山西5月28日講座

1、Effective Classroom Teaching,南京市教學(xué)研究室 邢文駿xingwenjun31@163.com,主要內(nèi)容,一、教師素質(zhì)與教學(xué)質(zhì)量 二、提高教師素質(zhì)的幾個(gè)方面 三、課堂教學(xué)的具體實(shí)施（寫(xiě)作課、語(yǔ)法課、詞匯學(xué)習(xí)課、聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練課）,一、教師素質(zhì)與教學(xué)質(zhì)量,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)質(zhì)量,聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織對(duì)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)質(zhì)量提出了“五個(gè)因素，一個(gè)公式”。五個(gè)因素：①?lài)?guó)家的外語(yǔ)政策；②學(xué)生來(lái)源與組織；③教材質(zhì)量；④教學(xué)

2、環(huán)境與條件；⑤教師素質(zhì)。①－④是可變因素，⑤是決定因素。 一個(gè)公式：教學(xué)質(zhì)量=[學(xué)生(1分)+教材(2分)+環(huán)境(4分)+教法(3分)]x教師括號(hào)內(nèi)4者相加是10分，相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)是固定的，而 “教師的素質(zhì)”分值越大，乘積越大，則教學(xué)質(zhì)量就越高。由此可見(jiàn)，提高外語(yǔ)教學(xué)質(zhì)量，外語(yǔ)教師的素質(zhì)至關(guān)重要。,教師的類(lèi)型,The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher expla

3、ins. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires. 一般的教師照本宣科； 優(yōu)秀的教師釋疑解惑； 杰出的教師引路示范； 偉大的教師激勵(lì)動(dòng)機(jī)。 ------Willi

4、am Arthur Ward,,,5%,Tell me, I forget; Show me, I remember；Involve me, I understand. --- Mentessori,二、提高教師素質(zhì)的幾個(gè)方面,1. 英語(yǔ)是一門(mén)什么樣的課程？ --- 樹(shù)立正確

5、的英語(yǔ)課程觀,21世紀(jì)教育的四大支柱,learning to know learning to do learning to live together learning to be,,approaches,,goal,-----《教育— 財(cái)富蘊(yùn)藏其中》，國(guó)際21世紀(jì)教育委員會(huì)，1996

6、,基礎(chǔ)教育階段英語(yǔ)課程之任務(wù),激發(fā)和培養(yǎng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣，使學(xué)生樹(shù)立自信心，養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣和形成有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略，發(fā)展學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)能力和合作精神；使學(xué)生掌握一定的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)技能，形成一定的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力；培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的觀察、記憶、思維、想象能力和創(chuàng)新精神；幫助學(xué)生了解世界和中西方文化差異，拓展視野，培養(yǎng)愛(ài)國(guó)主義精神，形成健康的人格，為他們的終身學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展打下良好基礎(chǔ)。,,,,,,綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力,情感態(tài)度,學(xué)習(xí)

7、策略,文化意識(shí),語(yǔ)言技能,語(yǔ)言知識(shí),,,,,,,,,,,國(guó)際視野祖國(guó)意識(shí)合作精神自信意志興趣動(dòng)機(jī),交際策略資源策略調(diào)控策略認(rèn)知策略,跨文化交際文化理解文化知識(shí),話題功能語(yǔ)法詞匯語(yǔ)音,寫(xiě)讀說(shuō)聽(tīng),,,,,綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力,情感態(tài)度,學(xué)習(xí)策略,文化意識(shí),語(yǔ)言技能,語(yǔ)言知識(shí),,,,,,,,,,,國(guó)際視野祖國(guó)意識(shí)合作精神自信意志興趣動(dòng)機(jī),交際策略資源策略調(diào)控策略認(rèn)知策略,意識(shí)和能力跨文化交際文化理解文化知識(shí),話題功能語(yǔ)法詞匯語(yǔ)音,寫(xiě)讀說(shuō)聽(tīng)

