膸r層呢?,油氣是在地層中天然的圈閉構(gòu)造中發(fā)現(xiàn)的。 這些油氣圈閉構(gòu)造由穹頂或斷層組成。非滲透性的巖石覆蓋在構(gòu)造頂部防止油氣逃逸到地表。非滲透性的巖石是指流體不能穿越的巖石。沒有這樣的油氣圈閉構(gòu)造，油氣就會(huì)向地表移動(dòng)，最終揮發(fā)掉。,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,So, how do we find oil-b

13、earing rocks?,Oil and gas are found in natural traps within the earth. These traps consist of domes or faults. Impermeable rock above the trap prevents the oil and gas from migrating up to surface. An “impermeable”

14、rock is one that fluid cannot pass through. without traps, the oil and gas could migrate all the way to the surface and evaporate.,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,油,這是一個(gè)穹頂型油藏的例子:,這是阻止油氣向上流動(dòng)的非滲透性巖石層。注意下面的水層，它防止了油向下逃逸。

15、你知道為什么嗎？,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,Oil,Here’s an example of a dome-shaped Oil reservoir.,Note the layer of impermeable rock which prevents the oil from migrating upwards. Also, note the layer of

16、 water below which prevents the oil from escaping down. Why?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,,氣,這是一個(gè)氣藏的例子,,和前面的例子一樣，非滲透性的巖層阻止了氣體的逃逸,,,水,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,,Gas,Here’s an example of a Gas

17、 reservoir.,,Again, note the impermeable layer of rock preventing the gas fromescaping.,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,,氣,這是一個(gè)有氣頂?shù)挠筒氐睦?,,油,,,為什么我們要假設(shè)氣體在頂部?,,,水,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,,Gas,Here’s an example o

18、f an Oil reservoir with a Gas cap,,,Oil,,,Why do you suppose the gas is on top?,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,我們?nèi)绾握业竭@些油藏呢?,地球物理學(xué)家通過油藏反射的聲波找到它們，計(jì)錄聲波反射回來的時(shí)間計(jì)算機(jī)處理這些數(shù)據(jù)，構(gòu)造出地下巖層系統(tǒng)的圖像,,,,,,,,,,,聲源,,,,,,,,接收器,t = 1 sec,t = 1.2 sec,t

19、 = 1.42 sec,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,How do we find the oil reservoirs?,Geophysicists find reservoirs by bouncing sound waves off them, and timing how long it takes for the sound to come backComputers process the data t

20、o construct pictures of what the earth looks like underground.,,,,,,,,,,,source,,,,,,,,receivers,t = 1 sec,t = 1.2 sec,t = 1.42 sec,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,發(fā)現(xiàn)了油藏之后我們?cè)摳墒裁?,?,?,?,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,What do we do after

21、 we find a reservoir?,?,?,?,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,我們鉆一口井進(jìn)去 ! ! !,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,We Drill Into It ! ! !,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,我們用什么鉆井 ?,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,What do we drill with ?,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,

22、鉆井設(shè)備!,以下是一些不同種類的鉆井設(shè)備:,鉆井船和半潛式鉆井平臺(tái)用于水深100 ft到5000+ft情況的鉆井,自升式鉆井平臺(tái),,,,用于水深15ft 到+/-350ft情況的鉆井,內(nèi)陸駁船鉆井架,用于水深8ft 到30ft情況的鉆井,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,A Drilling Rig !,Here are a few different types of drilling rigs available:,D

23、rill ships and semi-submersible rigs are for drilling in water depths from 100 to 5000+ ft.,Jackup Rig,,,,For drilling in water depths from 15 ft to +/- 350 ft.,Inland Barge,For drilling in water depths from 8 to 30 ft

