簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文35283528字畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院學(xué)院系機(jī)械工程學(xué)院專業(yè)業(yè)機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化姓名名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)外文出處外文出處PROCEEDINGSOFINTERNATIONALTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONCONFERENCE附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。用外文寫附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文數(shù)控機(jī)床的可重構(gòu)理論研究摘要摘要可重構(gòu)制造系統(tǒng)被列為在未來優(yōu)先解決的技術(shù)之一，本文將主要研究數(shù)控機(jī)床的可重構(gòu)理論。重構(gòu)機(jī)床有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，包括模塊化，可集成性，可定制性，可轉(zhuǎn)換性等。這是傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床所不能比擬的。本文從深孔零件的分類和成形運(yùn)動(dòng)工藝兩個(gè)方面對(duì)深孔零件族進(jìn)行了分析。并基于模塊化和重構(gòu)分析這兩個(gè)模塊化的設(shè)計(jì)重新對(duì)深孔機(jī)床進(jìn)行調(diào)制設(shè)計(jì)，從床身模塊，床頭模塊，刀具的輔助系統(tǒng)和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)4個(gè)方面對(duì)可重構(gòu)深孔加工機(jī)床的部件進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)研究，解決了可重構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中可重構(gòu)部件設(shè)計(jì)的難題。最后通過采用超聲波檢測(cè)技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了數(shù)控深孔加工機(jī)床元件級(jí)重構(gòu)。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞可重構(gòu)；機(jī)床；模塊設(shè)計(jì)；深孔加工1引言可重構(gòu)機(jī)床的研究和發(fā)展對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)可重構(gòu)制造系統(tǒng)和敏捷制造具有決定性的意義?？芍貥?gòu)機(jī)床為了滿足某個(gè)特定的組件在設(shè)計(jì)和工藝的需求，通過改變機(jī)床模塊結(jié)構(gòu)或集成新技術(shù)，用最低的費(fèi)用改造機(jī)床本身從而使機(jī)床在整個(gè)生命周期中完成一系列具體的處理性能的過程。可重構(gòu)機(jī)床的模塊化，可集成性，可定制性，可轉(zhuǎn)換性和可診斷性等優(yōu)點(diǎn)1,2。這一特點(diǎn)是傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床無法比擬的。2深孔零件族分析深孔機(jī)床的可重構(gòu)化以加工對(duì)象和加工工具為切入點(diǎn)，分析深孔零件族和深孔刀輔具來確定深孔機(jī)床各功能模塊的劃分，以重構(gòu)后功能冗余最小分析深孔機(jī)床可重構(gòu)性。1深孔零件的分類深孔零件按結(jié)構(gòu)特征可分為回轉(zhuǎn)體深孔零件和非回轉(zhuǎn)體深孔零件。深孔零件按孔尺寸大小可以分為特小直徑深孔件、小直徑深孔件、中直徑深孔件、大直徑深孔件和超大直徑深孔件。深孔零件按精度等級(jí)可分為精密級(jí)、普通精度級(jí)、一般精度級(jí)。零件要求的精度等級(jí)與采用的加工工具密切相關(guān)。

簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文13500字出處出處STRATEGICMANAGEMENTJOURNAL,VOL12,33481991資源與多元化類型的聯(lián)系理論和證據(jù)資源與多元化類型的聯(lián)系理論和證據(jù)SAYANCHATTERJEEWEATHERHEADSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,CASEWESTERNRESERVEUNIVERSITY,CLEVELAND,OHIO,USABIRGERWERNERFELTSLOANSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,MASSACHUSETTSINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,CAMBRIDGE,MASSACHUSETTS,USA摘要本文理論和實(shí)證地探討一個(gè)論點(diǎn)公司開始多元化發(fā)展以利用對(duì)現(xiàn)有經(jīng)營來說剩余的生產(chǎn)力資源。掌握這些資源的知識(shí)有助于我們預(yù)測(cè)一個(gè)公司擴(kuò)張的方向。尤其是，我們認(rèn)為過量的物理資源，大部分知識(shí)資源，和外部財(cái)務(wù)資源與相關(guān)多元化更加有聯(lián)系，內(nèi)部財(cái)務(wù)資源與非相關(guān)多元化更有聯(lián)系。