8、,,,,英語(yǔ)課程總的目標(biāo),英語(yǔ)是一門(mén)什么樣的課程？（1）工具性與人文性的高度統(tǒng)一工具性 英語(yǔ)課程承擔(dān)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生基本英語(yǔ)素養(yǎng)和發(fā)展學(xué)生思維能力的任務(wù)，即學(xué)生通過(guò)英語(yǔ)課程掌握基本的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，發(fā)展基本的英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)技能，初步形成用英語(yǔ)與他人交流的能力，進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)思維能力的發(fā)展，為今后繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)和用英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)其他相關(guān)科學(xué)文化知識(shí)奠定基礎(chǔ)。,人文性 英語(yǔ)課程承擔(dān)著提高學(xué)生綜合人文素養(yǎng)的任務(wù)，即學(xué)生通過(guò)英

9、語(yǔ)課程能夠開(kāi)闊視野，豐富生活經(jīng)歷，形成跨文化意識(shí)，增強(qiáng)愛(ài)國(guó)主義精神，發(fā)展創(chuàng)新能力，形成良好的品格和正確的人生觀與價(jià)值觀。,（2） 英語(yǔ)課程內(nèi)容的特點(diǎn),時(shí)代性 所選語(yǔ)言素材具有時(shí)代性，既反映英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的最新發(fā)展，又反映時(shí)代發(fā)展對(duì)學(xué)生語(yǔ)言能力的要求。,基礎(chǔ)性 課程內(nèi)容的選擇和編排體現(xiàn)教育的基礎(chǔ)性原則，保證絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生的共同基礎(chǔ)，課程內(nèi)容的安排使絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生達(dá)到畢業(yè)的基本要求。,選擇性 課程內(nèi)容應(yīng)有可選擇性，即課程應(yīng)提供較多的

10、內(nèi)容，供學(xué)生有選擇地學(xué)習(xí)。,（3） 英語(yǔ)課程的評(píng)價(jià)體系,實(shí)行評(píng)價(jià)方式多元化 對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的評(píng)價(jià)，不僅僅依據(jù)紙、筆方式的考試，還采用對(duì)學(xué)生綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力、學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度、行為表現(xiàn)、思維能力和自主學(xué)習(xí)能力等有促進(jìn)作用的評(píng)價(jià)方式。,評(píng)價(jià)主體的多元化 既有教師對(duì)學(xué)生的評(píng)價(jià)，又要有學(xué)生的自評(píng)和互評(píng)。 終結(jié)性評(píng)價(jià)與過(guò)程性評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)合 積極有效的評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)貫穿英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的全過(guò)程，應(yīng)是形成性評(píng)價(jià)與終結(jié)性評(píng)價(jià)的有機(jī)結(jié)合。,2. 語(yǔ)言與文化的關(guān)系

11、,3. 正確的教材觀 正確認(rèn)識(shí)教材的作用，合理使用教材用教材去教而不是教教材；要充分認(rèn)識(shí)教材對(duì)教學(xué)的重要意義，同時(shí)也要認(rèn)識(shí)到教材的局限性；要在教學(xué)中創(chuàng)造性地使用教材。1. 金中英語(yǔ)課程體系 2. 教材的二次加工 3. 課程資源的開(kāi)發(fā)/authentic materials,4. 完整的課程評(píng)價(jià)正確理解評(píng)價(jià)的功能 美國(guó)教育評(píng)價(jià)專(zhuān)家斯塔弗爾比姆認(rèn)為：評(píng)價(jià)最重要的意圖不是為了證明（Prove), 而是為了改進(jìn)

12、（Improve)。正確認(rèn)識(shí)教材與考試的關(guān)系 教材的內(nèi)容不等于考試的內(nèi)容，不能出于應(yīng)付考試的目的而對(duì)教材進(jìn)行隨意的取舍和調(diào)整。建立科學(xué)合理的課程評(píng)價(jià)體系 金中評(píng)價(jià)體系/portfolio,5. 嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膶W(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范(1) 教案設(shè)計(jì)教案格式目標(biāo)分解，目標(biāo)敘寫(xiě)Rationale, Reflection, Needs analysis,(2) 教學(xué)方法 CLTInformation gap-j

13、igsaw reading TBLTTask Micro teaching Teaching atmospheremotivation, anxiety, affect FonF,(3)自我提高善于觀察多思慎行 樂(lè)于學(xué)習(xí),三、課堂教學(xué)的具體實(shí)施（寫(xiě)作課、語(yǔ)法課、閱讀課、語(yǔ)言詞匯學(xué)習(xí)課、聽(tīng)力訓(xùn)練課）,I. 寫(xiě)作課1. 結(jié)合課文教學(xué)培養(yǎng)Dear Annie,I feel betrayed by my friend

14、 Hannah. We have been best friends since primary school and spend almost every day with each other. Sometimes, other children say we are no fun because we are both very academic and like to study, but we like it that way

15、. We are both very hard-working and always get good grades at school.,寫(xiě)作能力培養(yǎng)On Monday we had a surprise math quiz. I thought it was quite easy and was not worried about the results. I must have sounded very proud of mys

16、elf after the quiz, saying how easy it was and how I was sure to get a good grade. The next day after class, my math teacher told me that I had the lowest grade in the class! I felt so ashamed; I must be really stupid to

17、 fail a simple math quiz!,寫(xiě)作能力培養(yǎng)Afterwards, I pretended to be cheerful, but Hannah sensed something was wrong. We went to wash our hands in the girls’ washroom before lunch and I admitted how badly I had done. I begged

18、her not to tell anyone else, and she said she would keep my secret.,寫(xiě)作能力培養(yǎng) 那位感到被出賣(mài)的學(xué)生是莎拉。雖然她和漢娜都很擅長(zhǎng)學(xué)習(xí)，但同學(xué)們認(rèn)為她們沒(méi)趣。她們努力學(xué)習(xí)是為了得到好成績(jī)。 在昨天進(jìn)行的突襲數(shù)學(xué)考試中，莎拉得了班中最低的分?jǐn)?shù)。她為自己感到害羞，并且感到自己不應(yīng)該在這樣簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)學(xué)測(cè)試中不及格。在過(guò)去，她對(duì)自己良好的成績(jī)感到自豪，

19、但現(xiàn)在她責(zé)備自己太驕傲。,寫(xiě)作能力培養(yǎng) 雖然她假裝高興，但漢娜還是感到(sense)她很悲傷。漢娜懇求(beg)她不要悲傷。有一次，她們一起上女廁所洗手時(shí)，漢娜告訴她只要能知道為什么錯(cuò)，她下次考試一定會(huì)得到好成績(jī)的。這是公開(kāi)的秘密。,寫(xiě)作能力培養(yǎng) The student who felt betrayed was Sarah. Though both she and Hannah were very aca

20、demic, their classmates thought them no fun. They studied hard so as to get good grades.,寫(xiě)作能力培養(yǎng) In the surprise math quiz they had yesterday, Sarah got the lowest grade in the class. She felt ashamed of herself an

21、d felt that she shouldn’t have failed such a simple math quiz. In the past, she felt proud of her excellent math, but now she blamed herself for being too proud.,寫(xiě)作能力培養(yǎng) She pretended to be cheerful, but Hannah sti

22、ll sensed her sadness, so Hannah begged her not to be sad. Once, when they went together to the girls’ washroom to wash our hands, Hannah told her that as long as she knew why she was wrong, she was sure to get good grad

23、es in the quiz next time. This was an open secret.,2.讓 書(shū) 面 表 達(dá)文 采 飛 揚(yáng),高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)評(píng)分原則,評(píng)分依據(jù)的主要內(nèi)容為：內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)、應(yīng)用詞匯和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)量和準(zhǔn)確性及上下文的連貫性。,怎 樣 讓 書(shū) 面 表 達(dá) 文采飛揚(yáng),1. 多實(shí)少虛 :,nice,2. 短語(yǔ)優(yōu)先：,I cannot bear it.I want it.,generous, humorous,