24、.,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,鉆井設(shè)備是什么?,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,What’s a drilling rig ?,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,鉆井設(shè)備: 一套可以使我們鉆入地層的特殊設(shè)備。 一套鉆井設(shè)備由很多不同的部分組成:井架，地基，起重設(shè)備，發(fā)電機(jī)，鉆桿，鋼罐，泵，固控設(shè)備，還有很多其他部件。你知道有的鉆井設(shè)備可以鉆探到地下6英里（9.7公里）深

25、的地方嗎？ 那比珠穆朗瑪峰的高度還要大！,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,A Drilling Rig is: A package of special equipment put together to enable us to drill into the earth. A drilling rig has many different parts:a derrick, a substructure, h

26、oisting equipment, engines for power, drill pipe, steel tanks, pumps, solids control equipment, and many other pieces.Did you know that some drilling rigs can drill as deep as 6 miles? That’s as deep as Mt. Everest is

27、 tall!,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,鉆柱鉆頭,起重設(shè)備由以下部分組成:天車,游動(dòng)滑車,游動(dòng)鋼絲繩,和一個(gè)用來起降游動(dòng)鋼絲繩的絞車。,井架底座,,,,,,這幅圖畫的是鉆井設(shè)備上的起重設(shè)備. 這個(gè)設(shè)備被用來提升和放下鉆柱的。鉆柱是一根根10米(30ft)長(zhǎng)的鉆桿連接起來組成的。,待用鉆桿,,在這里，30ft 長(zhǎng)的鉆桿被一根根加到鉆柱上。這樣鉆柱不停的被加長(zhǎng)，可以不停的朝地下鉆進(jìn)。,,,,Prepared

28、 by Tom Sheeran,Drill stringDrill bit,The hoisting equipment consists of: a crown block, a traveling block,drilling line,and a drawworks to pull the drilling line up or down.,substructure,,,,,,This picture shows th

29、e hoisting equipment on a rig.This equipment is used to raise or lower the drillstring, which is picked up in 30 foot long segments, or “joints”, of drill pipe.,spare drill pipe,,This shows a 30 foot section of drill

30、pipe being added to the drill pipe already in the hole.,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,,這是一幅鉆頭在巖層中鉆進(jìn)的示意圖,,鉆柱在地表被驅(qū)動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)，帶動(dòng)井眼底部的鉆頭旋轉(zhuǎn)。鉆頭上的“牙齒”把巖石磨成碎屑。,鉆井泥漿被泵入鉆桿內(nèi)部，從鉆頭的噴嘴流入環(huán)形空間。環(huán)形空間是鉆桿和井壁之間的空間。泥漿將巖屑循環(huán)帶到地表

31、，在那里這些巖屑被移除。,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,,Here’s a picture of the drill bit drilling the rock.,,The drill string is turned at surface, which turns the bitat the bottom of the hole. The teeth on the drill bit g

32、rind the rock into fragments, or “cuttings”.,Drilling mud is pumped down the inside of the drill pipe, through jet nozzles in the bit, and into the “annulus”. This is the space between the sides of the hole and the dr

33、ill pipe.The mud lifts the cuttings and circulates them back to surface where they are removed.,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,,,,,3) 泥漿和巖屑混在一起從環(huán)形空間向上提升，帶到地表。,篩布,5) 巖屑被從泥漿中濾除，形成巖屑堆。這些巖屑將會(huì)被運(yùn)走并處理。,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

34、,,,,,,,,4) 混合物通過在地表的濾網(wǎng)。,,,,,,,,1) 干凈的泥漿被泵從泥漿池中抽出，注入鉆桿當(dāng)中。,,,,,,2) 泥漿從鉆頭的流出，進(jìn)入到鉆桿和套管之間的環(huán)形空間，把鉆頭切下的巖屑向上帶出。,,6) 干凈的泥漿透過濾網(wǎng)，回到泥漿池。,鉆井泥漿循環(huán),,泥漿泵,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,,,,,3) the mixture of drilling mud and drill cut

