簡介：1中文中文10500字中文譯名資本流動性和市場效率基于納斯達(dá)克上市公司的分析外文原文名LIQUIDITYANDMARKETEFFICIENCYANALYSISOFNASDAQFIRMS外文原文版出處GLOBALFINANCEJOURNAL,2010,21262274譯文資本流動性和市場效率基于納斯達(dá)克上市公司的分析資本流動性和市場效率基于納斯達(dá)克上市公司的分析DENNISYCHUNG,KARELHRAZDIL摘要摘要我們分析納斯達(dá)克所有公司的短期收益可預(yù)測性，將短期收益可預(yù)測性作為市場效率一個逆向指標(biāo)。我們的研究結(jié)果證實，資本流動性的增強(qiáng)促進(jìn)了市場效率的提高，并且加入了新信息變量后，資本流動性對資本市場效率的影響程度更強(qiáng)。在對資本流動性和信息影響加以控制之后，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)只在十六分之一報價單位到十進(jìn)制報價單位制度的納斯達(dá)克公司的市場效率有所提高。我們進(jìn)一步證明，在交易頻率、數(shù)量和市值的基礎(chǔ)上形成的不同證券投資組合，其市場效率的推論是不統(tǒng)一的。關(guān)鍵詞流動性；收益可預(yù)見性；市場效率；納斯達(dá)克1、簡介、簡介CHORDIA,ROLL和SUBRAHMANYAM2008年,以下稱為CRS研究了三個報價單位制度的市場效率，并記錄下紐約證交所NYSE上市公司的短期收益可預(yù)見性大幅下降的樣本。論據(jù)是，從以往的訂單流獲得股票收益的短期收益可預(yù)見性是市場效率的一個逆向指標(biāo)，CRS提供的令人信服的證據(jù)表明，隨著指標(biāo)體量的下降，市場效率變得更加高效。CRS研究的一個重要意義是，他們的預(yù)測方法為預(yù)測信息對市場效率的影響程度打下了基礎(chǔ)。對與紐交所相關(guān)的公司的研究也開始出現(xiàn)在文獻(xiàn)中如AKTAS,DEBODT,VISALTANACHOTIYANG,2010。然而，在CRS的研究結(jié)果可以在所有美國公司推廣或應(yīng)用在各種研究設(shè)置之前，需要對其它更全面的樣本進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的分析。事實上，CRS明確表態(tài)說，“未來的調(diào)查應(yīng)該將分析擴(kuò)展到更小公司，其他交易周期，交易所和國家之上”252頁。CRS只是從紐約證券交易所的公司中選擇其研究樣本。他們進(jìn)一步把樣本限制在最大、交易活躍的公司，以盡量減少短時間間隔設(shè)置的非交易影響。由于紐交所的具體組織和機(jī)構(gòu)特點的原因，所以也不太確定不同交易的特征，如交易規(guī)則，限價訂單，或打開定價機(jī)制在資本流動性與市場效率中所發(fā)揮作用的程度。本研究的主要目的是把CRS的分析運(yùn)用到在納斯達(dá)克交易的美國公司的大樣本中去，納斯達(dá)克在相似的時期經(jīng)歷了與紐交所經(jīng)歷的外生變化最小的買賣價差。我們首先解決在1993年1月1日至1993年6月30日3此導(dǎo)致較低的收益可預(yù)見性和更高的市場效率。在這種情況下，資本的流動性是與市場效率呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。第二，如果市場商未能利用訂單流中的信息和消除收益可預(yù)見性，那么其他市場參與者就有激情來收集訂單流和貿(mào)易方面的新信息。盡管市場商面對逐漸增加的逆向選擇降低了資本的流動性的情況，但隨著更多信息體現(xiàn)在價格中，市場的效率也就會更高。在這種情況下，資本的流動性與市場效率負(fù)相關(guān)。運(yùn)用紐約證券交易所193家公司紐約證券交易所最大的500家公司在整個樣本期間的每日交易的短期收益和滯后訂單不平衡測量數(shù)據(jù)，CRS的研究表明，三個報價單位制度公司的收益可預(yù)見性的大幅下降和資本流動性的增強(qiáng)均促使市場效率得到提高。資本流動性與市場效率之間的正相關(guān)關(guān)系有力的支持了他們的第一個假設(shè)和結(jié)論，即資本的高流動性促進(jìn)了套利交易，從而降低了收益的可預(yù)見性并提高了市場的效率。通過使用收益方差比率和自相關(guān)性，CRS進(jìn)行了額外的分析，并提供證據(jù)表明，新信息在資本流動性方面能更有效地影響價格。CRS得出這樣的結(jié)論“通過兩個不同的渠道增加資本流動性有助于促進(jìn)市場的效率。首先，來自訂單流的收益可預(yù)測性在高流動性時期是呈下降趨勢的，因為在此時期，套利者在吸收訂單方面能夠更好地協(xié)助專家。第二，最低價格變化的減少允許收集更多的信息，反過來，又通過允許價格反映基本面的更多信息的方式增加了信息的效率”第266頁。隨著市場新信息的增加，流動性和市場效率的動態(tài)關(guān)系也很可能會改變。我們在研究中用實證樣本去解決這個問題。我們把增加的逆向選擇的時期作為市場新信息的指標(biāo)，并給出高逆向選擇與流動性的積極互動可以對市場效率產(chǎn)生明顯的，積極作用的證據(jù)。