24、 interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospitable,,,I cannot put up with it.I am looking forward to it.,３棄舊取新:,Ｗe all have the same chance.There are more opponents.,,We all possess the same opportunity.There exis

25、t more opponents,學(xué)生過(guò)街在車(chē)輛中穿行危險(xiǎn)。,1. It’s very dangerous for the students to go through the traffic.,2. Students are risking their lives when threading their way among cars.,社會(huì)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生的交通安全教育。,1. The students should be taught

26、 more about the traffic safety.,2. And also it is of great use to strengthen the safety education over the students.,1.We all think he is a great man.2. As a result the plan was a failure.3. She went there in order to

27、study music.4. In our school, there are twenty-six classrooms.,We all of him .,The plan to be a failure.,She went there studying

28、music.,Our school twenty–six classrooms.,think highly,turned out,for the purpose of,is made up of,5. You can find my house easily.6. Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortabl

29、e.7. Suddenly I thought out a good idea.,You’ll finding my house.,A good idea to me.,the good weather, our journey was comfortable.,have no trouble,A good idea suddenly

30、 me.,Thanks to,occurred,struck,,,,,,,,,,運(yùn)用多種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，句式靈活多變，可以使文章增色不少。,1. When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用介詞短語(yǔ)形式）.2. To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名詞性從句）3. He cam

31、e in and there was a baby in his arms. (用with結(jié)構(gòu)),, please give me an e-mail.,is that the little girl knows so many things.,On his arrival,What surprises him,He came in ,,with a baby in his arms.,4.(由于不知道他的電話號(hào)碼，他沒(méi)法跟Mary聯(lián)系

32、)(用非謂語(yǔ)） 5. He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.(使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型) 6. Tom and Mary like singing songs.( 使用倒裝）,It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that,，he can’t get

33、 in touch with Mary.,Not knowing his telephone number,he knew what had happened.,Tom likes singing songs, Mary.,so does,7. She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (使用過(guò)去分詞)8. When he sp

34、oke, he felt more and more excited.（使用句型結(jié)構(gòu)）9. Because the weather is fine, many people went to climb the Western Hill. （使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）,by many students, she walked out of the lab.,, a large number of people went to climb th

35、e Western Hills.,he spoke, excited he felt.,Followed,The more the more,The weather being fine,一篇好的書(shū)面表達(dá)，還應(yīng)該行文連貫流暢，具有“邏輯美”。使用恰當(dāng)連接詞，能使文章上下銜接自然、緊湊，使文章更為地道，更具“英語(yǔ)味”。記得使用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞，如:,,soon

36、, immediately, suddenly, in front of, next to, on one hand, on the other hand, however, though, otherwise, thanks to, as a result (of), so long as, on condition that, even if/though, what’s more, besides, to make the mat

37、ter worse, I’m afraid, you know, As we all know…,1. This village is very small. It used to be very poor. It has changed a lot since 1978 .,This village is a small one with/which has nearly 100 families and about 500 peo

38、ple. It used to be very poor. However, it has changed a lot since 1978 .,2. All the school-age children can study here. They enjoy free education in it.,All the school-age children can study here. What’s more, they enjoy

39、 free education in it.,3. Yesterday， there was a policeman in the street. He stopped a car. The car was at the corner. It looked like a Honda. There was a boy on the sidewalk. He was riding his bicycle. The bicycle was a

40、 two-wheeler. The car nearly knocked down the boy.,Yesterday， a policeman stopped a car－Honda at the corner of the street， because it nearly knocked down a boy who was riding a two-wheel bicycle on the sidewalk.,Last Sun

41、day, two Young Pioneers were on their way to the Children’s Palace . They saw a box fall off a passing truck. They shouted “stop” to the driver at the top of their voice.,Last Sunday, two Young Pioneers were on their way

42、 to the Children’s Palace when they saw a box fall off a passing truck. Without delay, they shouted “stop” to the driver at the top of their voice.,1. 學(xué)習(xí) put one’s heart into …; be poor at…/be weak in… ;be good at…/