1引言引言也許在戰(zhàn)略管理學(xué)科上最吸引人關(guān)注的問題就是公司多元化與績(jī)效間可能的關(guān)系。很多研究支持RUMELT’S1974最初的觀點(diǎn)相關(guān)多元化公司比非相關(guān)多元化公司表現(xiàn)更優(yōu)異（MONTGOMERY,1979BETTIS,1981RUMELT,1982PALEPU,1985VARADARAJAN,1986VARADARAJANANDRAMANUJAM,1987JOSE,NICHOLS,ANDSTEVENS,1986LUBATKINANDROGERS,1989），同時(shí)，有些相反（MICHELANDSHAKED,1984RAJAGOPALANANDHARRIGAN,1986ELGERSANDCLARK,1980CHATTERJEE,1986）或者中性的（LUBATKIN,1987）觀點(diǎn)不斷被提出。這個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)性假設(shè)得不到一致支持，從而導(dǎo)致了一個(gè)問題。盡管就平均水平來說，非相關(guān)多元化較相關(guān)多元化3LEMELIN1982、CARLETON、HARRIS和STEWART1984發(fā)現(xiàn)公司多元化時(shí)傾向于進(jìn)入和本行業(yè)資源相近的行業(yè)。LECRAW1984，MONTGOMERY和HARIHARAN1990都在個(gè)體公司層面證實(shí)了這點(diǎn)。所有的這些研究都表明公司進(jìn)入的市場(chǎng)和它的資源框架有系統(tǒng)性的聯(lián)系。利用這種聯(lián)系提出我們的假設(shè)，（A）我們需要識(shí)別出不同公司都共有的一個(gè)資源類型；（B）資源與市場(chǎng)類型的聯(lián)系，以及價(jià)值創(chuàng)造的潛力。如果這些可以被識(shí)別出來，接著我們應(yīng)該可以發(fā)現(xiàn)跨行業(yè)公司對(duì)于市場(chǎng)選擇的系統(tǒng)性模式。從另一個(gè)角度來說，一個(gè)基于資源的方法使得我們采用多元化公司管理者的視角來看問題。如果我們的基本假設(shè)是有效的，我們期望管理者將公司資源部署在利潤最大化的市場(chǎng)。當(dāng)然，資源可能不是解釋市場(chǎng)類型的唯一因素。實(shí)證研究嘗試控制其他重要因素。21關(guān)于進(jìn)入的市場(chǎng)類型的假設(shè)關(guān)于進(jìn)入的市場(chǎng)類型的假設(shè)當(dāng)RUMELT1974最初將多元化分為相關(guān)和非相關(guān)，大部分最近的研究都考慮多元化程度的問題，程度是一直在變化的（MONTGOMERY,1982CAVES,PORTER,SPENCE,ANDSCOTT,1980MONTGOMERYANDWERNERFELT,1988）。因此我們接著后面的方法，理論和實(shí)證兩方面都提到了相關(guān)程度可以從橫向到非相關(guān)之間變化。所以應(yīng)該在這種情境下理解“多元化類型”。我們期待從資源角度研究的多元化類型依賴于它在特定產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)的特異性（MONTGOMERYANDWERNERFELT,1988GORT,GRABOWSKI,ANDMCGUCKIN,1985WILLIAMSON,1975GORECKI,1975）。顯然地，如果一種資源只能用來制造一種產(chǎn)品，它是不合適于多元化的。但是，大部分的資源可以用在多種終端產(chǎn)品上。簡(jiǎn)短來說，我們將這種資源特點(diǎn)稱作“靈活性”。如果一個(gè)公司擁有的資源對(duì)于終端產(chǎn)品是相當(dāng)特殊的（不變性），這種公司會(huì)被限制以一個(gè)相對(duì)相關(guān)的方式多元化；同時(shí)當(dāng)一個(gè)公司擁有比較靈活的資源（相對(duì)終端產(chǎn)品而言），它可以選擇相關(guān)程度大或者小的多元化。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)里的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)（TEECE,1982MACDONALD,1984MONTGOMERYANDHARIHARAN,1990），我們將資源分為三個(gè)層次（A）物理資源，（B）無形資產(chǎn)，（C）財(cái)務(wù)資源。前兩者相對(duì)比較不靈活；因此他們只能被用在進(jìn)入比較相關(guān)的市場(chǎng)。財(cái)務(wù)資源，是最靈活的，適用于各種類型的多元

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文7853字，字，4400單詞單詞出處出處LEEKS,ASSANISDN,LEEJ,ETALMEASUREMENTSANDPREDICTIONSOFSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONSINADIESELENGINECYLINDERHEADJSAETECHNICALPAPERS,1999本科畢業(yè)論文外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目MEASUREMENTSANDPREDICTIONSOFSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONSINADIESELENGINECYLINDERHEAD文獻(xiàn)、資料來源SAE文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表日期19994院（部）機(jī)電工程學(xué)院專業(yè)班級(jí)姓名學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師完成日期2SUITABLEFORRAPIDDESIGNANDVIRTUALPROTOTYPINGOFCYLINDERHEADSTHEFINITEELEMENTMETHODHASBEENTHEFOUNDATIONOFMANYOFTHEANALYSESTHATPREDICTTHETHERMALANDSTRESSFIELDSWITHINTHECYLINDERHEADHOWEVER,THEACCURACYOFSUCHANALYSESCRITICALLYDEPENDSONOURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPROBLEM,ANDTHEACCURACYOFTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSUSEDINTHEFORMULATIONTHERMALSTRESSESAREINDUCEDBYANYOFTHEFOLLOWINGCAUSESTEMPERATUREGRADIENTSUNDERSTEADYSTATEOPERATION,INCLUDINGTHEEFFECTSOFCYCLICTEMPERATURECHANGESINTHECOMBUSTIONCHAMBERWALLANINCREASEINTHEMEANTEMPERATUREOFACOMPONENT,WHICHAFFECTSTHEEXPANSIONANDDISTORTIONCHARACTERISTICS,THUSINDUCINGSTRESSESTHERMALSHOCKLOADINGRESULTINGFROMASUDDENCHANGEINSPEEDORLOADDURINGTRANSIENTS,WHICHCHANGETHERATEOFHEATFLUXFROMTHEGASTOTHECYLINDERHEADDUETOTHEINHERENTDIFFICULTIESINMEASURINGSTRESSFIELDSNEARTHECRITICALREGIONSONTHEFIREDECKSURFACE,ESPECIALLYUNDERTRANSIENTCONDITIONS,LIMITEDSETSOFMEASUREMENTSTHATCANSHEDLIGHTONTHEPROBLEMHAVEBEENREPORTEDANUMERICALSTUDYOFTHERMALSHOCKCALCULATIONSBYKERIBARANDMORELHASSHOWNTHATTHERMALWAVESPROPAGATEINTOCOMPONENTSDURINGENGINETRANSIENTS,WITHTHESTEEPNESSOFTHEFRONTDEPENDINGONMATERIALTHERMALPROPERTIESWHILEFORACERAMICCOMPONENTSEVERESHOCKLOADSCANCAUSESURFACECOMPRESSIVESTRESSESTOOVERSHOOTFINALSTEADYSTATEVALUES,THEEFFECTWASNOTPRONOUNCEDINHIGHERCONDUCTIVITYMATERIALSINORDERTOVALIDATETHISANALYTICALFINDING,ANDATTRIBUTEAPPROPRIATELYCAUSESOFFAILUREINCASTIRONCYLINDERHEADS,ACOMBINEDEXPERIMENTALANDANALYTICALAPPROACHISFOLLOWEDHERETOSTUDYSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONSUNDERSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTOPERATIONEXPERIMENTALSTUDIESARECONDUCTEDFIRSTTOMEASURETEMPERATURES,HEATFLUXESANDSTRESSESUNDERASERIESOFSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTOPERATINGCONDITIONSBOTHBIAXIALANDUNIAXIALHIGHTEMPERATURESTRAINGAGESHAVEBEENINSERTEDWITHINTHETHERMALPENETRATIONDEPTHOFADIESELENGINECYLINDERHEADTHESTRAINGAGEINSERTIONBENEATHTHESURFACEOFTHEFIREDECKENSURESTHEDURABILITYANDRELIABILITYOFTHESENSORATTHESAMETIME,THEPLACEMENTWITHINTHETHERMALPENETRATIONDEPTHALLOWSFORSTUDYINGTHEEFFECTOFTHERMALSHOCKLOADINGUNDERRAPIDTRANSIENTS,ANDFORCONTRASTINGTHOSEMEASUREMENTSWITHCORRESPONDINGSTEADYSTATEMAGNITUDESSUBSEQUENTLY,AFINITEELEMENTANALYSISIS

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文4760字出處出處OPTICSLASERTECHNOLOGY,1998,30295101外文翻譯學(xué)生姓名學(xué)院名稱機(jī)電工程學(xué)院專業(yè)名稱機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化指導(dǎo)教師NCOORDINATENORMALTOCUTTINGFRONTPLASERPOWERWPLASERPOWERNOTINTERACTINGWITHTHECUTTINGFRONTWBQHEATINPUTJ/SRRADIALDISTANCEMMRBEAMRADIUSMMSSUBSTRATETHICKNESSMMSCRITICALSUBSTRATETHICKNESSMMCRITTTEMPERATUREC?TAMBIENTTEMPERATURE0C?TPEAKTEMPERATUREPC?TTEMPERATUREATTOPSURFACESC?TTIMESVCUTTINGSPEEDMM/MINVOPTIMUMCUTTINGSPEEDMM/MINOPTWKERFWIDTHMMX,Y,ZCOORDINATELOCATIONX,Y,ZCOORDINATEDISTANCEMMCONDUCTIVELOSSFUNCTION?RADIATIVELOSSFUNCTION?CONVECTIVELOSSFUNCTION?ANGLEBETWEENZCOORDINATEANDXCOORDINATERAD?NCOORDINATEPARALLELTOBOTTOMSURFACEANGLEOFINCLINATIONOFCONTROLSURFACEWRTXAXISRAD?VCOUPLINGCOE?CIENTTRANSLATEDCOORDINATEDISTANCEMM?DENSITYKG/M?3ANGLEOFINCLINATIONOFCONTROLSURFACEWRTYAXISRAD?2INTRODUCTIONLASERCUTTINGOFADECORATIVECERAMICTILEHASITSOWNSETOFCHARACTERISTICPROBLEMSINCLUDINGBURNOUT,STRIATIONS,DROSSANDOUTOFFLATNESS,WHICHALLAFFECTTHEFINISHQUALITYOFACUTEDGE13ATYPICALCUTMAYHAVESOMEORALLOFTHESEFEATURESDEPENDINGONTHETYPEOFCERAMICTILEBEINGPROCESSEDANDONTHESETTINGOFTHEVARIOUSSETUPPARAMETERSINAPRODUCTION

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文3387字本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目STRUCTURALDESIGNOFREINFORCEDCONCRETESLOPINGROOF文獻(xiàn)、資料來源網(wǎng)絡(luò)文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期20071院（部）XXX專業(yè)XXX班級(jí)XXX姓名XXX學(xué)號(hào)XXX指導(dǎo)教師XXX翻譯日期XXX畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文3SUPPORTEDTOFORMACONTINUOUSDECKUNDERTHETRACKTOFINDTHEBESTELASTICITYFORTHERAILFASTENERS,PREDICTIONSOFTHEBRIDGENOISEWEREMADEUSINGTHENORBERTMODELMEASUREMENTSWEREMADEONTHEBRIDGEWITHTHETRACKINITSORIGINALSTATETOPROVIDEPARAMETERSFORTHEMODELTHESEINCLUDEDRAILANDSLEEPERVIBRATIONASWELLASPASSBYNOISEFROMSERVICEPASSENGERANDFREIGHTTRAINSATDIFFERENTSPEEDSFORTHETWOTRACKS,ELASTICRAILFASTENERSFROMTWOSUPPLIERSWEREINSTALLEDTHEMEASUREMENTAFTERINSTALLATIONSHOWEDACLEARNOISEREDUCTIONFORTHEFREQUENCYRANGEFROM80TO400HZOFABOUT10DBHOWEVERTHEREDUCTIONINAWEIGHTEDOVERALLNOISELEVELISINTHERANGEOF2TO4DB,ASINDICATEDBYTHEMODELTHERESULTSSHOWSIMILARREDUCTIONFORBOTHSYSTEMS1INTRODUCTIONTHEMAINREASONFORTHEINCREASEINNOISEASTRAINSCROSSABRIDGEISTHEVIBRATIONOFTHESTRUCTUREHERETHEROLLINGNOISERADIATEDBYTHETRACKANDBRIDGEISSTUDIEDFORTHETWINTRACKBRIDGEOVERTHERIVEREMMEATBURGDORF,SWITZERLANDTWOPHOTOGRAPHSOFTHE57MLONGBRIDGEARESHOWNINFIG1THETRACKONTHEBRIDGETAKESANUNUSUALFORMINTHATSTEELSLEEPERSHAVEBEENADDEDBETWEENTHEWOODENSLEEPERSONWHICHTHETRACKISSUPPORTEDINORDERTOFORMACONTINUOUSDECKTHESTEELSLEEPERSAREHUNGFROMTHERAILANDARENOTOTHERWISESUPPORTEDBYTHEBRIDGESTRUCTURERESILIENTRAILFASTENERSWEREINSTALLEDANDTHESTEELSLEEPERSREPLACEDWITHWOODENSLEEPERSINOCTOBER2006THERECONSTRUCTIONWASACCOMPANIEDWITHNOISEMEASUREMENTSINMAY,OCTOBER,DECEMBER06ANDJANUARY07ONETRACKWASEQUIPPEDWITHRESILIENTFASTENERSFROMPANDROL,THEOTHER,FROMVOSSLOHTHEELASTICITYOFTHEFASTENERSINBOTHCASESISABOUT20MN/MTOIDENTIFYTHEEFFECTOFTHEHANGINGSTEELSLEEPERS,ADDITIONALNOISEMEASUREMENTSWERECARRIEDOUTONONETRACKAFTERINSTALLINGTHERESILIENTFASTENERSBUTBEFOREREPLACINGTHESTEELSLEEPERSTOFINDTHEBESTELASTICITYFORTHERAILFASTENERS,PREDICTIONSOFTHEBRIDGENOISEWEREMADEUSINGTHEISVRSOFTWARENORBERTNOISEOFRAILWAYBRIDGESANDELEVATEDSTRUCTURES1MEASUREMENTSWEREMADEONTHETRACKINITSORIGINALSTATETOPROVIDE