我們進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)，流動性的增強(qiáng)和新信息二者都有助于提高市場效率，同時也進(jìn)一步印證了CRS的結(jié)論，并驗證了收益可預(yù)見性作為市場效率的未來研究設(shè)計指標(biāo)的作用。當(dāng)他們決定盤中回報和訂單流時間間隔的適當(dāng)長度時，CRS承認(rèn)了非頻繁交易的問題1,。此外，CRS通過在他們的研究中排除中小股票的方式，繞過罕見的交易問題，并且最終樣本要求是在整個樣本期間每天都進(jìn)行交易的所有公司。對于我們的研究，我們囊括了所有納斯達(dá)克公司，我們也研究交易頻率如何影響流動性和市場效率之間的關(guān)系，訂單流信息在評估收益可預(yù)見性時是否有用和是否可以從一個5分鐘的間隔到下一個間隔得到交易信息。22機(jī)制詳情機(jī)制詳情交換的差異特征，如交易規(guī)則，限價訂單，或打開定價機(jī)制可以說是在流動性與市場效率發(fā)揮作用程度的因素。例如，盡管紐約證券交易所和美國證券交易所是指令驅(qū)動的拍賣市場（壟斷和專業(yè)經(jīng)銷商），但納斯達(dá)克NASDAQ是一個更有競爭力，擁有多個經(jīng)銷商的市場。除了擁有自己的賬戶，專家通過限價訂單的方式促進(jìn)交易的流動性，給紐約證券交易所和美國證券交易所提供了較大的流動性的組合，而在納斯達(dá)克上市公司沒有中心極限訂單，經(jīng)銷商在電子屏幕上不斷發(fā)布公司收購，問報價。進(jìn)一步，發(fā)布與價格相關(guān)的新

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簡介：中文中文7350字，字，4400英文單詞，英文單詞，25500英文字符英文字符文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處LAMTYMECONOMICPERSPECTIVEONOUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESJPROPERTYMANAGEMENT,2012,VOLUME30431833215ECONOMICPERSPECTIVEONOUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESTERENCEYMLAMABSTRACTPURPOSE–THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOIDENTIFYTHEECONOMICFORCESINFLUENCINGTHEOUTSOURCINGPROCESSOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICES,ANDINVESTIGATEHOWTHESEFORCESSHOULDBEAPPLIEDINORDERTOMAXIMIZETHEPRODUCTIVEEFFICIENCYANDPERFORMANCEQUALITY,THUSENSURINGOPTIMALUSEOFRESOURCESDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–MARKETCOMPETITIONANDTRANSACTIONMONITORINGWEREIDENTIFIEDTOBETHEFUNDAMENTALFACTORSSINGLECASESTUDYMETHODWASUSEDTOQUANTITATIVELYEXAMINETHEIMPACTOFTHESEECONOMICFORCESONTHEOUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESOFTHEHONGKONGHOUSINGAUTHORITYFINDINGS–THEPROPERTYSERVICESMARKETWASCONTESTABLE,ANDTHROUGHCOMPETITIVETENDERINGTHELEVELOFCOMPETITIONHADASIGNIFICANTNEGATIVEIMPACTONPRODUCTIONCOSTANDASIGNIFICANTPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPWITHSERVICEQUALITYFEELEVELWASALSOFOUNDTOHAVENOSIGNIFICANTEFFECTONSERVICEQUALITYPROFESSIONALMAINTENANCESERVICESWEREFOUNDTOBECOMPLEXANDASSOCIATEDWITHSIGNIFICANTTRANSACTIONCOSTS,ESPECIALLYWHERETHEREWASAHIGHDEGREEOFCONTACTWITHTENANTSRESEARCHLIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS–THEOUTSOURCINGSTRATEGYFORMSACONCEPTUALBASELINEONWHICHFURTHERRESEARCHCANBUILDTOTESTITSSIGNIFICANCEINMANYOTHERSETTINGS,THUSRESULTINGINAMOREROBUSTECONOMICTHEORYFOROUTSOURCINGOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESPRACTICALIMPLICATIONS–COMPETITIVETENDERINGSHOULDBEADOPTEDFOROUTSOURCINGTOMINIMIZEPRODUCTIONCOSTANDMAXIMIZESERVICEQUALITYTHEOVERALLTRANSACTIONCOSTSSHOULDBEMINIMIZEDBYFOCUSINGTHELIMITEDRESOURCESONMONITORINGOFTHECOMPLEXPROFESSIONALMAINTENANCESERVICES,ESPECIALLYTHESERVICESFORMAJORPLANNEDMAINTENANCEWORKSWHERETHEREAREMANYOCCUPIERSINVOLVEDORIGINALITY/VALUE–THECONFIRMATORYTESTSINDICATETHATTHESTRATEGICOBJECTIVESOFCOSTANDQUALITYIMPROVEMENTFROMOUTSOURCING,ASEXPECTEDBYTHESTAKEHOLDERS,CANBEACHIEVEDHENCETHERESEARCHCONTRIBUTESTOTHEPROPERTYMANAGEMENTPRACTICEBYDEVELOPINGANECONOMICSTRATEGYWHICHOPTIMIZESTHEUSEOFRESOURCESFORTHEBENEFITOFCORPORATEORGANIZATIONSWHICHOWNAPROPERTYPORTFOLIO,WHILSTATTHESAMETIMESATISFYINGTHEPOWERANDNEEDSOFTHETENANTSANDOTHERSTAKEHOLDERSKEYWORDSHONGKONG,PROPERTYMANAGEMENT,RESOURCEMANAGEMENT,OUTSOURCING,STAKEHOLDERANALYSIS,ECONOMICFORCES,OPTIMALUSEOFRESOURCES,STAKEHOLDERNEEDSINTRODUCTIONINNEWPUBLICMANAGEMENT,ITISARGUEDTHATOUTSOURCINGANDMARKETCOMPETITIONAREOFTENADOPTEDTODELIVERPUBLICSERVICES,BASEDONTHEARGUMENTTHATSUCHAPPROACHCANIMPROVEPRODUCTIVEEFFICIENCYANDSERVICEQUALITYWALSH,1995INTHEPRIVATESECTOR,COSTSANDPERFORMANCEQUALITYOFTHEOUTSOURCEDSERVICESSHOULDTHEREFOREBECONSIDEREDWHATARETHEECONOMICFORCESDRIVINGTHECOSTANDQUALITYPERFORMANCEINTHEOUTSOURCINGPROCESSTHISRESEARCHAIMSTOIDENTIFYTHEECONOMICFORCESINFLUENCINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFPROPERTYMANAGEMENTSERVICESINTHEOUTSOURCINGPROCESSFORCORPORATEORGANIZATIONSWHICHOWNAPROPERTYPORTFOLIOFORBUSINESSOPERATIONSORLETTING,ANDTOINVESTIGATEHOWTHESEFORCESSHOULDBEAPPLIEDINORDERTOMAXIMIZEPRODUCTIVEEFFICIENCYANDPERFORMANCEQUALITY,ANDHENCEOPTIMALUSEOFRESOURCESFERRISANDGRADDY1991REVEALSTHAT,BASEDONANEMPIRICALANALYSISOFTHREEFREQUENTLYCONTRACTEDHEALTHSERVICES,MINIMIZATIONOFSERVICEDELIVERYCOSTSANDCHOICESETOFAVAILABLEQUALITYSUPPLIERSAREIMPORTANTTOLOCALGOVERNMENT’SDECISIONTOCONTRACTORCHOICETHESERVICEDELIVERYCOSTSCOMPRISEOFPRODUCTIONANDTRANSACTIONCOSTSWITHREGARDTOPERFORMANCEQUALITY,HARTEANDDALE1995CONDUCTEDAQUALITATIVEREVIEWONTHEQUALITYDIMENSIONSUSEDBYCLIENTSWHENSELECTINGPROFESSIONALSERVICEPROVIDERSFROMACCOUNTING,ARCHITECTURAL,ENGINEERING,MANAGEMENTCONSULTINGANDGENERALSERVICEFIRMSTHEREVIEWSHOWSTHATTHESERVICEQUALITYREQUIREDBYMOSTCLIENTSISMULTIDIMENSIONALANDITCOVERSFIVEKEYAREASTIMELINESSPROMPTSERVICE,EMPATHYUNDERSTANDINGTHECLIENT’SNEEDS,ASSURANCETECHNICALCORRECTNESSFORTHEWORK,TANGIBLESEVIDENCEFORTHEWORKPERFORMEDCORRECTLY,RELIABILITYDOINGWHATYOUSAYYOUWILLDOITISTHEAIMOFTHISSTUDYTOEXAMINEHOWTHESEPRODUCTIONANDTRANSACTIONCOSTSASWELLASPERFORMANCEQUALITYAREINFLUENCEDBYTHEECONOMICFORCESOWNERSHIPANDPERFORMANCEINTHECASEOFOUTSOURCINGOFSERVICESINTHEPUBLICSECTOR,THETHEORYOFPROPERTYRIGHTSEXPLAINSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENOWNERSHIPANDORGANIZATIONALPERFORMANCEBYREFERRINGTOTHEDIFFERENCEINPROFITMOTIVEBETWEENPUBLICANDPRIVATEORGANIZATIONSINPRIVATEORGANIZATIONS,THERIGHTSTOPROFITARECLEARLYDEFINEDSOTHEIRMANAGEMENTHASTHEFINANCIALINCENTIVETOACHIEVEHIGHERPRODUCTIVITYANDBETTERSERVICEQUALITYFORPUBLICSECTOR,THEPROFITMOTIVEISABSENTANDGOVERNMENTDEPARTMENTSTENDTOPURSUEGOALSSUCHASBUDGETMAXIMIZATION,RISKAVERSIONANDEMPLOYMENTALTHOUGHPROPERTYRIGHTSARGUMENTMAYBEINITIALLYATTRACTIVEANDFAVOURTHECHOICEOFPRIVATESECTOROVERPUBLICSECTORINDELIVERINGPUBLICSERVICES,ITDOESNOTGOUNCHALLENGEDPARKER1985ARGUESTHATPOLITICIANSANDBUREAUCRATSDOINDEEDPURSUEPUBLICINTEREST,ANDTHATLIKETHEIRPRIVATESECTORCOUNTERPARTS,GOVERNMENTEMPLOYEESMAYFINDSATISFACTIONINAJOBWELLDONEGIVENTHATSENIORMANAGEMENTINTHEPUBLICANDPRIVATESECTORSAREDRAWNFROMTHESAMESOCIALANDCULTURALBACKGROUNDS,ITWOULDBESURPRISINGIFTHEYDONOTHOLDSIMILARVALUESASITCANNOTBEDEFINITELYDETERMINEDONAPRIORIBASISWHETHERPRIVATEOWNE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簡介：ALENAANDREJOVSKáANDVERONIKAPULIKOVá/MONTENEGRINJOURNALOFECONOMICS,VOL14,NO12018,133141133‘‘TAXREVENUESINTHECONTEXTOFECONOMICDETERMINANTSTAXREVENUESINTHECONTEXTOFECONOMICDETERMINANTSALENAANDREJOVSKá1ANDVERONIKAPULIKOVá21ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR,PHD,DEPARTMENTOFHUMANITIES,FACULTYOFECONOMICS,TECHNICALUNIVERSITYOFKO?ICE,SLOVAKREPUBLIC,EMAILALENAANDREOVSKATUKESK2GRADUATE,FACULTYOFECONOMICS,TECHNICALUNIVERSITYOFKO?ICE,SLOVAKREPUBLIC,EMAILVERONIKAPULIKOVATUKESKARTICLEINFOABSTRACTRECEIVEDDECEMBER12,2017REVISEDFROMJANUARY21,2018ACCEPTEDFEBRUARY24,2018AVAILABLEONLINEMARCH15,2018DESPITETHEGENERALRECOGNITIONTHATTAXESAREGENERALLYASTRONGPOLICYTOOLFORASSESSINGTHEMACROECONOMICIMPACTOFTHECOUNTRYSALTERNATIVETAXPOLICIES,TAXESAREOFTENWEAKENEDBYRESTRICTIONSONTAXREVENUEMEASUREMENTTHEAIMOFTHECONTRIBUTIONISTOQUANTIFYTHEIMPACTOFSELECTEDMACROECONOMICINDICATORSGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,LEVELOFEMPLOYMENT,PUBLICDEBT,FOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTS,EFFECTIVETAXRATE,STATUTORYTAXRATEONTHETOTALAMOUNTOFTAXREVENUES,TAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHETAXCOMPETITIVENESSOFTHE28EUMEMBERSTATESTHEREWASUSEDMETHODSOFTHREEMODELSOFREGRESSIONANALYSISTHEPOOLINGMODEL,THEFIXEDEFFECTSMODELANDTHERANDOMEFFECTSMODELTHEHYPOTHESISTHATTHEGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTHASTHEGREATESTIMPACTONTAXREVENUEHASBEENTESTEDINCONCLUSION,THEANALYSISCONFIRMEDTHATTHESTRONGESTCORRELATIONISBETWEENTAXREVENUESANDEMPLOYMENTRATEFOLLOWEDBYFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTANDGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTINCREASINGTHESEDETERMINANTSBY1MIL€INCREASEINEMPLOYMENTBY1WOULDINCREASETAXREVENUESBY10072MIL€ATTHEEMPLOYMENTRATE,BY3831THOUSAND€FORGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTANDBY4342THOUSAND€FORFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTJELCLASSIFICATIONJELCLASSIFICATIONH21,H25DOIDOI1014254/18005845/201814110KEYWORDSKEYWORDSTAXCOMPETITION,CORPORATETAXATION,TAXREVENUE,CAPITALMOBILITYINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONCORPORATETAXESREPRESENTTHEDRIVINGFORCEOFTHEECONOMYWHICHMAKESINDIVIDUALCOUNTRIESMOREATTRACTIVEFORINVESTMENTITHELPSCREATINGNEWJOBSANDULTIMATELYINCREASEWELFAREINTHECOUNTRYANDBRINGSSUFFICIENTTAXREVENUESTONATIONALBUDGETSHOWEVER,ITISNOTEASYTODETERMINEITSOPTIMALLEVELLOWERTAXESATTRACTINVESTORS,BUTHIGHERTAXESBRINGHIGHERREVENUESTONATIONALBUDGETSEVENWHENHIGHTAXESARELINKEDTOTAXAVOIDANCEWHENASSESSINGCORPORATETAXESATEUROPEANUNIONLEVEL,ITHASTOBESAIDTHATDESPITETHEEXISTENCEOFFREETRADEANDTHECOMMONCURRENCY,THEREARE28DIFFERENTTAXSYSTEMSWITHDIFFERENTLEVELSOFCORPORATETAXATIONGOVERNMENTSHAVETOSERIOUSLYADDRESSTHEISSUEOFTAXHARMONIZATIONANDCOORDINATIONOFEUTAXPOLICIESTOMAINTAINECONOMICPROGRESSANDSTABILITYTHEREISACONTRADICTIONONTHEONEHAND,ITISTHEDUTYOFTHEMEMBERSTATESTOCOMPLYWITHTHELEGALNORMSANDACTSINFORCEINTHEEUONTHEOTHERMONTENEGRINJOURNALOFECONOMICSVOL14,NO12018,133141ALENAANDREJOVSKáANDVERONIKAPULIKOVá/MONTENEGRINJOURNALOFECONOMICS,VOL14,NO12018,133141135INGVARIABLEANDSONOMINALGDPTHERESULTOFTHEANALYSISISTHEFACTTHATGROWTHOFPROFITINMONITOREDTIMEWASDIRECTPROPORTIONALLYEQUALWITHTEMPOOFGDPGROWTHTHEYCONCLUDETHATTEMPOOFINCREASEOFTAXREVENUESHOULDN′TSIGNIFICANTLYOVERSTEPTHETEMPOOFGDPGROWTHTHEINFLUENCEOFGDPONREVENUEOFCORPORATETAXBYTHEMEANSOFDIFFERENTANALYSISEXAMINEDMOREAUTHORSKUBáTOVáAND?