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簡介：225RECEBIDODIA/MêS/ANOACEITODIA/MêS/ANOCIêNCIAENATURA,SANTAMARIA,V37PART12014,P225?236ISSNIMPRESSA01008307ISSNONLINE2179460XAPATTERNFORECOPARKDESIGNINBESHGHARDASHLANDSCAPEMOJGANGHORBANZADEH1,SEYEDHASANTAGHVAEI21INSTRUCTOR,DEPARTMENTOFARCHITECTURE,UNIVERSITYOFBOJNORD,BOJNORD,IRAN2ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR,DEPARTMENTOFLANDSCAPEARCHITECTURE,SHAHIDBEHESHTIUNIVERSITY,TEHRAN,IRANABSTRACTNOWADAYS,ATTENTIONTOSTRENGTHENENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMS,EFFECTEDFROMINCREASINGPOPULATIONANDPROCESSOFDEVELOPMENTINCOUNTRIES,ONEOFTHEMAJORCONCERNOFDESIGNERSISRECOGNITIONOFTHESUITABLECONDITIONSOFNATURALENVIRONMENT,ANDPROMOTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTALQUALITYTHISCASEWITHFOCUSTOPRESENTCAPABILITIESANDUSESOFBIODIVERSITYANDDOMESTICISAPPLIEDECOPARKISONEOFTHECAPABILITIESWHICHHAVEBEENDESIGNEDTOTHEFOLLOWINGOBJECTIVESPROTECTIONOFENVIRONMENTANDENVIRONMENTALTECHNOLOGYPROGRESS,PROMENADEANDDEMONSTRATE,LEARNINGINFORMATIONFORPUBLICANDDISPLAYINGUNIFICATIONBETWEENNATUREANDHUMANANDTHEIRMUTUALRELATIONSHIPFORPROMOTIONTHECOMPREHENSIONOFENVIRONMENTTHISPAPERISABOUTINVESTIGATIONANDRECOGNITIONOFCAPABILITIES,FORCREATINGTHESUITABLESITUATIONTOCHANGEASREGIONALECOPARKTHECASESTUDYISNAMED“BESHGHARDASH“THATISLOCATEDIN5THKILOMETERSBODJNOURDCENTEROFNORTHERNKHORASANPROVINCETHISREGIONHASAPPROXIMATELY380HECTARESAREAANDLOCATEDINCOLDANDDRYCLIMATE,WHICHISONEOFTHEATTRACTIVETOURISMCENTERSINTHISREGIONTHISSTUDYISBASEDONFOURPRINCIPLESASTHEFOLLOWINGPROTECTIONPRINCIPLE,DEVELOPMENTPRINCIPLE,PRINCIPLEOFRESPONSIBILITYTOPUBLICWELFAREINPRESENTANDFUTURE,ADAPTINGWITHSITUATIONSPRINCIPLEFINALLYPATTERNOFDESIGNINGTHEBESHGHARDASHECOPARKFOLLOWINGTHEOBJECTIVESWHICHAREINSUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENTANDCANSAYTHATBESHGHARDASHECOPARKISANATURALENVIRONMENT,WHICHMOREOVERTOVERIFYTOENVIRONMENTALVALUESCANANSWERTHESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT,LIKEIMPROVINGTHEHUMANSLIFEQUALITYKEYWORDSECOPARK,BESHGHARDASH,SUSTAINABILITY,SEMIARIDLANDSCAPE227RECEBIDODIA/MêS/ANOACEITODIA/MêS/ANOCENTEROFPROVINCEOFNORTHERNKHORASANINNORTHEASTOFIRANSEEFIGURE1THEWORD“BESHQARDASH“INLOCALLANGUAGEMEANSFIVEBROTHERSACCORDINGAHISTORICALTRUTH,THESEBROTHERSHADTAKENREFUGEINTHISAREAFROMTYRANNYOFMONGOLGOVERNORSANDHADFOUGHTAGAINSTTHEMSUCHNATURALANDHISTORICALAREAINCLUDESARUNNINGSPRING,VERYOLDTREESMORETHAN100YEARSOLD,MANYBROOKSANDSTREAMS,ANDOLDTOMBWITHABEAUTIFULBLUECOLORDOMEWHICHHASVIEWAMONGTHEOLDTREESBRANCHESTHISPLACEISSURROUNDEDBYROCKMOUNTAINSANDHILLS,INCLUDINGA30MHIGHHILLONTHEEASTWITHFIVESPRINGEMERGINGONITSFOOTTHEMEDICALEXPERTSBELIEVETHATTHEWATERFROMTHESPRINGISBENEFICIALFORSOMEMEDICALANDHEALINGPROPERTIESITUNBELIEVABLYBENEFITSFROMAPERMANENTSPRINGPER10KILOMETERSANDINFACT,NOOTHERPLACEHASKNOWNWITHSUCHAUNIQUESITUATIONINTERMSOFWIDESPREADSPRINGSINMOUNTAINENVIRONMENTTHEREFORE,THECITYCOMPREHENSIVEDESIGNINSISTEDONBESHGHARDASHPROJECTBECAUSEOFITSNATURALPOTENTIALSABUNDANTDRINKINGWATER,SUITABLEMORPHOLOGY,NATURALANDARTIFICIALCOVERAGE,ITSAVAILABILITYANDNEARACCESSTOBOJNORDCITYEITHERONFOOTORBYCAR3ENVIRONMENTALAPPROACHESAND“ECOLOGISTLANDSCAPEDESIGN”DURINGTHEENVIRONMENTALCHALLENGESONTHEBEGINNINGOF20THCENTURY,THEREAREMAJORAPPROACHESTONATUREANDENVIRONMENTALVALUETHATEMERGEDFROMRETURNINGTOUNDERSTANDINGOFVERNACULARTACITKNOWLEDGE,ANDECOLOGICALAPPROACHESOFACADEMIESAROUNDTHEWORLDTHESEISSUESHADWIDERANGEEFFECTONDESIGNTHEORIES,PLANNINGANDPRACTICEINTHEMIDDLEOFLASTCENTURYINADDITION,THERELEVANTLITERATURESPANSANIMMENSERANGEFROMANCIENTRELIGIOUS,SPIRITUALANDEVENMYTHICALREFERENCESTOMODERNTECHNICALANDSCIENTIFICSTUDIESIN1986,TYLORASBIOLOGYBASEDSCIENTISTSHASBEENPROPOUNDEDENVIRONMENTALETHICSWHOHASADEEPRESPECTFORNATUREINTYLOR’SOPINION,NATURALBEHAVIORSARESUITABLEPATTERNFORASSIGNINGHUMANNATURERELATIONITISTHESTRUCTUREANDOPERATIONOFEARTHECOSYSTEM,WHICHCLARIFIESTHETRUERELATIONBETWEENHUMANANDWORLDSNATUREECOLOGICALBALANCEBETWEENORGANISMSASWELLASTHEMANDTHEIRENVIRONMENTINAHEALTHYECOSYSTEMSHOULDBEOURGUIDANCEINFORMATIONOFAHUMANCULTURECOORDINATEDWITHNATURESSYSTEM?6?ASABASICENVIRONMENTALECOLOGICALTHEORYANDECOCENTRICTHOUGHT,IANMCHARG’SPRESENTATIONOFAN“ECOLOGICALMETHOD”FORREGIONALPLANNINGANDDESIGNEXPRESSESSOMETHINGOFAESTHETICMOTIVATIONUNDERLYINGTHEMETHODDURINGFORTYYEARSTHEBOOKOFDESIGNWITHNATURE1996BYMCHARG,HADINTENSIVEEFFECTONPLANNINGANDDESIGNTHEORIESANDMETHODS“WHILEMCHARGADVOCATEDHISTHEORYAND,FORTUNATELYJOHNTLYLE’SLONGTERMRESEARCHESONENVIRONMENTALANDSUSTAINABLEDESIGNANDINPARTICULAR,HISIDEAREGENERATIVEDESIGNSETSPOWERFULEXPRESSIONOFAMOREADAPTIVEECOLOGICALAPPROACH”?7?LYLEBELIEVESTHAT“IFWEACCEPTTHATTHECURRENTLEVELOFECOLOGICALCONSCIOUSNESSISPARTOFTHEBEGINNINGOFALONGLASTING,FUNDAMENTALCHANGEINATTITUDESANDENVIRONMENTALVALUES,THENLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREMUSTBEARALARGEMEASUREOFRESPONSIBILITYFORMAKINGAESTHETICSENSEOUTOFTHISATTITUDINALMETAMORPHOSIS”?8?ASALANDSCAPEARCHITECTANDSPECIALISTDESIGNEROFDESERTCLIMATE,JOHNCKRIEG?9?REGARDINGECOLOGYORIENTEDLANDSCAPINGANDCONSIDERINGECOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICS,SOMEOFIMPORTANTFACTORSOFHISIDEAABOUTDESERTDESIGNTECHNIQUESARESPEAKTHELOCALVERNACULAR,THEMEGARDENSEVOKEEMOTIONS,APPLYTHEUNUSUAL,MAXIMIZEVIEWS,INTRODUCEWATER,ANDINVITEWILDLIFEFIGUR11ANOVERVIEWOFBESHGHARDASH

簡介：ENVIRONMENTALPURCHASINGANDSUPPLIERMANAGEMENTEPSMTHEORYANDPRACTICEWENDYLTATEA,N,LISAMELLRAMB,1,KEVINJDOOLEYC,2ADEPARTMENTOFMARKETINGANDSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENT,UNIVERSITYOFTENNESSEE,328STOKELYMANAGEMENTCENTER,KNOXVILLE,TN37996,USABFARMERSCHOOLOFBUSINESS,DEPARTMENTOFMARKETING,MIAMIUNIVERSITY,UPTONHALL200,OXFORD,OH45056,USACWPCAREYSCHOOLOFBUSINESS,ARIZONASTATEUNIVERSITYMAINCAMPUS,POBOX874706,TEMPE,AZ852874706,USAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED13FEBRUARY2012RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM20JULY2012ACCEPTED23JULY2012AVAILABLEONLINE17AUGUST2012KEYWORDSENVIRONMENTALPURCHASINGENVIRONMENTALSUPPLIERSUSTAINABILITYCONTENTANALYSISCORPORATESUSTAINABILITYREPORTINGABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISRESEARCHISTOEXPLORECURRENTLITERATUREANDPRACTICESPECIFICALLYINENVIRONMENTALPURCHASINGANDSUPPLIERMANAGEMENTEPSMINORDERTOUNDERSTANDCURRENTACTIVITIESANDALSOTOSUGGESTAVENUESFORFUTURERESEARCHFIRST,ANASSESSMENTOFTHECURRENTLITERATUREINENVIRONMENTALPURCHASINGWASCOMPLETEDWHICHSHOWEDTHATMOSTOFTHERESEARCHINENVIRONMENTALPURCHASINGISNOTGROUNDEDINTHEORY,ANDISJUSTBEGINNINGTOAPPEARINPREMIEREBUSINESSJOURNALS,ASDEFINEDBYTHEFINANCIALTIMESJOURNALLISTTHISWASFOLLOWEDBYANEXAMINATIONOFCOMPANYPRACTICESINENVIRONMENTALPURCHASINGBYASSESSINGATARGETEDCROSSINDUSTRYSUBSECTIONOF68CORPORATESUSTAINABILITYREPORTSTHISANALYSISREVEALEDTHATTHEORGANIZATIONSSTUDIEDARESTILLINTHERELATIVELYEARLYSTAGESOFENVIRONMENTALPURCHASINGANDSUPPLIERMANAGEMENT,ANDPRACTICESVARYBYINDUSTRYPREDOMINANTLYBECAUSEOFEXTERNALPRESSURETOWARDSENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITYTHEAUTHORSCONCLUDETHATGIVENTHERELATIVELYEARLYSTAGEOFDEVELOPMENTOFENVIRONMENTALPURCHASINGPRACTICEANDRESEARCH,THEREISSIGNIFICANTOPPORTUNITYINTHISAREATODEVELOPTHEORYANDTOINFLUENCEPRACTITIONERBEHAVIORZADEK,1998TODAYTHEREISGROWINGRECOGNITIONTHATTHEREAREEXPLICITLINKAGESBETWEENAFIRM’SENVIRONMENTALPRACTICESANDITSOVERALLBUSINESSPERFORMANCEKLASSENANDWHYBARK,1999ZHUANDSARKIS,2004REUTERETAL,2010HOLLOSETAL,2012INASURVEYCONDUCTEDBYATKEARNEYANDTHEINSTITUTEFORSUPPLYMANAGEMENTISM,60OFTHEPARTICIPANTSHADADOCUMENTEDCORPORATELEVELSUSTAINABILITYSTRATEGYISM,2007MANYORGANIZATIONSALSOVIEWSUSTAINABILITYASANOPPORTUNITYTOENHANCEBRANDPROMISESANDBUILDGOODWILLAMONGSTENVIRONMENTALLYCONSCIOUSCONSUMERSCOOLING,2007THUS,FIRMSAREINCREASINGLYENGAGINGINENVIRONMENTALPRACTICESNOTJUSTBECAUSEITISTHE‘‘RIGHT’’THINGTODO,BUTALSOBECAUSEITPROVIDESAMEANSTOEITHERMINIMIZECOSTSORINCREASEREVENUESINTHEUNUSUALSITUATIONOFFULLVERTICALINTEGRATION,AFIRM’SENVIRONMENTALIMPACTISCOMPLETELYWITHINITSOWNCONTROLINREALITY,MANYOFTHEFIRM’SOPERATIONSAREOUTSOURCEDTOSUPPLIERS,WHICHIMPLIESTHATTHEFIRM’SAGGREGATEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTALSODEPENDSONTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFTHEMEMBERSOFITSSUPPLYNETWORKIN2010,THETOTALCOSTOFMATERIALSMADEUPABOUT593OFTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRM’SREVENUEINTHEUSMANUFACTURINGSECTORUSCENSUSBUREAU,2009TOTHEEXTENTTHATOUTSOURCEDORPURCHASEDMATERIALSANDCOMPONENTSCONSTITUTETHEMAJORITYOFVALUEADDEDPRODUCTIONINTHEFIRM,AFIRM’STRUEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTISPRIMARILYAFUNCTIONOFTHESUPPLIERSITCHOOSES,THEREQUIREMENTSTHATITPROVIDESTOSUPPLIERS,ANDTHEDEVELOPMENTACTIVITIESITENGAGESINWITHSUPPLIERSSUSTAINABLEFIRMSREQUIRESUSTAINABLESUPPLYNETWORKSINADDITION,INMANYINDUSTRIESSUCHASELECTRONICSANDAUTOMOTIVE,MOSTOFTHE‘‘HEAVYMANUFACTURING’’ISDONEBYSUPPLIERS,WHILETHEBUYINGFIRMDOESTHEASSEMBLYTHUS,THEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTOFSUPPLIERSONTHEFOOTPRINTOFAPRODUCTISLIKELYEVENGREATERTHANTHEIRECONOMICIMPACTONAPRODUCTCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/PURSUPJOURNALOFPURCHASINGFAXT18659741932EMAILADDRESSESWENDYTATEUTKEDUWLTATE,ELLRAMLMMUOHIOEDULMELLRAM,KEVINDOOLEYASUEDUKJDOOLEY1TELT151352932702TELT14809656833FAXT148096586293BASEDONATOTALVALUEOFPRODUCTSHIPMENTSOF46534BIL,ANDTOTALCOSTOFMATERIALSOF27631BILJOURNALOFPURCHASINGHUGOANDPISTIKOPOULOS,2005ZHUANDCOTE,2004LIFECYCLEANALYSISINVOLVESMAPPINGTHESEQUENCEOFINPUTOUTPUTTRANSFORMATIONSTHATREPRESENTTHEFLOWOFMATERIALSANDPRODUCTFROMINCEPTIONTODISPOSAL,ANDHELPSPRODUCTANDPROCESSENGINEERSDETERMINEWHEREWASTEANDOTHERDETRIMENTALOUTCOMESARECREATEDANDMANIFESTEDASSUCH,LIFECYCLEANALYSISISAVERYPRACTICAL,DESIGNORIENTEDAPPROACHMORETHANATHEORYBUILDINGAPPROACHWHILETHEREISSOMECONTROVERSYREGARDINGWHETHERLCAISREALLYCONSIDEREDATHEORY,THATDISCUSSIONISBEYONDTHESCOPEOFTHISPAPER,ANDDOESNOTWEAKENTHEARGUMENTTHATEPSMHASLIMITEDTHEORETICALGROUNDINGSTAKEHOLDERTHEORYCARTERANDJENNINGS,2002KOVACSETAL,2006,WHICHADDRESSESHOWTHEDIFFERINGNEEDSOFINTERESTEDAGENTSINFLUENCEORGANIZATIONALOUTCOMES,WASTHENEXTMOSTFREQUENTLYUSEDTHEORETICALFRAMESTAKEHOLDERTHEORYCANHELPADDRESSWHYFIRMSPUBLISHSUSTAINABILITYREPORTSTOINFORMTHEPUBLICOFHOWTHEYADDRESSENVIRONMENTALCONCERNSSEVERALOTHERTHEORETICALFRAMEWORKSSUCHASTRANSACTIONCOSTTHEORYANDTHERESOURCEBASEDVIEWWEREUSEDINONLYAFEWPAPERSSURPRISINGLY,INSTITUTIONALTHEORY,WHICHADDRESSESHOWFIRMSREACTTONORMATIVE,COERCIVEANDMIMETICPRESSURES,WASONLYUSEDTHREETIMESINTHISLITERATURETHELIMITEDUSEOFTHEORETICALGROUNDINGANDLIMITEDRANGEOFTHEORIESAPPLIEDISCONSISTENTWITHTHEFINDINGSBYCARTERANDEASTON2011TABLE1TYPEOFPEERREVIEWEDJOURNALSUBJECTCATEGORYDESCRIPTIONENVIRINTERN’LPREMIERACADEMICPREMIERPRACTITIONEROTHERTOTALOFTOTALGREENPURCHASINGMANAGEMENTHOWTOINCREASEGREENPURCHASING,IMPLEMENTIT,WHYDOIT,SUCCESSFACTORSINGREENPURCHASING,ETCEVALUATIONOFHOWVARIOUSPROGRAMSWORK/ANDORHOWTOMAKETHEMWORKBETTER61131728184SUPPLIERINVOLVEMENTINENVIRONMENTALISSUESIMPORTANCEANDLEVELOFSUPPLIERINVOLVEMENTINENVIRONMENTALDESIGN,COLLABORATINGWITHSUPPLIERSTOIMPROVE,ETC11831225164GREENSUPPLIERSELECTION,MANAGEMENT,ANDEVALUATIONENVIRONMENTALLYORIENTEDSUPPLIERSELECTION,PERFORMANCEEVALUATION,MEASUREMENT562922145STAKEHOLDERINFLUENCEONGREENSUPPLIERACTIVITIESRESEARCHRELATEDTOHOWEXTERNALPRESSUREFROMSTAKEHOLDERSONTHEBUYINGFIRMCREATESPRESSUREFORSUPPLIERSTOBEGREEN741517112MODELINGMODELSOFHOWTODOENVIRONMENTALSUPPLIERSELECTION,SUPPLIERENGAGEMENT,ENVIRONMENTALCOSTSHARING,POLLUTIONLEVELS,ETC642517112PURCHASING’SROLEINENVIRONMENTALCONCERNSBOTH‘‘ASIS’’ANDSHOULDBEROLESFORPURCHASINGINRELATIONTOSUSTAINABLEPURCHASINGMANAGEMENT152917112IMPACTOFGLOBALIZATION/LOCALIZATIONONGREENSUPPLYEFFECTSOFENVIRONMENTALREGULATIONSANDENVIRONMENTALINITIATIVESONTHELOCATIONOFSUPPLIERSELECTED111320PERFORMANCEIMPACTSIMPACTOFGREENENVIRONMENTALPURCHASINGONPERFORMANCE/OUTCOMESENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEASADRIVEROFPERFORMANCEOUTCOMES461617112CODEOFCONDUCTSUPPLIERREQUIREMENTSRELATEDTOFOLLOWINGACORPORATECODEOFCONDUCT213639TOTAL414715347152100PERCENTOFTOTALROUNDEDTONEAREST263110231ENVIRONMENTALJOURNALSWEREDOMINATEDBYGREENERMANAGEMENTINTERNATIONAL6,JOURNALOFCLEANERPRODUCTION10ANDBUSINESSSTRATEGYANDTHEENVIRONMENT3INTERNATIONALWASDOMINATEDBYINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFOPERATIONSANDPRODUCTIONMANAGEMENT8PREMIERACADEMICINCLUDESONEUNLESSOTHERWISENOTEDJOURNALOFMARKETING,DECISIONSCIENCES,JOURNALOFOPERATIONSMANAGEMENT,MANAGEMENTSCIENCE,PRODUCTIONANDOPERATIONSMANAGEMENT,STRATEGICMANAGEMENTJOURNAL,ACADEMYOFMANAGEMENTJOURNAL,JOURNALOFBUSINESSETHICSPREMIERPRACTITIONERINCLUDESSLOAN,ACADEMYOFMANAGEMENTEXECUTIVETABLE2THEORETICALGROUNDINGOFEPSMARTICLESTHEORYNUMBERPERCENTOFTOTALLIFECYCLEANALYSIS1066THEORYBUILDINGANDGROUNDEDTHEORY1599STAKEHOLDERTHEORY853TCA533GAMETHEORY320RESOURCEBASEDVIEW746KNOWLEDGEBASEVIEW213INSTITUTIONALTHEORY320RESOURCEDEPENDENCE107OTHER21138N/A77507TOTAL152WLTATEETAL/JOURNALOFPURCHASINGSUPPLYMANAGEMENT182012173–188175

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簡介：35COPYRIGHT?CANADIANRESEARCHACCEPTED4JUNE2013ABSTRACTTEACHINGMETHODSAREOPERATINGMETHODSANDTECHNIQUESAPPLIEDBYTEACHERSTOFINISHTEACHINGTASKSTHEKEYTOIMPROVINGTHETEACHINGQUALITYISTORATIONALLYANDFLEXIBLYUSEAPPROPRIATETEACHINGMETHODSWHICHAREACTIVELYEXPLOREDANDREFORMEDASPERTHEFEATURESANDREQUIREMENTSOFTHEDESIGNMAJORSTHATISALSOESSENTIALTOIMPROVETEACHINGEFFECTSTHISESSAYANALYZESTHESTATUSOFTEACHINGOFDESIGNBASISANDTHEPREMISESOFTEACHINGINNOVATION,ANDTRIESTOGIVEOPINIONSANDSUGGESTIONSONTHEINNOVATIONOFTEACHINGMETHODSINARTDESIGNBASICCOURSES,INCOMBINATIONWITHTHEAUTHOR’STEACHINGPRACTICESINRECENTSEVERALYEARSKEYWORDSARTDESIGNBASICTEACHINGMETHODSINNOVATIONLIUDONGFENG2013STUDYONTEACHINGMETHODINNOVATIONOFARTDESIGNBASICCOURSESHIGHEREDUCATIONOFSOCIALSCIENCE,51,3538AVAILABLEFROMURLHTTP//WWWCSCANADANET/INDEXPHP/HESS/ARTICLE/VIEW/JHESS19270240201305012614DOIHTTP//DXDOIORG/103968/JHESS19270240201305012614TEACHINGMETHODSAREOPERATINGMETHODSANDTECHNIQUESAPPLIEDBYTEACHERSTOFINISHTEACHINGTASKSTHEKEYTOIMPROVETHETEACHINGQUALITYISTOUSEPROPERTEACHINGMETHODSRATIONALLYTHEREFORE,IT’SVERYESSENTIALTOEXPLOREANDREFORMTEACHINGMETHODSACCORDINGTOFEATURESANDREQUIREMENTSOFDESIGNMAJORSANDFLEXIBLYAPPLYTHEMTOTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTEACHINGMETHODSANDEFFECTSASTHEFOUNDATIONOFMODERNARTDESIGNMAJOREDUCATION,BASICDESIGNCOURSESPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEWHOLEDESIGNTEACHINGTOSTRENGTHENTHEREFORMATIONANDRESEARCHONDESIGNBASICTEACHINGMETHODSISOFGREATIMPORTANCEONTHECULTIVATIONOFSTUDENTS’SOLIDFOUNDATION,ACUTEOUTSIGHT,UNIQUECREATIVETHINKINGABILITYANDOTHERRELATEDABILITIESONCEMENTIONEDINTHEPAST,THEBASICCOURSESWEREEASILYBROUGHTTOGETHERWITHEQUIVALENTTECHNIQUESRELATEDTOSTYLEDESIGNORSKILLSONOPERATIONALLEVEL,WHICHEMPHASIZEDTOOMUCHONHANDPRACTICEINSTEADOFBRAINTRAININGANDTHECULTIVATIONOFCREATIVETHINKINGABILITYONTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTEACHINGPURPOSE,DESIGN,WHETHERBASICDESIGNORPROFESSIONALDESIGN,ISALWAYSAWHOLESYSTEMAIMINGATCULTIVATINGSTUDENTS’DESIGNPERCEPTION,CREATIVETHINKINGABILITY,UNIQUETHINKINGSTYLEANDPERSONALCHARISMAWHENTHEBASICCOURSESSTART,TOSTIMULATEANDINFLUENCESTUDENTS’THINKINGANDMINDISNOTONLYTHEFUNCTIONBUTTHEGOALOFBASICCOURSES,WHICHHELPSTUDENTSTODEALWITHDESIGNPROBLEMSWITHANOPENMINDANDTHINKINGWHICHMAYBEOFGREATBENEFITSFORSTUDENTSINDESIGNMAJORDURINGRECENTSEVERALYEARSOFDESIGNBASICCOURSESTEACHING,THEAUTHORSUMMARIZEDANDCLARIFIEDSTUDENTS’QUESTIONSANDFEEDBACKFORTHETEACHINGEFFECT,CONTINUOUSLYMODIFIEDTEACHINGMETHODS,ANDPUTFORWARDHISOWNOPINIONSANDSUGGESTIONFORTEACHINGMETHODSSOASTOIMPROVEMETHODSTOBETTERTEACHINGEFFECTS1ANALYSISOFSTATUSQUOOFDESIGNBASICTEACHINGINRECENTYEARS,SOMEDOMESTICARTCOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESMAKEREFORMATIONANDADJUSTMENTOFDESIGNBASICCOURSESYSTEMANDINTENSIFYTHEDESIGNBASICCOURSETEACHINGTODEVELOPTHECOURSETOWARDSAMOREREASONABLEANDWELLSYSTEMATICDIRECTIONHOWEVER,INGENERAL,DESIGNBASICCOURSESINMOSTCOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESSTILLKEEPTRADITIONALTEACHINGWAYSOFTHINKINGANDTEACHINGSYSTEMSWITHTHETEACHINGPATTERNOFPREVIOUSARTSANDCRAFTS,WHICHAPPLIESTHEANTIQUATEDANDFIXEDTEACHINGMETHODS37COPYRIGHT?CANADIANRESEARCHDEVELOPMENTCENTEROFSCIENCESANDCULTURESLIUDONGFENG2013HIGHEREDUCATIONOFSOCIALSCIENCE,51,3538ANDCREATIVETHINKINGWAYSINWHOLETEACHINGPROCESS,INWHICHTHEINNOVATIVEAWARENESSSHOULDBEPRESENTEDFROMDESIGNOFTOPICS,CHOICEOFTEACHINGMETHODSTOTEACHINGASSESSMENTANDALLOTHERSTEPSTHECULTIVATIONOFINNOVATIVEAWARENESSIMPROVESTHEFLUENCY,FLEXIBILITY,ANDUNIQUENESSOFSTUDENTS’THINKINGDURINGTHETEACHINGPROCESS,THEMAINLINEOFBASICTEACHINGSHALLBETOSTIMULATESTUDENTS’POTENTIALTOTHEMAXIMUMEXTENT,FOCUSONTHECULTIVATIONOFPRACTICALABILITIES,ANDGUIDESTUDENTSTOEXPLORE,FIND,ANDSOLVEPROBLEMSCREATIVELY3STUDYONTHEINNOVATIONOFTEACHINGMETHODSTHEKEYOFTEACHINGMETHODSISTOESTABLISHMETHODSBASEANDMODIFYMETHODOLOGY,WHICHISESSENTIALTOALLTHEDESIGNMAJORSEDUCATIONALIDEASSHALLCHANGEFROMTHEKNOWLEDGETEACHINGTOLEARNINGABILITYTEACHING,TOSTIMULATEANDGUIDESTUDENTS’INNOVATIVENEEDSTHOUGHCONSIDERABLETEACHINGMETHODSWITHGREATDIFFERENCESAREEASILYACCESSIBLEINDAILYTEACHING,IT’ISIMPORTANTFORSTUDENTSOFDESIGNMAJORTOEXPLORESPECIFICTEACHINGMETHODSASPERFEATURESOFDESIGNMAJOR,WHICHAREFINALLYCREATEDONTHEUNDERSTANDINGOFINDIVIDUALCHARACTERSNECESSARYCOMMUNICATIONWITHEACHSTUDENTISNEEDEDANDTHESUMMARYOFTONSOFPRACTICESANDWAYSOFTHINKINGWITHTHEGUIDINGTHOUGHTOFTEACHINGSTUDENTSTOLEARNANDTHEMETHODTOLEARN,ANDTEACHINGTHEMTOCREATE,THESPECIALTEACHINGMETHODSHELPSTUDENTSMASTERTHEGENERALDISCIPLINESOFLEARNINGANDSPECIALLEARNINGMETHODSOFSPECIFICCOURSES,ANDGIVETHELEARNINGINITIATIVEBACKTOSTUDENTS,AROUSETHEPOSITIVITYOFLEARNINGANDCULTIVATEGOODLEARNINGHABITANDINTERESTSOFEXPLORATIONANDEXPERIMENTS,ALLOFWHICHCHANGEPASSIVITYTOINITIATIVE,ANDCONTINUOUSLYIMPROVELEARNINGABILITYSTUDYONTHEINNOVATIONOFTEACHINGMETHODSOFDESIGNBASICCOURSESCANBEDISCUSSEDFROMTWOASPECTS31PIECESOFADVICEFORTEACHINGMETHODINNOVATION311TAKEOPENTEACHINGMETHODSANDCULTIVATESTUDENT’SINNOVATIONAWARENESSTOTAKEOPENTEACHINGMETHODSANDPROMOTEOPENEDUCATIONISHELPFULTOTHEESTABLISHMENTOFSTUDENTS’SUBJECTCONSCIOUSNESSANDTHECULTIVATIONOFTHEIRINNOVATIVEAWARENESSINTHETEACHINGPROCESS,THEOPENTEACHINGMETHODSARECHARACTERIZEDBYTEACHERS’OPENWAYOFTEACHING,STUDENT’SOPENWAYOFQ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簡介：中文中文4670字出處出處LIUDSTUDYONTEACHINGMETHODINNOVATIONOFARTDESIGNBASICCOURSESJHIGHEREDUCATIONOFSOCIALSCIENCE,2013研究藝術(shù)設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)課程的教學(xué)方法創(chuàng)新摘要教學(xué)方法是由教師應(yīng)用來完成教學(xué)任務(wù)的操作方法和技術(shù)。