[雙語翻譯]跆拳道外文翻譯--跆拳道站姿對踢腿性能的影響（英文）

1、This article was downloaded by: [Texas State University, San Marcos] On: 02 September 2013, At: 21:29 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortime

2、r House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UKJournal of Sports SciencesPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rjsp20Effect of stance posi

3、tion on kick performance in taekwondoIsaac Estevan a , Daniel Jandacka b according to the body weight contribution in each foot) on mechanical variables found that attacks from posi- tions with a higher load on the fron

4、t foot (7:3; similar to the 0° and 45° stance positions) were made using faster movements than those with an equal load on both feet (5:5; similar to the 90° stance position). This suggests that the 90

5、6; stance position is less efficient than the 0° and 45° stance positions. Traditionally, kick performance has been analysed in terms of biomechanical variables. Several research- ers have reported on the time,

6、 foot velocity, and ground reaction force of circular kicks (e.g., Falco et al., 2009; Katis Kim et al., 2011; Pieter 72.94 kg, s = 16.09; 1.76 m, s = 0.09; and 14.16 years, s = 5.60, respec- tively, where s is the sta

7、ndard deviation for each value). None of the athletes had a history of injury within the six months before measurements. Beforeparticipating in the experiment, all participants gave their written informed consent. The pr

8、otocol was approved by the University Ethics Committee and performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964.InstrumentationThe participants stood with each foot on a force plate (Kistler

9、 9286AA, Switzerland). Kinematic data during the roundhouse kick were synchronised with force data and collected at 247 Hz with an eight-camera motion capture system (Qualisys Oqus, Sweden). Cameras were located around t

10、he two force platforms with mutual offset by an angle of 45° (see Figure 1). The volume of space captured by cameras included the target. A light-emitting diode (LED) placed on the target generated the signal to kic

11、k and was used to synchronise all the equipment.Experimental designTwenty-four retroreflective markers were attached to the athletes’ body according to the Visual 3D man- ufacturer’s recommendations (C-motion, USA). The

12、calibration markers were specifically placed bilaterally on the lateral and medial malleolus, med- ial and lateral femoral epicondyles, greater trochan- ter of femur, on the foot over the first and fifth metatarsal heads

13、. The tracking markers were securely positioned to define the target, the trunk (acromion), the tenth thoracic vertebra, the chondral projection of the sternum, iliac spine, posterior superior iliac crest, and posterior

14、calcaneus. Moreover, solid light weight plates with four tracking markers were placed on the thigh and shank and two other tracking markers were placed on the calcaneus. After the static calibration record in the basic a

15、nato- mical position when the segment dimensions and relations between the calibration and tracking mar- kers were defined, the calibration markers were taken off the athletes’ bodies. After an individual warm-up and thr

16、oughout the test, each participant’s feet (barefoot) were posi- tioned on the force plates with the kicking leg at the rear. To guide the athletes in the stance position, three marks were made on the ground pointing in d

17、ifferent directions, creating three lines (at 0°, 45°, and 90°) (Estevan, Falco, et al., 2011). Each parti- cipant’s preferred target distance was used as the target height (Gulledge & Dapena, 2008) an

18、d execu- tion distance (Kim et al., 2010). Athletes were allowed a specific warm-up that consisted of six kicks (Roundhouse kick or Bandal Chagui) – two kicks per stance position – to familiarise themselves with the proc