35、tings are circulated up the annulus,screens,5) the drill cuttings are removed, and form a cuttings pile. This can be hauled off and disposed of.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,4) the mixture iscirculated acrossscreens a

36、t surface,,,,,,,,1) Clean drilling mud is taken from the steel mud tanks and pumped down the inside of the drill pipe.,,,,,,2) the mud is circulated through the drill bit into the annulus, lifting the cuttings removed by

37、 the drill bit.,,6) Clean mud falls through the screens and is returned to the pits,The Drilling Mud Cycle,,mud pump,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,鉆井的工序,首先用大鉆頭鉆一小段井眼,,然后鋼制的套管被下入井中，并用水泥固定套管的外側(cè)，防止井眼塌陷。,0’,200’,Prepared by Tom

38、 Sheeran,Here’s a sequence showing how holes are drilled,,First, a large drill bit is used to drill a short interval of hole.,,Then, steel casing is run and cemented on the outside to keep the hole from collapsing.,0’,20

39、0’,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,下一步，一個(gè)小一些的鉆頭在第一個(gè)套管內(nèi)部開鉆。這個(gè)鉆頭從上一個(gè)套管的底部鉆出一個(gè)新的井眼。,然后在這個(gè)新的井眼中也下套管，并用水泥固定。,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,Next,a smaller bit is run inside the first casing.This bit drills out the bottom of the casing,

40、 and drills new hole.,Then, this new hole is also cased off and cemented.,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,如前，再鉆一個(gè)更小的井眼，,再下相應(yīng)的套管，防止塌陷。,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,Again, a smaller hole is drilled out,,and smaller casing is run to ke

41、ep the hole from falling in.,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,用這種方法，井眼分段鉆進(jìn)，直到目標(biāo)儲(chǔ)層被鉆穿。這時(shí)候，地質(zhì)專家必須確定目標(biāo)儲(chǔ)層是否含有油氣。,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,In this way, the hole is drilled in stages, until the target reservoir rock is p

42、enetrated. At this point, the geologists must figure out if there is oil or gas in it.,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,他們通過對(duì)目標(biāo)區(qū)域進(jìn)行測(cè)井知道是否有油氣。 測(cè)井是用電纜將設(shè)備下到井下，記錄巖石的物理屬性，如電阻，孔隙度，密度，放射性，孔隙壓力等等。,,地質(zhì)學(xué)家如何辨別地層中是否含有油氣？,Prepared by

43、 Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,They do this by running logs across the zone. Logs are tools run on electric cable (“wireline”) which record the physical properties in the rock such as resistivity, porosity, density, radioactivity

44、, and pore pressure.,,How do Geologists tell if the reservoir has oil or gas?,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,砂,頁巖,粉砂巖,頁巖,粉砂巖,白云石,頁巖,這是一個(gè)測(cè)井記錄圖的例子。地質(zhì)學(xué)家通過觀察測(cè)井記錄，來決定應(yīng)該繼續(xù)把井進(jìn)行完井－－如果地層有油的話，或者把井封堵拋棄－－如果地層沒有油的話。,Prepared by Tom

45、 Sheeran,,,,伽馬射線,,200’500’3000’,電阻抗,,,孔隙度,,,看似是很好的砂巖,,,高阻抗，可能是油氣,低阻抗，可能是水,,,低孔隙度,,,高孔隙度,低阻抗，可能是水,高孔隙度,低孔隙度,高孔隙度,,,,,,,,,Sand,Shale,Siltstone,Shale,Siltstone,Dolomite,Shale,Here’s an example of what a

46、log looks like. Geologists look at logs to decidewhether or not to complete a well (if there is oil), or abandon it (if there’s no oil).,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,你能說出地質(zhì)專家應(yīng)該在哪一段進(jìn)行完井嗎？,}這里! 根據(jù)顯示，這里是很干凈的砂巖，具有很好的孔隙度和阻抗。,好孔

