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簡(jiǎn)介：9300英文單詞，英文單詞，53萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文16萬字萬字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處SMITHITHELAWANDECONOMICSOFMARRIAGECONTRACTSJJOURNALOFECONOMICSURVEYS,2003,172201225THELAWANDECONOMICSOFMARRIAGECONTRACTSIANSMITHABSTRACTGROWTHINPROPERTYOWNERSHIPHASRAISEDTHESTAKESINTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFFINANCIALASSETSONDIVORCEGIVENHIGHRISKSOFMARITALFAILURE,THISHASSTIMULATEDTHEDEMANDFORPRIVATEORDERINGTHROUGHENFORCEABLEMARRIAGECONTRACTSTHISPAPERSURVEYSTHEEXISTINGLAWANDECONOMICSLITERATUREANDLEGALPRACTICETOCONSIDERTHESTATEOFKNOWLEDGEONTHEECONOMICTHEORY,SCOPEANDLIMITSOFWRITTENNUPTIALAGREEMENTSKEYWORDSMARRIAGECONTRACTSPRENUPTIALAGREEMENTSMARITALPROPERTY1INTRODUCTIONWHILETHEREISMUCHSCHOLARLYINVESTIGATIONOFTHEFINANCIALCONSEQUENCESOFMARITALBREAKDOWN,1DISCUSSIONOFTHEPRIVATEREGULATIONOFSUCHOUTCOMESUSINGMARRIAGECONTRACTSISLESSSYSTEMATICTHETOPICOFMARITALCONTRACTINGTOALTERTHEDIVORCEENTITLEMENTSOFTHEPARTIESRECEIVES,FOREXAMPLE,ONLYBRIEFCOMMENTSINTHESTANDARDSURVEYSOFTHEECONOMICSOFTHEFAMILYOFFEREDBYBECKER1991,BERGSTROM19961997,CABRILLO1999,CIGNO1991,ERMISCH1993,GROSSBARDSHECHTMAN1993,POLLAK1985ANDWEISS1997EMPIRICALLY,THEMOSTFREQUENTTYPEOFMARITALCONTRACTINCOMMONLAWJURISDICTIONSISTHEEXPOSTSEPARATIONAGREEMENTDRAFTEDFOLLOWINGMARRIAGEBREAKDOWNSUCHPOSTMARITALSEPARATIONAGREEMENTSARETYPICALLYPREFERREDTOAJUDICIALLYDETERMINEDDIVORCESETTLEMENTBOTHBYDIVORCINGCOUPLESFARMERANDTIEFENTHALER,2001ANDBYCOURTSWHICHRARELYSETASIDEPRIVATELYNEGOTIATEDSOLUTIONSLESSNUMEROUSAREEXANTESEPARATIONAGREEMENTS,COMPRISINGBOTHPRENUPTIALCONTRACTSWRITTENPRIORTOMARRIAGEANDTHOSENEGOTIATEDDURINGACONTINUINGMARRIAGEEXPOSTSEPARATIONAGREEMENTS,SIGNEDATDIVORCE,ARERELATIVELYUNCONTROVERSIALANDHAVELESSANALYTICALLYINTERESTINGCHARACTERISTICSTHANMARITALCONTRACTSNEGOTIATEDEITHERASACONDITIONOFTHEWEDDINGORDURINGANONGOINGMARRIAGETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEORETICALSIGNIFICANCEARISESBECAUSE,INTHECASEOFEXPOSTSEPARATIONAGREEMENTS,EXECUTIONANDENFORCEMENTAREALMOSTCONTEMPORANEOUSWHEREASMARITALCONTRACTSREQUIRECONTINGENTCONTRACTINGOVERAPOSSIBLYDISTANTANDUNCERTAINFUTUREEVENTTHECONSEQUENCEISTHATMARRIAGECONTRACTSINVOLVEISSUESOFRENEGOTIATIONANDSIGNALLING,ASWELLASTHEBARGAININGPROBLEMSTHATALSOARISEWITHPOSTMARITALSEPARATIONAGREEMENTSASCONTRACTINGONSEPARATIONISWELLANALYZEDBYMNOOKINANDKORNHAUSER1979ANDTREBILCOCKANDKEVSHANI1991ITWILLBELARGELYIGNOREDINWHATFOLLOWSCONTRIBUTIONSOUTLININGTHETHEORYANDPRACTICEOFNUPTIALAGREEMENTSDRAWFROMTHELITERATUREONLAWANDECONOMICSANDTHEECONOMICSOFCONTRACTS2MOSTOFTHEDISCUSSIONISRECENT,WITHONLYAFEWPUBLISHEDSTUDIESINENGLISHPRIORTOWEITZMAN1981ASTHEFIELDISRELATIVELYNEW,ANDTHEENFORCEABILITYOFEXANTEMARRIAGECONTRACTSCONTROVERSIALINSOMEJURISDICTIONS,MANYOFTHECONTRIBUTIONSTOTHETOPICHAVEADISTINCTLYNORMATIVEASWELLASANALYTICALFLAVOURWRITERSGENERALLYFAVOURABLETOMARITALCONTRACTSINCLUDEBECKERANDBECKER1997,BIX1998,DNES2000,GROSSBARDSHECHTMANANDLEMENNICIER1999,MARSTON1997,RASMUSENANDSTAKE1998,SCOTTANDSCOTT19981999,TREBILCOCK1999,TREBILCOCKANDKESHVANI1991,WAX1998,WEITZMAN1981ANDYOUNGER19881992SCEPTICSINCLUDEBRINIG2000,BROD1994,COHEN19872002,DIFONZO2000,FRANK1988,MCLELLAN1996,NASHERI1998,NEAVEOWNRELATIONSHIPTERMS,ISTHECOROLLARYOFITSINCREASINGCONCEPTUALIZATIONINTERMSOFRIGHTSTOPROPERTYBELL1997ARGUESFROMANANTHROPOLOGICALPERSPECTIVETHATMARRIAGETRADITIONALLYCONFERREDRIGHTSONAHUSBANDOFSEXUALACCESSTOHISWIFEHOWEVER,INNOVATIONSINFEMALECONTRACEPTIVETECHNOLOGYANDTHELEGALIZATIONOFABORTIONHAVEGIVENGREATERSEXUALANDREPRODUCTIVEAUTONOMYTOWOMENMARRIAGEISNOLONGERDEFINEDSOMUCHINTERMSOFSEXUALRIGHTSBUTRATHERINTERMSOFECONOMICRIGHTSANDCONSEQUENCESITISDISTINGUISHEDFROMNONMARITALCOHABITATIONBYITSIMPLICATIONSFORPROPERTYDIVISION,PENSION,HOUSING,FISCALANDINHERITANCEBENEFITS,ASWELLASBYGREATERENTRYANDEXITCOSTSTHISISTRUEEVENINCOUNTRIESSUCHASSWEDENWHICHSEEKNEUTRALTREATMENTOFDIFFERENTFAMILYFORMSSWEDISHLAWTYPICALLYTREATSNEARLYALLSPOUSALPROPERTYASMARITAL,TOBEPOOLEDANDDIVIDEDEQUALLYONDIVORCE,WHEREASTHATOFCOHABITANTSISTREATEDASSEPARATEPROPERTYBRADLEY,1996INSOFARASTHEINSTITUTIONOFMARRIAGEISCONCEIVEDPRIMARILYINTERMSOFFINANCIALEFFECTS,THISWILLNATURALLYLENDITSELFTOPRIVATECONTRACTINGMOREOVER,MANYLEGALCOMMENTATORSHAVENOTEDARETREATFROMTHEREGULATIONOFMARRIAGEINFAMILYLAW,CREATINGACLIMATEFAVOURABLETOMARITALCONTRACTINGINPARTICULAR,THEFOCUSISSHIFTINGFROMTHELEGALOBLIGATIONSOFPARTNERSTOTHOSEOFPARENTSCARBONE,2000THEMOVEFROMPARTNERSTOPARENTSISEVIDENTINTHEADVENTOFTHECLEANBREAKPHILOSOPHYTHATSEVERSSPOUSALFINANCIALRESPONSIBILITIESINTHEDIVORCESETTLEMENTBUTSTRICTLYENFORCESCONTINUINGCHILDSUPPORTPAYMENTSTHETRENDTOWARDSTHEPRIVATIZATIONOFMARRIAGEISALSOAPPARENTINTHEMODERNEMPHASISONNOFAULTDIVORCE,ANDALTERNATIVENONLITIGIOUSDISPUTERESOLUTIONPROCEDURES,SUCHASMEDIATION,TORESOLVEMARITALCONFLICTSOBSERVINGTHEINCREASINGSELFDETERMINATIONOFOBLIGATIONS,DIFONZO2000POSITSTHATDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESAREEXPERIENCINGATRANSITIONTOVARIABLEORCUSTOMIZEDMARRIAGEHERALDEDBYLEPACSINFRANCEANDREGISTEREDPARTNERSHIPSINTHENETHERLANDS,SCANDINAVIAANDELSEWHEREMOREGENERALLY,MARRIAGECONTRACTSARECONSISTENTWITHCHANGESINPOLITICALCULTURETHATFAVOURINDIVIDUALAUTONOMYOVERSTATEIMPOSEDSOLUTIONSHOWEVER,THEUSEOFMARITALAGREEMENTSISNOTNEWMARRIAGESETTLE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簡(jiǎn)介：THELAWANDECONOMICSOFMARRIAGECONTRACTSIANSMITHUNIVERSITYOFSTANDREWSABSTRACTGROWTHINPROPERTYOWNERSHIPHASRAISEDTHESTAKESINTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFFINANCIALASSETSONDIVORCEGIVENHIGHRISKSOFMARITALFAILURE,THISHASSTIMULATEDTHEDEMANDFORPRIVATEORDERINGTHROUGHENFORCEABLEMARRIAGECONTRACTSTHISPAPERSURVEYSTHEEXISTINGLAWANDECONOMICSLITERATUREANDLEGALPRACTICETOCONSIDERTHESTATEOFKNOWLEDGEONTHEECONOMICTHEORY,SCOPEANDLIMITSOFWRITTENNUPTIALAGREEMENTSKEYWORDSMARRIAGECONTRACTSPRENUPTIALAGREEMENTSMARITALPROPERTY1INTRODUCTIONWHILETHEREISMUCHSCHOLARLYINVESTIGATIONOFTHEFINANCIALCONSEQUENCESOFMARITALBREAKDOWN,1DISCUSSIONOFTHEPRIVATEREGULATIONOFSUCHOUTCOMESUSINGMARRIAGECONTRACTSISLESSSYSTEMATICTHETOPICOFMARITALCONTRACTINGTOALTERTHEDIVORCEENTITLEMENTSOFTHEPARTIESRECEIVES,FOREXAMPLE,ONLYBRIEFCOMMENTSINTHESTANDARDSURVEYSOFTHEECONOMICSOFTHEFAMILYOFFEREDBYBECKER1991,BERGSTROM19961997,CABRILLO1999,CIGNO1991,ERMISCH1993,GROSSBARDSHECHTMAN1993,POLLAK1985ANDWEISS1997EMPIRICALLY,THEMOSTFREQUENTTYPEOFMARITALCONTRACTINCOMMONLAWJURISDICTIONSISTHEEXPOSTSEPARATIONAGREEMENTDRAFTEDFOLLOWINGMARRIAGEBREAKDOWNSUCHPOSTMARITALSEPARATIONAGREEMENTSARETYPICALLYPREFERREDTOAJUDICIALLYDETERMINEDDIVORCESETTLEMENTBOTHBYDIVORCINGCOUPLESFARMERANDTIEFENTHALER,2001ANDBYCOURTSWHICHRARELYSETASIDEPRIVATELYNEGOTIATEDSOLUTIONSLESSNUMEROUSAREEXANTESEPARATIONAGREEMENTS,COMPRISINGBOTHPRENUPTIALCONTRACTSWRITTENPRIORTOMARRIAGEANDTHOSENEGOTIATEDDURINGACONTINUINGMARRIAGEEXPOSTSEPARATIONAGREEMENTS,SIGNEDATDIVORCE,ARERELATIVELYUNCONTROVERSIALANDHAVELESSANALYTICALLYINTERESTINGCHARACTERISTICSTHANMARITALCONTRACTSNEGOTIATEDEITHERASACONDITIONOFTHEWEDDINGORDURINGANONGOINGMARRIAGETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEORETICALSIGNIFICANCEARISESBECAUSE,INTHECASEOFEXPOSTSEPARATIONAGREEMENTS,EXECUTIONANDENFORCEMENTAREALMOSTCONTEMPORANEOUSWHEREASMARITALCONTRACTSREQUIRECONTINGENTCONTRACTINGOVERAPOSSIBLYDISTANTANDUNCERTAINFUTUREEVENTTHECONSEQUENCEISTHATMARRIAGECONTRACTSINVOLVEISSUESOFRENEGOTIATIONANDSIGNALLING,ASWELLASTHEBARGAININGPROBLEMSTHATALSO09500804/03/020201–25JOURNALOFECONOMICSURVEYSVOL17,NO2BLACKWELLPUBLISHINGLTD2003,9600GARSINGTONROAD,OXFORDOX42DQ,UKAND350MAINST,MALDEN,MA02148,USAEQUITABLEFORAHIGHPROPORTIONOFCASESALEGALREGIMECHARACTERIZEDBYJUDICIALDISCRETION,WHILEACCOMMODATINGMARITALHETEROGENEITYTOSOMEEXTENT,INTRODUCESUNCERTAINTYOVERADJUDICATIONANDMAYPROMOTELITIGATIONONERESPONSETOTHEGREATERVARIETYOFMARITALCIRCUMSTANCES,TOMOREWIDESPREADAWARENESSOFTHEBITTERNESSOFADVERSARIALDIVORCECONFLICTS,ANDTOHIGHERFINANCIALSTAKESONDIVORCEISTHEGROWTHINDEMANDFORPRIVATEORDERINGTHROUGHMARITALCONTRACTSSPECIFYINGPOSTDISSOLUTIONENTITLEMENTSFORPROSPECTIVESPOUSES,THEPRIVATENEGOTIATIONANDINDIVIDUALIZEDTAILORINGOFDIVORCECONSEQUENCESACCORDINGTOCIRCUMSTANCESANDPREFERENCESMAYGENERATEEFFICIENCYGAINSFOREXAMPLE,TOTHEEXTENTTHATRELATIVELYEASYACCESSTOCLEANBREAK,NOFAULTDIVORCEHASATTENUATEDINCENTIVESTOINVESTINMARRIAGE,COUPLESCANPROTECTMARRIAGESPECIFICCAPITALBYCUSTOMIZINGSUPPORTOBLIGATIONSDNES,2000INADDITION,COUPLESMAYVALUETHEFREEDOMPRIVATELYTOORDERTHEIRFINANCIALAFFAIRSRATHERTHANHAVINGJUDICIALSOLUTIONSCOERCIVELYIMPOSEDBYTHESTATE,PERMITTINGAMICABLEDETERMINATIONOFPROPERTYRIGHTSPRIORTOORDURINGMARRIAGERATHERTHANLITIGIOUSLYINDIVORCEPROCEEDINGSGROSSBARDSHECHTMANANDLEMENNICIER,1999INDEED,THEREISSOMEEVIDENCETHATNEGOTIATINGADIVORCESETTLEMENTWITHOUTLEGALINTERVENTIONPROMOTESCOMPLIANCEPETERSETAL,1993ONTHESUPPLYSIDE,ALLEN1990HASARGUEDTHATTHESTATEPERMITSPRIVATEMARITALCONTRACTINGINSTEADOFIMPOSINGITSUNIFORMMARRIAGECONTRACTWHENTHEBENEFITSFROMFLEXIBILITYEXCEEDTHEJUDICIALCOSTSOFUSINGTHIRDPARTYSANCTIONSTOENSUREECONOMICJUSTICECONTEMPORARYMOVESTOWARDSTHECONTRACTUALIZATIONOFMARRIAGE,INWHICHPARTIESDEFINETHEIROWNRELATIONSHIPTERMS,ISTHECOROLLARYOFITSINCREASINGCONCEPTUALIZATIONINTERMSOFRIGHTSTOPROPERTYBELL1997ARGUESFROMANANTHROPOLOGICALPERSPECTIVETHATMARRIAGETRADITIONALLYCONFERREDRIGHTSONAHUSBANDOFSEXUALACCESSTOHISWIFEHOWEVER,INNOVATIONSINFEMALECONTRACEPTIVETECHNOLOGYANDTHELEGALIZATIONOFABORTIONHAVEGIVENGREATERSEXUALANDREPRODUCTIVEAUTONOMYTOWOMENMARRIAGEISNOLONGERDEFINEDSOMUCHINTERMSOFSEXUALRIGHTSBUTRATHERINTERMSOFECONOMICRIGHTSANDCONSEQUENCESITISDISTINGUISHEDFROMNONMARITALCOHABITATIONBYITSIMPLICATIONSFORPROPERTYDIVISION,PENSION,HOUSING,FISCALANDINHERITANCEBENEFITS,ASWELLASBYGREATERENTRYANDEXITCOSTSTHISISTRUEEVENINCOUNTRIESSUCHASSWEDENWHICHSEEKNEUTRALTREATMENTOFDIFFERENTFAMILYFORMSSWEDISHLAWTYPICALLYTREATSNEARLYALLSPOUSALPROPERTYASMARITAL,TOBEPOOLEDANDDIVIDEDEQUALLYONDIVORCE,WHEREASTHATOFCOHABITANTSISTREATEDASSEPARATEPROPERTYBRADLEY,1996INSOFARASTHEINSTITUTIONOFMARRIAGEISCONCEIVEDPRIMARILYINTERMSOFFINANCIALEFFECTS,THISWILLNATURALLYLENDITSELFTOPRIVATECONTRACTINGMOREOVER,MANYLEGALCOMMENTATORSHAVENOTEDARETREATFROMTHEREGULATIONOFMARRIAGEINFAMILYLAW,CREATINGACLIMATEFAVOURABLETOMARITALCONTRACTINGINPARTICULAR,THEFOCUSISSHIFTINGFROMTHELEGALOBLIGATIONSOFPARTNERSTOTHOSEOFPARENTSCARBONE,2000THEMOVEFROMPARTNERSTOPARENTSISEVIDENTINTHEADVENTOFTHECLEANBREAKPHILOSOPHYTHATSEVERSSPOUSALFINANCIALRESPONSIBILITIESINTHEDIVORCESETTLEMENTBUTSTRICTLYENFORCESCONTINUINGCHILDSUPPORTPAYMENTSTHETRENDTOWARDSTHEPRIVATIZATIONOFMARRIAGEISALSOAPPARENTINTHEMODERNMARRIAGECONTRACTS203BLACKWELLPUBLISHINGLTD2003

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簡(jiǎn)介：PROCEDIAENGINEERING1642016402–40818777058?2016PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/PEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHEORGANIZINGCOMMITTEEOFTHECREATIVECONSTRUCTIONCONFERENCE2016DOI101016/JPROENG201611637SCIENCEDIRECTAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMCREATIVECONSTRUCTIONCONFERENCE2016,CCC2016,2528JUNE2016,BUDAPEST,HUNGARYDRIVERSFORANDOBSTACLESTOENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENTINCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSALITERATUREREVIEWBERENGERYRENAULTA,JUSTUSNAGUMBAA,BALOGUN,OABA,A,BDEPTOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTSCIENCEDIRECT,TAYLORANDFRANCISONLINE,ANDEMERALDFIFTEENDRIVERSANDTHIRTYFOUROBSTACLESWEREIDENTIFIEDTHESTUDYREVEALEDTHATPROPERERMREQUIRESTHEBOARDANDSENIORMANAGEMENTTOENSURETHATALLPOTENTIALTHREATSTOERMARETAKENINTOACCOUNTTHEYSHOULDALSOCHECKTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEMEASURESADOPTEDATTHEENTERPRISELEVEL,DOCUMENTONTHEOUTCOMESANDREVIEWTHEASSESSMENTREGULARLYTOKEEPITUPDATEDCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSCANUSETHEDRIVERSANDOBSTACLESREVEALEDINTHISTREATISETOPREPARETHEIRCUSTOMIZEDLISTOFDRIVERSANDOBSTACLESTHISSTUDYCONTRIBUTESTOGLOBALKNOWLEDGERELATINGTOERMANDALLOWSMANAGEMENTTOOVERCOMETHECHALLENGESPOSEDBYTHESIGNIFICANTOBSTACLES?2016THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHEORGANIZINGCOMMITTEEOFTHECREATIVECONSTRUCTIONCONFERENCE2016KEYWORDSCONSTRUCTIONFIRMS,DRIVERS,ENTREPRISERISKMANAGEMENTERM,OBSTACLES1INTRODUCTIONINRECENTYEARS,CHANGESINTHEBUSINESSLANDSCAPEHAVEOCCURREDINTHEWAYFIRMSPERCEIVERISKMANAGEMENTRM,ANDTHETRENDHASMOVEDTOWARDAMOREINTEGRATED,COMPREHENSIVERMDISCIPLINE,DEFINEDASERM1,2THECORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL27731016707FAX27115596630EMAILADDRESSRENAULT08YAHOOFR?2016PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/PEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHEORGANIZINGCOMMITTEEOFTHECREATIVECONSTRUCTIONCONFERENCE2016404BERENGERYRENAULTETAL/PROCEDIAENGINEERING1642016402–408LIMITEDTOREDUCECOSTSANDLOSSES,REDUCEDEARNINGSVOLATILITY,IMPROVEDDECISIONMAKING,INCREASEDPROFITABILITYANDEARNINGS,BETTERRISKREPORTINGANDCOMMUNICATION,BETTERRESOURCEALLOCATION,INCREASEDMANAGEMENTACCOUNTABILITYGREATERMANAGEMENTCONSENSUSCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGES,IMPROVEDOWNERS’SATISFACTIONANDIMPROVEDCONTROLOFANENTERPRISEONITSPROJECTS15,16,17,11,18,19,20MOREOVER,ADIVERSITYOFRISKSDRIVESFIRMSTOADOPTERMASWELLLIEBENBERGANDHOYT2003AFFIRMEDTHATTHERISKSORIGINATINGFROMTHEGLOBALIZATIONANDMARKETDROVEFIRMSTOADOPTERMATTHESAMETIME,PAGACHANDWARR14STUDIESCONCLUDEDTHATFIRMSWITHMOREVOLATILEOPERATINGCASHFLOWSANDRISKIERSTOCKRETURNSWEREMOREPROBABLETOADOPTERMFURTHERMORE,THEUSEOFADVANCEDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYITWASPERCEIVEDASAKEYEXTERNALDRIVERLIEBENBERGANDHOYT,2003ASERMREQUIRESMUCHCOMPUTINGPOWER21THISBREAKTHROUGHHASENABLEDFIRMSTOCOLLECTIMPROVEDRECORDSFORCERTAINRISKS,MODELCOMPLEXRISKS,MEASURERISKSMOREACCURATELY,ANDIMPROVEDUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEINTERDEPENDENCIESACROSSAFIRM22THEIMPROVEDACCESSIBILITYOFOUTSOURCINGPOSSIBILITIESFORADVANCEDITMODELINGACTIVITIESHASMADEERMAVAILABLETOFIRMSTHATAREINNEEDOFSPECIALIZEDRISKRELATEDKNOWLEDGENEVERTHELESS,NEWSTUDIESEVIDENCESUGGESTSTHATTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFERMISSLOWEDDOWNBYFIRMS’PERCEIVEDLACKOFTECHNOLOGICALTOOLS4ADDITIONALLY,THEEXTERNALDRIVINGINFLUENCESWOULDREQUIRETHEBOARDASWELLASSENIORMANAGEMENTTOREQUESTFORERMIMPLEMENTATIONKLEFFNERETAL15STUDIESREPORTEDTHAT51PERCENTOFCANADIANFIRMSVIEWEDTHEENCOURAGEMENTFROMTHEBOARDASTHEFUNDAMENTALELEMENTUNDERLYINGTHEIRERMIMPLEMENTATIONSIMULTANEOUSLY,NARVAEZ19ASSERTEDTHATTOPMANAGEMENTSHOULDDRIVEERMIMPLEMENTATIONASERMNECESSITATESTHECOMMITMENTOFTHEENTIREENTERPRISETABLE1DRIVERSFORERMLITERATUREREVIEWAUTHORS,YEAROBJECTIVEMETHODSLIEBENBERGHOYT2003TOIDENTIFYTHECRITICALDETERMINANTSOFERMADOPTIONQUESTIONNAIRE,STATISTICALANALYSISMANABETAL,2010TOMEASURETHEEXTENTTOWHICHSPECIFICFIRMSHAVEIMPLEMENTEDERMPROGRAMSQUESTIONNAIREWUOLSON2009TOEXPLAINTHEVALUEOFBUSINESSSCORECARDSASAMEANSTOMONITORORGANISATIONALPERFORMANCEWITHRESPECTTOERMREVIEWOFLITERATUREBEASLEYETAL,2008TOEXAMINESEQUITYMARKETREACTIONSTOANNOUNCEMENTSOFAPPOINTMENTSOFSENIOREXECUTIVEOFFICERSOVERSEEINGTHEERMPROCESSESQUESTIONNAIRE,REGRESSIONANALYSISPAGACHWARR2011TOIDENTIFYPARAMETERSTHATCANEXPLAINVARIATIONINTHE“ERMMIX”ADOPTEDBYFIRMSINTERVIEWSGORDONETAL,2009TOEXAMINETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENTERMINFORMATIONCONTENTANDFIRMPERFORMANCEREVIEWEDDRIVERSFORERMKLEFFNERETAL,2003TODETERMINETHEEFFECTOFERMONBUSINESSPERFORMANCEQUESTIONNAIREKPMG2010TOINVESTIGATETHECRITICALDRIVERSFORERMIMPLEMENTATIONQUESTIONNAIRELIUETAL,2011TOINVESTIGATETHEINFLUENCEOFTHEDRIVERSINTHEKEYAREASOFACTIVITIESOFANERMPROGRAMSTATISTICALANALYSISMURALIDHAR2010TOIDENTIFYSIGNIFICANTFACTORSDRIVENBYERMMOVEMENTQUESTIONNAIRENARVAEZ2011TOIDENTIFYTHECRITICALDRIVERSFORENTERPRISERISKMANAGEMENTERMIMPLEMENTATIONQUESTIONNAIRESURVEYNOCCOSTULZ2006TODETERMINETHEDRIVERSFORERMPROGRAMQUESTIONNAIRESURVEYSEGAL2001TOUNDERSTANDTHELINKBETWEENTHEERMIMPLEMENTATIONDRIVERSWITHTHERMPRACTICESINTERVIEWSJABLONOWSKI2001TODEVELOPANERMFRAMEWORKFORCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSREVIEWOFLITERATURE22OBSTACLESTOERMIMPLEMENTATIONEMBRACINGANERMAPPROACHBRINGSABOUTFIRMCULTU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