43、do well in…; fail in…; be interested in…; pass the exam;make progress in…; be tired of…; major in English; be absorbed in…; acquire /obtain knowledge); work hard at…; lea

44、rn … by heart; take an active part in…; succeed in…; work out a problem,備用語(yǔ)料庫(kù),1. 學(xué)習(xí) put one’s heart into …; be poor at…/be weak in… ;be good at…/do well in…; fail in…; be interes

45、ted in…; pass the exam;make progress in…; be tired of…; major in English; be absorbed in…; acquire /obtain knowledge); work hard at…; learn … by heart; take

46、 an active part in…; succeed in…; work out a problem,備用語(yǔ)料庫(kù),2. 活動(dòng) have a swim/ picnic/ party; enjoy doing…; go to the cinema; hold a sports meeting;go for an outing; go

47、traveling ; play chess；play the piano； do some reading； help … do …； enjoy a family trip； get ready for…； ride one’s bike to …；hold an organized activity; a very

48、 relaxing day,語(yǔ)料庫(kù),3. 交流 tell … to do …； hear from …； talk about / of …；explain … to …; get information about…； thank … for…； write … a letter saying…； express one’s idea；apologize to … for …； take a message for …

49、； send a message to …；,語(yǔ)料庫(kù),4. 態(tài)度 would like to do； feel bored /nervous； allow … to do …； feel like doing…； keep/ prevent … from…; call on … to do …； be afraid to do / of …； insist on

50、doing sth；speak highly/ ill of …； think highly of …； force … to do …； offer to do …; had better do …; refuse / agree to do ； regret doing …；would rather do … than do …,語(yǔ)料庫(kù),5. 做事do … as

51、usual；set about doing； help … out；try one’s best / spare no efforts to do；get into trouble； have no trouble doing sth；have the habit of doing…；make up one’s mind ； prepare for；give up doing …；

52、 can’t help doing …；find a way to do …； make friends with …；,語(yǔ)料庫(kù),6. 心情 be pleased with…； be sorry for…； be delighted in doing…； be worried about…； feel surprised at…； be angry with sb for sth；loo

53、k forward to doing…；expect to do sth；have a desire to do；,語(yǔ)料庫(kù),7. 健康 develop a disease； enjoy good health；be in good / poor health；feel well ( weak, sick)； fall ill； take one’s te

54、mperature； have got a pain in…； be good for ； have got a fever/cold； stay in bed ； save one’s life ； It’s nothing serious.,語(yǔ)料庫(kù),II. 語(yǔ)法課,語(yǔ)法教學(xué)語(yǔ)法，語(yǔ)言的法則規(guī)律。無(wú)數(shù)事實(shí)和研究證明，在嬰童時(shí)期，模仿是學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的主要手段，而在此之后學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言，特別是在缺少母語(yǔ)氛圍的

55、情況下學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)，必須通過(guò)語(yǔ)法和口筆頭練習(xí)，才能獲得理想的學(xué)習(xí)效果。尤其是在高中階段，學(xué)生忙于學(xué)習(xí)諸多科目，不可能有許多時(shí)間用于機(jī)械的模仿，因此必須有一條學(xué)好英語(yǔ)的快速通道，實(shí)用簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)法教學(xué)就是成年人學(xué)好語(yǔ)言的快速通道。,語(yǔ)法教學(xué)語(yǔ)法分為句法和詞法。句法主要講述句子結(jié)構(gòu)，在初學(xué)階段是學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)，熟悉了句法，就能輕而易舉地說(shuō)寫(xiě)出規(guī)范的句子。句法主要涉及句子種類(lèi)（陳述句，疑問(wèn)句，感嘆句和祈使句）、句子類(lèi)型（簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句和復(fù)合句）、主謂一致

56、、IT的用法、倒裝與省略等。詞法主要講述詞類(lèi)，包括名詞、冠詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞和動(dòng)詞，其中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、數(shù)和語(yǔ)氣，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，名詞、形容詞和副詞是學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)。 教語(yǔ)法重在講規(guī)律，切忌面面俱到。,1. 定語(yǔ)從句中如缺少主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，從句用which, that, who或whom引導(dǎo)。2. 定語(yǔ)從句中如不缺少主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，從句用when, where或why引導(dǎo)。 The man _____ I saw