47、隙度,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,好孔隙度,好孔隙度,Can you tell where the geologist would complete this well?,,,,GammaRadiation,,200’500’3000’,ElectricalResistivity,,,Porosity,,,Lookslike goodsandquality,,,goo

48、d resistivity,may have oil or gas,poor resistivity,probably water,good porosity,poor porosity,good porosity,poor resistivity,probably water,,,poor porosity,good porosity,}Right here! This shows a clean sand,

49、with good porosity and resistivity.,,,good porosity,poor porosity,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,如果測(cè)井結(jié)果很好，我們?cè)谏a(chǎn)層段下最后一次的套管, 用水泥固定。,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,If the well looks good on the logs, we run a final strin

50、gof casing across the production zone, and cement it in place.,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,然后在井眼內(nèi)用射孔槍進(jìn)行射孔，擊穿生產(chǎn)層段部分的井壁套管。,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,Then, we run perforating guns in the hole and perforate (shoot

51、 holes ) in the casing across the productive zone.,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,,在井眼里放入生產(chǎn)油管, 用封隔器把生產(chǎn)層段和上部的套管空間分隔開。,油管,封隔器,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,,,Production tubing is run, with a packer to isolate the produc

52、ed zone from the casing above.,tubing,Packer,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,最后，這口井的流體被采到地面的管線，這些管線把井和地面的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備連接起來。,,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Finally, the well is produced into a pipeline, which ta

53、kes it to production facilities on surface.,,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,地面的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備將生產(chǎn)出的流體中的油、水、氣分離,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,,The production facilities on surface separate out the gas, oil, and water into their sepa

54、rate phases.,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,油氣分離器,石油,水,,天然氣,,從那里，石油和天然氣會(huì)被送到煉油廠進(jìn)一步提煉，之后被賣到市場(chǎng)上。,,,,煉油廠,儲(chǔ)油罐,,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,,,,Production Separator,Oil,Produced Water,,Produced Gas,,From there, the oil and gas may

55、 be refined further before being ready to market.,,,,Oil Refinery,Storage Tanks,,,,,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,最后，石油天然氣產(chǎn)品賣到市場(chǎng)，驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車，為我們的房屋供暖。,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,,Finally, the gas and oil can be sold to power cars and h

56、eat houses.,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,石油和天然氣就是這樣來的！,完,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,And That’s Where Oil and Gas Come From!,The End.,Prepared by Tom Sheeran,About the Author:Tom Sheeran has been working in the oil and gas ind

57、ustry for over 18 years. He worked summers on a drilling rig while going to school to earn a degree in Petroleum Engineering. After graduating, he went to work for Chevron in the Rocky Mountains. In 1990 he began work

58、ing for Chevron Overseas Petroleum, and since then has worked all over the world, in Scotland, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Venezuela, Angola and Nigeria. Tom is currently employed by Chevron Nigeria Ltd. and is living

59、and working as a resident in Lagos, Nigeria. Tom and his wife Shallini have 2 children, and home-schooled in the U.S. for several years before moving overseas. Tom developed this presentation for kids so they may lear

60、n more about the oil industry.You may contact Tom at:Tom A. SheeranSr. Drilling EngineerChevron Nigeria Ltd.SHTA@chevron.comTAS Oct. 1998,About the Author:Tom Sheeran has been working in the oil and gas indust

61、ry for over 18 years. He worked summers on a drilling rig while going to school to earn a degree in Petroleum Engineering. After graduating, he went to work for Chevron in the Rocky Mountains. In 1990 he began working

62、 for Chevron Overseas Petroleum, and since then has worked all over the world, in Scotland, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Venezuela, Angola and Nigeria. Tom is currently employed by Chevron Nigeria Ltd. and is living and

63、 working as a resident in Lagos, Nigeria. Tom and his wife Shallini have 2 children, and home-schooled in the U.S. for several years before moving overseas. Tom developed this presentation for kids so they may learn m