簡(jiǎn)介：1ABSTRACTRELIABILITYOFDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSISANIMPORTANTISSUEINPOWERENGINEERINGFORBOTHUTILITIESANDCUSTOMERSPOWERDISTRIBUTIONRELIABILITYISCLOSELYRELATEDTOINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTRELIABILITYINTHISPAPER,THERELIABILITYASMEASUREDBYCERTAINCOUNTINDICES,MAINLYTHESYSTEMAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONDURATIONINDEXSAIDIANDTHESYSTEMAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONFREQUENCYINDEXSAIFI,ISQUANTIFIEDINTERMSOFINDIVIDUALDISTRIBUTIONCOMPONENTRELIABILITYTHISISANEXTENSIONOFPREVIOUSLYREPORTEDRESULTSTHEVALUEOFTHEAPPROACHLIESINDISTRIBUTIONEXPANSIONPLANNINGINWHICHARADIALSYSTEMMAYBENETWORKEDWITHAVIEWTOIMPROVERELIABILITYTHEEFFECTOFINSERTINGDISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONDGINTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMISSTUDIEDINTHISPAPERTHERESULTOFTHISINSERTIONMAYBETHATTHENUMBEROFOUTAGESINCREASESBECAUSEOFTHEPOSSIBLEFAILUREOFTHEDGHARDWARETWONEWINDICESFORTHISAPPLICATIONAREPROPOSEDTHERATIOOFDGENERGYTOINTERRUPTEDENERGYANDTHERATIOOFDGOPERATINGDURATIONTOOUTAGEDURATIONINDEXTERMSDISTRIBUTIONENGINEERING,RELIABILITY,SAIDI,SAIFI,REPAIRTIME,DISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONRESOURCESIELECTRICPOWERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMRELIABILITYELIABILITYISAKEYISSUEINTHEDESIGNANDOPERATIONOFELECTRICPOWERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMS–ESPECIALLYINVIEWOFSENSITIVEDIGITALLYCONTROLLEDLOADSCONTEMPORARYLOADSAREOFTENDIGITALINNATURE,ANDTHESELOADSAREFREQUENTLYSENSITIVETOINTERRUPTIONSAND,INDEED,MANYOTHERPOWERQUALITYPROBLEMSTHECUSTOMERSTHEMSELVESAREPERHAPSBECOMINGMORESENSITIVETOINTERRUPTIONSDUETOTHEPOSSIBILITYOFINDUSTRIALMANUFACTURINGINTERRUPTION,COMMERCIALLOSSOFSALES,ANDRESIDENTIALNUISANCESOPHISTICATEDCONTROLSYSTEMSMAYACTUALLYEXACERBATETHEIMPACTOFSERVICEINTERRUPTIONSCOMPETITIONINPOWERMARKETINGMAYBEIMPACTEDASWELLINDUSTRIALCUSTOMERSMAYSEEKTOLOCATEATPLACESWHEREPOWERSYSTEMRELIABILITYISHIGHTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMACCOUNTSFORALMOST40OFTHEOVERALLPOWERSYSTEMAND80OFCUSTOMERRELIABILITYPROBLEMS1FORTHESEREASONS,DISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMDESIGNANDOPERATIONISCRITICALFORTHEPOWERINDUSTRYTHEPERFORMANCEOFDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSMAYBEQUANTIFIEDBYMEASURESOFVOLTAGEREGULATIONANDCLASSICALPOWERDISTRIBUTIONENGINEERINGISSUESTHESEISSUESINCLUDEEVALUATIONOFLOSSESPOWERFACTOROVERHEADVSUNDERGROUNDDESIGNS24COUNTSOFANOMALOUSEVENTS59ANDPOWERQUALITYATTHEAUTHORSACKNOWLEDGETHESUPPORTOFTHEPOWERSYSTEMSENGINEERINGRESEARCHCENTERPSERCUNDERGRANTNSFEEC0001880ASWELLASTHEFUTURERENEWABLEELECTRICENERGYDISTRIBUTIONMANAGEMENTFREEDMCENTERUNDERGRANTEEC0812121AUTHORSALMUHAINI,HEYDT,ANDHUYNHAREWITHTHEDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICAL,COMPUTER,ANDENERGYENGINEERINGATARIZONASTATEUNIVERSITY,TEMPE,AZ85287,ANDCANBEREACHEDAT{MOHAMMADALMUHAINI},{HEYDT},{ANTHONYHUYNH}ASUEDUTHEPOINTOFENDUSE10,11REFERENCE6SPECIFICALLYADDRESSESTHEVALUEOF‘COUNTINDICES’IE,COUNTINGUNPLANNEDANDUNDESIREDEVENTSSUCHASOUTAGESORLOWVOLTAGECASESFORTHEPURPOSEOFSTANDARDIZEDDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMPLANNING,AND8ADDRESSESTHEPROBABILISTICANALYSISOFTHESEINDICESINRECENTYEARS,THEMOVETOTHEUSEDISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONRESOURCESINTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMANDTHEIRIMPACTONDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMRELIABILITYHASALSOBEENCONSIDERED–FOREXAMPLEIN7THESEREFERENCESAREONLYSMALLSAMPLESOFTHELITERATURESINCETHEFULLLITERATUREISVOLUMINOUSREFERENCES11–13ARESAMPLESOFDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMENGINEERINGANALYSISANDDESIGN–ANAREAOFCONSIDERABLEATTENTIONFOROVER100YEARSITISIMPORTANTTOSTATETHEREALITYTHATTHREEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSOFTENEXHIBITUNBALANCEDBEHAVIOR,EITHERINTHENOMINALOPERATINGSTATE,ORINTHEFAULTEDSTATEFOREXAMPLE,THELARGESTNUMBEROFDISTRIBUTIONFAULTSISSINGLEPHASEINNATUREALSO,NOMINALOPERATIONOFTENENTAILSUNBALANCEDLOADINGBECAUSETHESYSTEMPOINTSOFSERVICECANNOTBEBALANCEDINREALTIME–THEYCANONLYBEAPPROXIMATELYBALANCEDBYROTATIONACROSSTHETHREEPHASESINTHEDISTRIBUTIONPRIMARYTHISROTATIONOFLOADSIE,APPROXIMATEBALANCINGISACCOMPLISHEDINTHEDESIGNPHASEANDINOCCASIONALSUBSEQUENTEVALUATIONOFPHASELOADSATTHESUBSTATIONSUPPLYREFERENCES14,15DISCUSSTHETHREEPHASECASEARELIABILITYEVALUATIONSTUDYQUANTIFIESRELIABILITYBASEDONCOMPONENTRELIABILITYDATAANDCANBEUSEDTOEVALUATEPASTPERFORMANCEANDPREDICTFUTUREPERFORMANCEOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMARELIABILITYEVALUATIONSTUDYCANALSOIDENTIFYTHEPROBLEMATICCOMPONENTSINTHESYSTEMTHATCANIMPACTRELIABILITYTHERELIABILITYSTUDYCANALSOHELPTOPREDICTTHERELIABILITYPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMAFTERANYEXPANSIONANDQUANTIFYTHEIMPACTOFADDINGNEWCOMPONENTSTOTHESYSTEMTHENUMBERANDLOCATIONSOFNEWCOMPONENTSNEEDEDTOIMPROVETHERELIABILITYINDICESTOCERTAINLIMITSCANBEIDENTIFIEDANDSTUDIEDRELIABILITYISBASICALLYQUANTIFIEDBYTHEPROBABILITYOFACOMPONENTORSYSTEMTOOPERATEASEXPECTEDORNOTTOOPERATEASEXPECTEDTHEDURATIONANDFREQUENCYOFMISOPERATIONAREALSOSIGNIFICANTINEVALUATINGTHERELIABILITYOFADEVICEORSYSTEMINTHISPAPER,THEEVENTCOUNTINDICESWILLBESTUDIED,PRINCIPALLYTHESYSTEMAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONDURATIONINDEXSAIDIANDTHESYSTEMAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONFREQUENCYINDEXSAIFI,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????THERELIABILITYOFPOWERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSASCALCULATEDUSINGSYSTEMTHEORETICCONCEPTSMOHAMMADALMUHAINI,STUDENTMEMBER,IEEEGERALDTHEYDT,LIFEFELLOW,IEEEANTHONYHUYNH,STUDENTMEMBER,IEEER9781424465514/10/2600?2010IEEE3FORMULASFORTHECASETHATTFTRNOTETHATINTYPICALPOWERDISTRIBUTIONENGINEERING,TFISINTHEORDEROFTENSOFTHOUSANDSOFHOURSANDTRISINTHEORDEROFAFEWHOURSFIG2SIMPLECONFIGURATIONOFSERIESANDPARALLELCOMPONENTSINAGENERICSYSTEMTABLEIEQUIVALENTTIMESOFFAILUREANDREPAIROFSERIESANDPARALLELCOMPONENTSADAPTEDFROM19,20EQUIVALENTSSERIESPARALLELEQFT2121FFFFTTTT2121RRFFTTTTEQRT211221FFFRFRTTTTTT2121RRRRTTTTIIITHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECOUNTINDICESANDREPAIR/FAILURETIMESBILLINTONANDALLAN23SHOWHOWREPAIRTIMEANDFAILURERATEMAYBEUSEDINTHERADIALCASETOFINDRELIABILITYATDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMBUSESINSUBSEQUENTSECTIONS,WEEXTENDTHERESULTSOFBILLINTONANDALLANTODISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSWITHDISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONTHESAIDIANDSAIFIEVENTCOUNTINDICESMAYBEGRAPHICALLYANALYZEDASINFIGS1AND2NOTINGTHATSAIFIISTHEAVERAGEINTERRUPTIONSFREQUENCYPERCUSTOMERANDCANBECALCULATEDBYFINDINGTHEINTERRUPTIONFREQUENCYOFALLBUSESDIVIDEDBYTHENUMBEROFCUSTOMERSCONNECTEDINTHESYSTEM,,TNB1IINIAIFSAIFI∑4WHERENIISTHETOTALNUMBEROFCUSTOMERSCONNECTEDINEACHBUS,NTISTHETOTALNUMBEROFCUSTOMERSINTHESYSTEM,ANDBISTHETOTALNUMBEROFBUSESTHESAMEIDEACANBEAPPLIEDFORTHEAVERAGEDURATIONOFALLOUTAGESINONEYEAR,NAMELYSAIDI,WHICHISSIMPLYTHESUMMATIONOFTHEINTERRUPTIONDURATIONOFALLBUSESDIVIDEDBYTHENUMBEROFCUSTOMERSCONNECTEDINTHESYSTEM,TNB1IINIAIDSAIDI∑5ITISPOSSIBLETOCOMBINETHERESULTSOFTABLEI,2,AND3TOOBTAINTHEAIDANDAIFFORARECEIVINGENDBUSFEDBYEITHERTWOSERIESCOMPONENTSORTWOPARALLELCOMPONENTSTHISRESULTGIVESTHEEQUIVALENTAIDEQANDEQUIVALENTAIFEQAS‘SEEN’ATTHERECEIVINGBUSASSHOWNINTABLEIIASINTABLEI,THEEQUIVALENTAIDANDAIFOFTWOSIMPLECOMPONENTSINSERIESORPARALLELASSUMETHATTFTRANDTHESUPPLYBUSIS100RELIABLETHERESULTSINTABLEIIARESIMPLYOBTAINEDUSINGTHERESULTSOFTABLEIFOLLOWEDBYTHEDEFINITIONOFTHEEQUIVALENTAIDANDAIFATAPOWERDELIVERYBUSBEINGAIFTEQRAND/8760EQREQFTTRESPECTIVELYTHERESULTSSHOWNINTABLEIAGREEWITHBILLINTONANDALLANIN23ANDTHERESULTSSHOWNINTABLEIIFORTHERADIALCASEAREEQUIVALENTTOTHATOFBILLINTONANDALLANTHEPARALLELCASEINTABLEIIANDTHENEWNOTATIONFORAIDANDAIF,HOWEVER,AREEXTENSIONSTOTHECITEDLITERATURETABLEIIEQUIVALENTAIFANDAIDOFAPOWERDELIVERYBUSASAFUNCTIONOFTHEAIDANDAIFOFEACHCOMPONENTEQUIVALENTSSERIESSUPPLYPARALLELSUPPLY??????????????????AIF??AID?AIF?8760??????????????????????8760INTHEFOREGOINGDISCUSSION,THETHREEPHASEDETAILOFTHEDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMISNOTADDRESSEDINSOMECASES,DISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMINTERRUPTIONISDONEUSINGSINGLEPOLETECHNOLOGY24THATIS,THEFAULTEDPHASEISISOLATEDANDTHEOTHERPHASESREMAINSOUNDINASENSE,THETHREEPHASEFAULTCASEISAWORSTCASESINCEALLTHREEPHASESAREISOLATEDANDINTERRUPTEDDURINGAFAULTIFTHELOADSAREDISTRIBUTEDACROSSPHASESA,B,ANDC,LOSSOFONEPHASEWILLRESULTINONLYLOSSOFONETHIRDOFTHESERVICESIVTYPICALCALCULATIONS,RESULTSANDAPPLICATIONSTABLEIIMPLIESTHATTHEAIDANDAIFASWELLASOTHERDERIVATIVEINDICESMAYBECALCULATEDFROMCIRCUITTOPOLOGYANDVALUESOFINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTMEANTIMETOFAILUREORMEANREPAIRTIMETF,TREQUIVALENTLY,THEAIDANDAIFATADELIVERYBUSINANETWORKCANBECALCULATEDFROMTHEAIDANDAIFVALUESOFINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTS’–THATIS,THEAIDANDAIFOFADELIVERYBUSSERVEDBYTHEGIVENINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTUSINGTRAID/AIF,TF8760/AIFAIDASANEXAMPLETODEMONSTRATETHEEFFECTOFDIFFERENTARRANGEMENTSOFPARALLELCOMPONENTS,CONSIDERTWORADIALFEEDERSINPARALLELWITHDIFFERENTPOSSIBLETIECONNECTIONSBETWEENTHEMASSHOWNINFIG3FORALLTHELINESINTHISSYSTEM,THEMEANTIMESTOFAILUREANDREPAIRARELISTEDINTABLEIIITHEDOTTEDLINESINFIG3,DENOMINATEDAS1,2,AND3,AREPOTENTIALLOCATIONSFORONEADDEDTIELINETHEAID,AIF,SAIDIANDSAIFIARELISTEDINTABLESIV,VANDVIFOREACHTIELINETHESERESULTSAREFOUNDUSINGTABLEIFORBOTHSERIESANDPARALLELCONNECTIONSNOTETHATTHERESULTSSHOWNDONOTINCLUDELOSSOFTHESUPPLYPOWERATBUSESAANDETHERESULTSINTABLESIV,VANDVISHOWTHATTHEMINIMUMAIDANDAIFFOREACHBUSISOBTAINEDWHENTHEADDEDSINGLETIELINEISDIRECTLYCONNECTEDVIATHESHORTESTPARALLELCONNECTIONANDTHESMALLESTNUMBEROFCOMPONENTSFROMTABLEII,THEEQUIVALENTAIDANDAIFFORSERIESCONNECTIONSARETHEADDITIONOFTHEINDICESOFTHESERIESCOMPONENTS,

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