提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵是合理和靈活使用適當(dāng)?shù)慕虒W(xué)方法,積極探索和改革合乎設(shè)計專業(yè)的特點和要求的教學(xué)方法對提高教學(xué)效果也是至關(guān)重要的。本文分析設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)的教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀和教學(xué)創(chuàng)新的前提,并結(jié)合作者最近幾年的教學(xué)實踐，試圖給出針對藝術(shù)設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)課程教學(xué)方法創(chuàng)新的意見和建議。關(guān)鍵詞藝術(shù)設(shè)計；基礎(chǔ)教學(xué)方法創(chuàng)新教學(xué)方法是由教師應(yīng)用來完成教學(xué)任務(wù)的操作方法和技術(shù)。提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵是合理使用適當(dāng)?shù)慕虒W(xué)方法。因此,依照設(shè)計專業(yè)的特點和需求探索和改革教學(xué)方法,并靈活地將它們應(yīng)用到教學(xué)方法和效果的提高上是非常必要的。作為現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)設(shè)計專業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)教育、基本設(shè)計課程在整個設(shè)計教學(xué)中發(fā)揮了重要作用。加強設(shè)計基本教學(xué)方法的改革和研究，這對培養(yǎng)學(xué)生堅實的基礎(chǔ),敏銳的觀察力,獨特的創(chuàng)造性思維能力和其他相關(guān)的能力都是非常重要的。一旦提到過去,基本課程很容易與等效的技術(shù)風(fēng)格設(shè)計或相關(guān)技能操作水平聯(lián)系起來,它們強調(diào)過多的手頭練習(xí),而不是大腦訓(xùn)練和創(chuàng)造性思維能力的培養(yǎng)。從教學(xué)目的的角度來看,設(shè)計，不管是基本設(shè)計或?qū)I(yè)設(shè)計,始終是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生設(shè)計觀念、創(chuàng)造性思維能力、獨特的思維方式和個人魅力的一個完整的系統(tǒng)?；菊n程開始時,刺激和影響學(xué)生的思維和薄弱,教學(xué)缺乏熱情,對基本教學(xué)較低的承認(rèn)，自身限制等。同時學(xué)生相關(guān)方面主要包括模糊的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)，課程理解不足,自學(xué)能力差，缺乏興趣、學(xué)習(xí)方法不當(dāng)?shù)纫蛩?。?yīng)該從以上兩個方面來努力來提高和完善基本教育培養(yǎng),考慮教學(xué)和學(xué)習(xí),深入分析以修改和改良設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)教學(xué)和目標(biāo)創(chuàng)新。2．教學(xué)方法創(chuàng)新前提設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)課程的教學(xué)強調(diào)基礎(chǔ)和方法基礎(chǔ)和方法。這里的基礎(chǔ)是一個通用的概念,一個廣泛的概念,超過了主要的限制,會讓學(xué)生從整體的角度看設(shè)計，沒有太大的壓力主要從創(chuàng)造力方面理解基礎(chǔ)。方法在這里指的是教學(xué)方法和思維方式。對于教師、教育理念的轉(zhuǎn)變和更新比僅僅是知識的傳遞更重要，系統(tǒng)化和合理的教學(xué)方法比無數(shù)漫無目的的設(shè)計實踐更有效。因此,設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)課程教學(xué)的探索和改革應(yīng)該建立在掌握和思考整個基礎(chǔ)課程體系的基礎(chǔ)上,否則,即使是最新的教學(xué)方法也沒有任何意義?；谧罱鼛啄甑幕A(chǔ)課程教學(xué)，在基礎(chǔ)教學(xué)方法創(chuàng)新的建議中，完成創(chuàng)新需要幾個前提。21教師應(yīng)當(dāng)改變觀念,建立創(chuàng)新意識因為老師是教學(xué)過程中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的事實,教師適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)設(shè)計專業(yè)逐漸變化的需求的最好辦法是根據(jù)實際情況改變觀念,調(diào)整教學(xué)方法,更新知識結(jié)構(gòu),不斷實現(xiàn)和完善自身,以便以豐富的教學(xué)和設(shè)計經(jīng)驗和相當(dāng)多的知識激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣和積極性。教學(xué)方法和理念的更新來源于嚴(yán)密的知識體系,寬廣的專業(yè)視角,豐富的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗、設(shè)計實踐和對專業(yè)前沿的掌握。適當(dāng)?shù)慕虒W(xué)方法和教育理念的建立是一

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