íHOVá2009,BAYER2011,BáNOCIOVáANDPAVLíKOVá2013,SIMIONESCUETAL2016,KARNITISANDKARNITIS2017THROUGHPANELREGRESSIONANALYSIS,THEPOSITIVEBILATERALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENGDPANDTAXREVENUESWASCLAIMEDTHERESEARCHRESULTSSUGGESTTHATDEMOGRAPHICCHANGEINTHEEUCOUNTRIESISAFFECTINGTAXREVENUESGOUDSWAARDANDVANDEKAR1994,ALMAMUN,ENTEBANG,MANSORANDYASSER2014,HASSELDINE1999,DEVOS2008,FELIXANDWATKINS2013TOTALTAXREVENUEWILLINCREASEWITHTHEOVERALLPOPULATIONGROWTHINMOSTCOUNTRIESACCORDINGTOGOUDSWAARDANDVANDEKAR1994,TAXREVENUESWILLINCREASEWITHPOPULATIONGROWTHANDANINCREASEOFTHERELATIVELYOLDERWORKFORCEHISFORECASTSINDICATETHATAFTER2030REVENUESWILLDECLINEASARESULTOFTHEDECLININGPOPULATIONANDTHERAPIDLYAGINGPOPULATIONKENNEDY,MCMILLENANDSIMMONS2015POINTTOTHEPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEMPLOYMENTGROWTHANDREVENUESFROMCORPORATETAXATTHESAMETIME,THEYPOINTOUTTHATTHEHIGHLEVELOFUNEMPLOYMENTISINANEGATIVECORRELATIONWITHTHETAXRATE,SOGOVERNMENTSHAVETOSTIMULATETHEECONOMYATATIMEOFECONOMICDOWNTURNWITHLOWERTAXRATESSCHWELLNUSSANDARNOLD2008ASSESSTHEIMPACTOFTHENEGATIVEDEPENDENCEBETWEENDOMESTICANDFOREIGNINVESTMENTANDTHECORPORATETAXRATETHISNEGATIVEDEPENDENCEWASALSOCONFIRMEDATTHEINDUSTRIALLEVELANIMPORTANTROLEWASPLAYEDBYTHESPECIFICTAXRATEFORCORPORATIONSTHEHIGHERTHECORPORATETAXRATEIS,THEMORENEGATIVEISITSIMPACTONTHEFUTUREGROWTHOFTHEINVESTMENTASIMILARVIEWISEXPRESSEDBYABBABSANDKLEMM2012,WHONOTETHATEXCESSIVETAXINCREASES,WHICHARELINKEDTOTHEINCREASEINTAXREVENUES,REDUCETHEINFLOWOFFOREIGNINVESTMENTANDVICEVERSATHELOWERRATESMEANTHEINCREASETHEINFLOWOFFOREIGNINVESTMENTTHESTATEBUDGETANDTHEPUBLICDEBTBALANCEAREOTHERMACROECONOMICINDICATORSTHATMONITORTHEGOVERNMENTSABILITYTOEFFECTIVELYMANAGESTATEBUDGETRESOURCESANDHAVEADIRECTIMPACTONTHESTATESFISCALPOLICYDRáBANDMIHóKOVá,2013IMPACTONDEBT,TAXSYSTEMS,PRIMARYEXPENDITURESANDTAXCOMPETITIONWASGIVENBYKROGSTRUP2002ASPARTOFTHEEUROPEANCENTRALBANKSTUDYHEFOCUSEDONTHECAUSALITYBETWEENTAXBURDENANDFISCALIMBALANCEOSTERLOHANDHEINEMANN2013CONCLUDEDTHATOTHERSOCIOECONOMICANDGEOGRAPHICFACTORSFORMTH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