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簡介：IOPCONFERENCESERIESMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGPAPEROPENACCESSEXPLOITATIONANDBENEFITSOFBIMINCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTMANAGEMENTTOCITETHISARTICLEPETERMESáRO?ANDTOMá?MANDIáK2017IOPCONFSERMATERSCIENG245062056VIEWTHEARTICLEONLINEFORUPDATESANDENHANCEMENTSRELATEDCONTENTRESEARCHONTHEAPPLICATIONOFBIMTECHNOLOGYINTHEWHOLELIFECYCLEOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSCHENCHANGLIU,KOUWEIWEIANDYESHUAIHUAAPPLICATIONOFBIMTECHNOLOGYINCONSTRUCTIONBIDDINGLIWEIAREVIEWOFBIMBUILDINGINFORMATIONMODELINGIMPLEMENTATIONININDONESIACONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYABDISURYADINATATELAGATHISCONTENTWASDOWNLOADEDFROMIPADDRESS183167168107ON09/01/2019AT124121234567890WMCAUSIOPPUBLISHINGIOPCONFSERIESMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERING2452017062056DOI101088/1757899X/245/6/062056DUETOTHEOVERVIEWOFAVAILABLERESOURCESANDOFTHEDISCUSSIONOFBIM,ITMAYSEEMTHATWESHALLALLWASSAIDABOUTBIMANDTHATTHISTOOLISOFTENUSEDTHEREISAQUESTIONWHETHERTHISISACTUALLYTRUEDOTHECONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESREALLYUSETHISTOOLASSPOKENABOUTANDWHATISPERCEPTIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESONBIMTOOLWHATAREBENEFITSOFEXPLOITATIONOFBIMTHEREAREONLYAFEWQUESTIONS,THATARENECESSARYDISCUSSESINBIMTOPICTHATISBASICOFTHISRESEARCHPROBLEM,WHATWASFORMULATEDTOTHESERESEARCHQUESTIONS?WHATAREBENEFITSOFBIMUSING?WHATISPERCEPTIONOFTHISBENEFITSBYCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIES?WHATISEXPLOITATIONLEVELOFBIMINCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIES?WHATISIMPACTONTHEBIGGESTBENEFITOFBIMUSINGTHEREARESOMEQUESTIONSTHATISNECESSARYTOFINDTHEANSWERS,WHENWEAREANALYSINGTHEISSUEOFBIMINSELECTEDMARKETORENVIRONMENTINCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTMANAGEMENT2LITERATUREREVIEWTHEISSUEOFBIMISDEVOTEDTOASERIESOFAUTHORSINTERMSOFTHESTATUSOFBASICRESEARCHQUESTIONSITISTHERIGHTTOTALKPRIMARILYABOUTRESEARCHAIMEDONBENEFITSOFUSINGBIMTECHNOLOGYACCORDINGALOTOFSTUDIESANDINVESTIGATIONS,COSTREDUCINGISONEOFTHEBIGGESTBENEFITOFBIMEXPLOITATIONNEXTBENEFITSWASSETASTIMEREDUCING,PRODUCTIVITYINCREASINGANDMOREONEOFTHEBIGGESTBENEFITOFBIMEXPLOITATIONINCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTARECOSTREDUCINGANDCONTROLITREPRESENTS60OFRESPONDENTSINTHEIRRESEARCH8THEOTHERAUTHORSWERETALKINGABOUTBENEFITSINTHEIRINVESTIGATIONTOOTHEYMENTIONEDSMAINLYBUDGETASPECTANDDESIGNASPECTASMAINBENEFIT9BETWEENMAINLYBENEFITSOFBIMEXPLOITATIONITCANBEPOSSIBLEINCLUDETIMEREDUCINGANDCOSTREDUCINGINCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTMANAGEMENT10ITCONFIRMEDRESEARCHREALISEDBYIANANDDAMIANINADDITIONTOTHEABOVEBENEFITS,THEAUTHORSMENTIONEDTHESAVINGOFHUMANRESOURCESOTHERRESEARCHSTUDYCONFIRMEDSAVINGSOFPROJECTCOSTBYUSINGOFBIM11THEBIGGESTBENEFITISTIMEREDUCINGINSCHEDULEPREPARINGTROUGHBIMTECHNOLOGYTHISRESEARCHDESCRIBEDPOSSIBILITIESOFMEASUREMENTINTHEISSUEOFBIMEXPLOITATIONANDBENEFITSTHEMAINAREAOFINVESTIGATIONFORMEASUREMENTOFBIMBENEFITSWASSPECIFIED11BETWEENMAINAREAITWASSELECTEDBYRESEARCHRESULTSESPECIALLYAREACHANGESTOPROCESSES,ITINVESTMENTSTOSUPPORTEDIMPROVEMENTS,BUSINESSPERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTSANDIMPROVEDPROFITANDROIOVERVIEWOFSELECTEDRESEARCHESANDINVESTIGATIONISMOREDETAILEDDESCRIBEDINTABLE1BASEDONALOTOFRESEARCHESANDLITERATURERESOURCESABOUTBENEFITSOFBIM,THELISTOFMAINBENEFITSWASDONEFORPURPOSESOFTHISRESEARCH?COSTREDUCINGINCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTMANAGEMENT?TIMEREDUCINGINPROJECTDOCUMENTATION,?TIMEREDUCINGFORTHEENTIRELIFECYCLEOFTHECONSTRUCTIONPROJECT,INCLUDINGTHEDESIGNPHASE,?FASTERACCESSTOINFORMATIONANDRELEVANTDOCUMENTSALLPARTICIPANTSOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECT,?INCREASINGOFEMPLOYEEPRODUCTIVITY,?INCREASINGOFFINANCIALCONTROL,
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簡介：REGIONALECONOMICSANEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHYPERSPECTIVEKRISTIANBEHRENSA,JACQUESFRAN?OISTHISSEA,B,C,?ACORE,UNIVERSITéCATHOLIQUEDELOUVAIN,BELGIUMBCERAS,ECOLENATIONALEDESPONTSETCHAUSSéES,FRANCECCEPR,UNITEDKINGDOMRECEIVED5AUGUST2006ACCEPTED19OCTOBER2006AVAILABLEONLINE12APRIL2007ABSTRACTWESHOWTHATTHECONCEPTSANDTOOLSDEVELOPEDINNEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHYMAYBEUSEDTOREVISITSEVERALPROBLEMSINREGIONALECONOMICSINPARTICULAR,WEWANTTOSTRESSTHEFOLLOWINGTWOPOINTSIWHATDOWEMEANBYAREGIONANDIIWHATKINDOFINTERACTIONSBETWEENREGIONSDOWEWANTTOSTUDYANDHOWTOMODELTHEMWECONCLUDEBYDISCUSSINGAFEWOPENPROBLEMSTHATSHOULDBEEXPLOREDINMOREDETAILFORREGIONALECONOMICSTOBECOMEARICHERBODYOFKNOWLEDGE?2007ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDJELCLASSIFICATIONR1KEYWORDSREGIONSREGIONALECONOMICSNEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHY1INTRODUCTIONTHISJOURNALHASBEENLAUNCHEDIN1972UNDERTHETITLEREGIONALANDURBANECONOMICS,WHICHISALMOSTTHENAMEOFTHEJELCLASSIFICATIONENTRYRTHEFIRSTPOINTWEWISHTOMAKEISTHAT,BYTHETIMETHISJOURNALWASLAUNCHED,URBANECONOMICSWASALREADYAWELLESTABLISHEDFIELDDRAWINGONNEWCONCEPTSANDTOOLSBYCONTRAST,THESCIENTIFICSTATUSOFREGIONALECONOMICSWASLESSCLEARINREGIONALSCIENCEANDURBANECONOMICS372007457–465WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/REGECWETHANKAREFEREE,RICHARDARNOTT,WILFRIEDKOCHANDGIORDANOMIONFORHELPFULCOMMENTSANDSUGGESTIONSKRISTIANBEHRENSGRATEFULLYACKNOWLEDGESFINANCIALSUPPORTFROMTHEEUROPEANCOMMISSIONUNDERTHEMARIECURIEFELLOWSHIPMEIFCT2005024266?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORCERAS,ECOLENATIONALEDESPONTSETCHAUSSéES,FRANCEEMAILADDRESSESBEHRENSCOREUCLACBEKBEHRENS,THISSECOREUCLACBEJFTHISSE01660462/SEEFRONTMATTER?2007ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JREGSCIURBECO200610001MIND,AWELLKNOWNRESULTINSETTHEORYISTHATTHEREISAONETOONECORRESPONDENCEBETWEENTHEFAMILYOFPARTITIONSINASETANDTHEFAMILYOFEQUIVALENCERELATIONSOFTHESAMESETHALMOS,1965RECALLTHATANEQUIVALENCERELATIONINASETISAREFLEXIVE,SYMMETRICANDTRANSITIVERELATIONINTUITIVELY,ONEMAYTHINKOFANEQUIVALENCERELATIONASAGENERALIZATIONOFTHECONCEPTOFEQUALITYTOTHATOFSIMILARITYIANOBJECTISALWAYSSIMILARTOITSELFREFLEXIVITYIIIFONEOBJECTISSIMILARTOANOTHER,THELATTERISSIMILARTOTHEFORMERSYMMETRYANDIIITWOOBJECTSSIMILARTOATHIRDONEARETHEMSELVESSIMILARTRANSITIVITYACCORDINGLY,USINGAPARTICULARREGIONALSYSTEMAMOUNTSTOWORKINGWITHASPECIALEQUIVALENCERELATIONDEFINEDONTHESPACEOFREFERENCETHISRESULTHASTWOIMPORTANTIMPLICATIONSIANYPLACEBELONGSTOASINGLEREGIONANDIITWOPLACESBELONGINGTOTHESAMEREGIONARECONSIDEREDASBEINGIDENTICALFROMTHESTANDPOINTOFTHEEQUIVALENCERELATION,WHEREASTWOPLACESBELONGINGTOTWODISTINCTREGIONSARENOTITISNOWEASYTOUNDERSTANDWHYTHEREISNOGENERALAGREEMENTONWHATAREGIONSHOULDBETHENUMBEROFEQUIVALENCERELATIONSTHATCANBEDEFINEDINASPACEIS“HUGE”THUS,DEPENDINGONTHEPOINTOFVIEWSELECTEDBYTHEANALYST,THEREGIONALSYSTEM,WHENCETHESHAPEANDNUMBEROFREGIONS,MAYVARYCONSEQUENTLY,AGIVENAREACANNOTBECONSIDEREDASAREGIONPERSEWHETHERORNOTITISPARTOFAREGIONALSYSTEMULTIMATELYDEPENDSONTHEEQUIVALENCERELATIONTHATISBEINGUSEDTHISDIFFICULTYSHOULDNOTCOMEASASURPRISEASDEFININGAREGIONALSYSTEMBEARSSOMERESEMBLANCEWITHTHEPROBLEMOFAGGREGATIONINECONOMICTHEORYINTHISRESPECT,ITISWELLKNOWNHOWPOORLYREPRESENTATIVETHESOCALLED“REPRESENTATIVECONSUMER”MAYBEKIRMAN,1992LIKEWISE,THEWORD“INDUSTRY”ISSTILLINSEARCHOFAWELLDEFINEDTHEORETICALMEANINGTRIFFIN,1940GROUPINGLOCATIONSWITHINTHESAMESPATIALENTITY,CALLEDAREGION,GIVESRISETOSIMILARDIFFICULTIESITIS,THEREFORE,PROBABLYHOPELESSTOGIVEACLEARANDPRECISEANSWERTOOURFIRSTQUESTION,WHICHISESSENTIALLYANEMPIRICALONEWHENWETALKABOUTAREGION,WEMUSTBEHAPPYWITHTHESAMETHEORETICALVAGUENESSTHATWEENCOUNTERWHENUSINGTHECONCEPTOFINDUSTRYNOTETHATBOTHINVOLVESOME“INTERMEDIATE”LEVELOFAGGREGATIONBETWEENTHEMACROANDTHEMICROITSHOULDBECLEARFROMTHEFOREGOINGDISCUSSIONTHATTHEMAINCHALLENGEINDEFININGAREGIONALSYSTEMLIESMOREINTHEEMPIRICALAPPLICATIONONEHASINMINDFROMAPURELYEMPIRICALPOINTOFVIEW,THECONCEPTOFREGIONONERETAINSISOFTENINTRINSICALLYLINKEDTOTHEAVAILABILITYOFDATAHENCE,THEQUESTIONOFTHESPATIALSCALEOFANALYSIS,THOUGHALREADYPROBLEMATICINTHEORY,BECOMESEVENMOREDRAMATICINAPPLIEDRESEARCHHOWEVER,SUCHADIFFICULTYDOESNOTDISPENSETHEANALYSTFROMSEEKINGMEANINGFULEMPIRICALSOLUTIONSSEE,EGMAGRINI,2004MCMILLENANDSMITH,2003ONTHEONEHAND,THEQUESTIONOFTHESIZEOFREGIONSNOLONGERMATTERSBECAUSEITISOFTENDICTATEDBYADMINISTRATIVECLASSIFICATIONSEG,THENUTSREGIONALCLASSIFICATIONOFTHEEUONTHEOTHERHAND,ONEISTEMPTEDTOTWISTTHEORYSOTHATITFITSINTOTHEAVAILABLESTATISTICALCLASSIFICATIONSONEADDITIONALPROBLEMISTHAT,DUETOTHENATUREOFTHEDATAAVAILABLE,SPACEMUSTOFTENBEREPRESENTEDBYADISCRETESETOFPOINTSYET,WHENTHEREARETOOMANYPOINTS,AGGREGATIONBECOMESNECESSARYANDGIVESRISETOANOTHERPROBLEM,KNOWNASTHEMAUPMOVABLEAREALUNITPROBLEM3SOMENEWTECHNIQUESSHOULDALLEVIATETHEMAUPPROBLEMINPARTICULAR,THEUSEOFGEOGRAPHICALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSANDTHEINCREASINGAVAILABILITYOFMICROSPATIALDATASHOULDALLOWFORLESSRELIANCEONARBITRARILYDETERMINEDREGIONALBOUNDARIES43ECONOMISTSANDGEOGRAPHERSDONOTSEEMTOBEAWARETHATMATHEMATICIANSHAVEEXTENSIVELYSTUDIEDTHEPOSSIBLEERRORSTHATMAYEMERGEFROMTHEAGGREGATIONOFDATAINTHISPERSPECTIVE,FRANCISETAL2007CONSIDERANDCOMPAREVARIOUSAGGREGATIONERRORMEASURES,IDENTIFYSOMEEFFECTIVEANDSOMEINEFFECTIVEAGGREGATIONERRORM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簡介：3700英文單詞，英文單詞，2萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文6400字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處BEHRENSK,THISSEJFREGIONALECONOMICSANEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHYPERSPECTIVEJREGIONALSCIENCEANDURBANECONOMICS,2007,374457465REGIONALECONOMICSANEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHYPERSPECTIVEKRISTIANBEHRENS,JACQUESFRAN?OISTHISSEABSTRACTWESHOWTHATTHECONCEPTSANDTOOLSDEVELOPEDINNEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHYMAYBEUSEDTOREVISITSEVERALPROBLEMSINREGIONALECONOMICSINPARTICULAR,WEWANTTOSTRESSTHEFOLLOWINGTWOPOINTSIWHATDOWEMEANBYAREGIONANDIIWHATKINDOFINTERACTIONSBETWEENREGIONSDOWEWANTTOSTUDYANDHOWTOMODELTHEMWECONCLUDEBYDISCUSSINGAFEWOPENPROBLEMSTHATSHOULDBEEXPLOREDINMOREDETAILFORREGIONALECONOMICSTOBECOMEARICHERBODYOFKNOWLEDGEKEYWORDSREGIONSREGIONALECONOMICSNEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHY1INTRODUCTIONTHISJOURNALHASBEENLAUNCHEDIN1972UNDERTHETITLEREGIONALANDURBANECONOMICS,WHICHISALMOSTTHENAMEOFTHEJELCLASSIFICATIONENTRYRTHEFIRSTPOINTWEWISHTOMAKEISTHAT,BYTHETIMETHISJOURNALWASLAUNCHED,URBANECONOMICSWASALREADYAWELLESTABLISHEDFIELDDRAWINGONNEWCONCEPTSANDTOOLSBYCONTRAST,THESCIENTIFICSTATUSOFREGIONALECONOMICSWASLESSCLEARINTHATREGIONALCONCEPTS,MODELSANDTECHNIQUESWERETOOOFTENAMEREEXTENSIONOFTHOSEUSEDATTHENATIONALLEVEL,WITHANADDITIONALINDEXIDENTIFYINGTHEDIFFERENTREGIONSSEE,EG,INTERREGIONALINPUT–OUTPUTMATRICESORTHEHARROD–DOMARMODELOFREGIONALGROWTH1THESAMUELSONIANEMPHASISPUTONTRADETHEORYALSOACTEDASANIMPEDIMENTTOTHEFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFREGIONALECONOMICS,THETRADEOFGOODSBEINGVIEWEDASASUBSTITUTETOTHEMOBILITYOFFACTORSTODAY,THANKSTOTHESURGEOFNEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHYINSHORT,NEG,ITISTIMETORETHINKREGIONALECONOMICSTHISISWHATWEWISHTODOINTHISNOTEITISWORTHSTRESSINGFROMTHEOUTSETTHAT,INORDERTOTALKEVENHALFWAYSENSIBLYABOUTREGIONALECONOMICS,ITISNECESSARYTOTACKLETHEFOLLOWINGTWOQUESTIONSIWHATDOWEMEANBYAREGIONANDIIWHATKINDOFINTERACTIONSBETWEENREGIONSDOWEWANTTOSTUDYANDHOWTOMODELTHEMREGARDINGTHEFIRSTQUESTION,WEFINDITCRUCIALTODEVELOPABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWTHESPATIALSCALEOFTHEANALYSISMATTERSFORTHEECONOMICRESULTSTOOOFTEN,ECONOMISTSUSEINTERCHANGEABLYDIFFERENT,YETEQUALLYUNCLEAR,WORDSSUCHASLOCATIONS,REGIONSORPLACESWITHOUTBEINGAWARETHATTHEYOFTENCORRESPONDTODIFFERENTSPATIALUNITSINDOINGSO,THEYRUNTHERISKOFDRAWINGIMPLICATIONSTHATAREVALIDATACERTAINLEVELOFSPATIALAGGREGATIONBUTNOTATANOTHER2FURTHERMORE,USINGVAGUEDEFINITIONSOFTHESPATIALUNITOFANALYSISREDUCESTHESCIENTIFICCONTENTSOFTHETHEORYINTHEPOPPERIANSENSE,ASTHEEMPIRICALRESULTSCANALWAYSBECONTESTEDINLIGHTOFTHETHEORYONTHESOLEBASISTHATVARIABLESARENOTMEASUREDATTHEAPPROPRIATESPATIALSCALEASTOTHESECONDQUESTION,REGARDLESSOFWHATISMEANTBYAREGION,THECONCEPTISUSEFULIFANDONLYIFAREGIONISPARTOFABROADERNETWORKTHROUGHWHICHVARIOUSTYPESOFINTERACTIONSOCCURWITHOUTTAKINGTHISASPECTINTOACCOUNT,ONEMAYWONDERWHATTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENREGIONALECONOMICSANDTHEMACROECONOMICSOFACLOSEDECONOMYWOULDBEWHENTHEREISASINGLEREGION,THEECONOMYISASPATIALANDTHEREISNOTHINGINTERESTINGTOBESAIDINTERMSOFSPATIALANALYSISHENCE,ANYMEANINGFULDISCUSSIONOFREGIONALISSUESREQUIRESATLEASTTWOREGIONSINWHICHECONOMICDECISIONSAREMADEFURTHERMORE,IFWEDONOTWANTTHEANALYSISTOBECONFINEDTOTRADETHEORY,WEMUSTALSOACCOUNTEXPLICITLYFORTHEMOBILITYOFAGENTS–FIRMSAND/ORCONSUMERS–ASEVENMOREDRAMATICINAPPLIEDRESEARCHHOWEVER,SUCHADIFFICULTYDOESNOTDISPENSETHEANALYSTFROMSEEKINGMEANINGFULEMPIRICALSOLUTIONSSEE,EGMAGRINI,2004MCMILLENANDSMITH,2003ONTHEONEHAND,THEQUESTIONOFTHESIZEOFREGIONSNOLONGERMATTERSBECAUSEITISOFTENDICTATEDBYADMINISTRATIVECLASSIFICATIONSEG,THENUTSREGIONALCLASSIFICATIONOFTHEEUONTHEOTHERHAND,ONEISTEMPTEDTOTWISTTHEORYSOTHATITFITSINTOTHEAVAILABLESTATISTICALCLASSIFICATIONSONEADDITIONALPROBLEMISTHAT,DUETOTHENATUREOFTHEDATAAVAILABLE,SPACEMUSTOFTENBEREPRESENTEDBYADISCRETESETOFPOINTSYET,WHENTHEREARETOOMANYPOINTS,AGGREGATIONBECOMESNECESSARYANDGIVESRISETOANOTHERPROBLEM,KNOWNASTHEMAUPMOVABLEAREALUNITPROBLEM3SOMENEWTECHNIQUESSHOULDALLEVIATETHEMAUPPROBLEMINPARTICULAR,THEUSEOFGEOGRAPHICALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSANDTHEINCREASINGAVAILABILITYOFMICROSPATIALDATASHOULDALLOWFORLESSRELIANCEONARBITRARILYDETERMINEDREGIONALBOUNDARIES3THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENREGIONALECONOMICSANDNEGTHEIDEAOFSPATIALINTERACTIONISCENTRALTOREGIONALECONOMICSBROADLYDEFINED,SPATIALINTERACTIONREFERSTOAWIDEARRAYOFFLOWSSUBJECTTOVARIOUSTYPESOFSPATIALFRICTIONS,SUCHASTRADEDGOODS,MIGRATIONS,CAPITALMOVEMENTS,INTERREGIONALGRANTS,REMITTANCES,ANDTHEINTERREGIONALTRANSMISSIONOFKNOWLEDGEANDBUSINESSCYCLEEFFECTSSOFAR,THEBULKOFNEGHASBEENRESTRICTEDTOTHEMOVEMENTSOFGOODSANDOFSOMEAGENTSONLYASARGUEDINTHEFOREGOINGSECTION,DEFININGCLEARLYANDDELINEATINGPRECISELYAREGIONAPPEARSTOBEADIFFICULT,NOTTOSAYIMPOSSIBLE,TASKKEEPINGTHISINMIND,WEASSUMEFROMNOWONTHATREGIONSMAYBEVIEWEDASUNITSWHEREECONOMICACTIVITYTAKESPLACEINLIGHTOFTHISVAGUEDEFINITION,ITBECOMESCRUCIALFORTHEANALYSISTOACCOUNTFORTHEFACTTHATWHERETHINGSHAPPENISENDOGENOUSLYDETERMINEDINAREGIONALSYSTEMINTHISRESPECT,TRADITIONALREGIONALECONOMICSOFTENFAILSTOGRASPSUCHANISSUEBYTAKINGTHELOCATIONOFPRODUCTIONFACTORSASGIVEN,VERYMUCHASINTRADETHEORYHOWCANORSHOULDAREGIONALSYSTEMBEFORMALLYREPRESENTEDISSTILLAMATTEROFDEBATEFIRSTLY,ONEMAYCONSIDERTHATTHEREISADISCRETESETOFREGIONSALTERNATIVELY,ONEMAYASSUMETHATTHEREISACONTINUUMOFREGIONSALTHOUGHTHESE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