57、just now is a teacher. The book _____ I bought just now is very interesting. The place ______ we visited last week is the place ______ the famous writer spent his childhood.,例1：借助定語(yǔ)從句教同位語(yǔ)從句,4. The days ______ I spent

58、on your farm were the days ______ I felt the happiest.5. The fact ______ you told me just now is the fact ______ he was ill yesterday.6. The question ______ he went there yesterday is the question ______ I want to ask

59、you.,3. 當(dāng)從句中既不缺少主表賓語(yǔ)，先行詞又不是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因，該從句就是同位語(yǔ)從句，這時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)先行詞決定是用that還是疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)。,resist, imagine, delay, admit, mind, enjoy regret, give up, avoid, risk, consider, keep, finish

60、, escape, practise, suggest, appreciate, miss,例2： 動(dòng)名詞教學(xué),be accustomed to,look forward to, object to, get down to, lead to, pay attention to, make contributions to, be equal to, de

61、vote…to, be used to, When it comes to, the key to,例3： 詞匯比較教學(xué)besides: 部分+部分except：整體—部分except for：A≠ Bexcept that：跟從句e.g.Besides the monitor, two other students have seen the film Lost in Thailand.2. All/None of t

62、he students in our class have seen the film except our monitor.3. Our school is beautiful except for the dining hall. Cf. Everything in our school is beautiful except the dining hall.4. Our school is beautiful except t

63、hat the dining hall is not in harmony with the surroundings.,例3： 詞匯比較教學(xué)學(xué)生易犯錯(cuò)誤：Jack is never late for school except rainy days. (W) Jack is never late for school except on rainy days. (R) Jack is never late for

64、school except that it rains. (W) Jack is never late for school except when it rains. (R)2. The farmer has planted all the vegetables except the apple trees. (W) The farmer has planted all the vegetables except th

65、e cabbages. (R) The farmer has planted all the vegetables besides the apple trees. (R),Ⅲ. 詞匯學(xué)習(xí),,1、語(yǔ)境使詞義單一化 英語(yǔ)詞匯往往是多義的，但是在一定的語(yǔ)篇中只使用一個(gè)義項(xiàng)。例如“ lie”是一個(gè)有多個(gè)義項(xiàng)的詞，但是在“The boy lied that a hen was laying eggs.”這樣的語(yǔ)篇中只適用一個(gè)義項(xiàng)“撒

66、謊”。在“A hen was lying under the tree”中只適用“躺”這一個(gè)義項(xiàng)。 如“The boy lied that a hen lying under the tree was laying eggs.” 一個(gè)句子解釋清楚一個(gè)詞的多個(gè)義項(xiàng)。,1. 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)境化,,2、語(yǔ)境使詞義具體化 詞義有概括性，如“class、family 、army”，詞義可以指整體又可以指整類(lèi)事物中的某些個(gè)或某一個(gè)個(gè)體，什么時(shí)

67、候指整類(lèi)，什么時(shí)候指?jìng)€(gè)別成員由語(yǔ)境決定。例如：He has a big family，and his family are keen on sports.前一個(gè) “family”指 “一個(gè)家庭”, 后一個(gè) “family” 指”所有家庭成員”。,1. 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)境化,,3、語(yǔ)境表現(xiàn)出詞義搭配的選擇性   如下例：He took my bag in error, while I took yours by

68、mistake.他不巧錯(cuò)拿了我的包，而我錯(cuò)拿了你的包。I’m very pleased with my own cooking .It has a pleasant smell and I’m sure it will please my husband.我對(duì)自己做的菜感到滿意，菜聞起來(lái)不錯(cuò)，肯定能令丈夫高興的。,1. 詞匯學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)境化,,4、 語(yǔ)境辨別近義詞、反義詞（1）The reason for his departure wa