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院學(xué)院系機(jī)械工程學(xué)院專業(yè)業(yè)機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化姓名名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)外文出處外文出處MACHINEDESIGNTHEORY附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語此譯文簡(jiǎn)單介紹了機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)理論，從產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的初步設(shè)計(jì)、功能設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行介紹。翻譯用詞比較準(zhǔn)確，文筆也較為通順，為在以后工作中接觸英文資料打下了基礎(chǔ)。簽名年月日注注請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。用外文寫新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不受各種約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于堵塞創(chuàng)新的思路。通常，要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在最后選定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。另一個(gè)重要問題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。為了進(jìn)行有效的交流，需要解決下列問題1所設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)產(chǎn)品是否真正為人們所需要2此產(chǎn)品與其他公司的現(xiàn)有同類產(chǎn)品相比有無競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力3生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品是否經(jīng)濟(jì)4產(chǎn)品的維修是否方便5產(chǎn)品有無銷路是否可以盈利只有時(shí)間能對(duì)上述問題給出正確答案。但是，產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)、制造和銷售只能在對(duì)上述問題的初步肯定答案的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。設(shè)計(jì)工程師還應(yīng)該通過零件圖和裝配圖，與制造部門一起對(duì)最終設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行磋商。通常，在制造過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)某個(gè)問題。可能會(huì)要求對(duì)某個(gè)零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生產(chǎn)變得容易。但是，工程上的更改必須要經(jīng)過設(shè)計(jì)人員批準(zhǔn)，以保證不會(huì)損傷產(chǎn)品的功能。有時(shí)，在產(chǎn)品的裝配時(shí)或者裝箱外運(yùn)前的試驗(yàn)中才發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)中的某種缺陷。這些事例恰好說明了設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程?？偸谴嬖谥玫姆椒▉硗瓿稍O(shè)計(jì)工作，設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該不斷努力，尋找這些更好的方法。

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文4285字畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯系（院）（院）交通工程系專業(yè)業(yè)交通運(yùn)輸（物流工程方向）姓名名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)外文出外文出處處PROCEEDINGSOF2008IEEEINTERNATIONAL用外文寫CONFERENCEONSERVICEOPERATIONSANDLOGISTICS,ANDINFORMATICS附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語翻譯選題符合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)要求，翻譯語句基本通順，語法正確，但部分專有名詞翻譯用詞不夠準(zhǔn)確，達(dá)到了外文資料翻譯的基本要求。里，逆向物流對(duì)工業(yè)及社會(huì)產(chǎn)生了重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響。這種影響要么被看作是對(duì)公司的不利因素，從而因此避免，要么看作是公司占據(jù)市場(chǎng)份額的潛在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。那些收到客戶退貨努力掩蓋逆向物流重要性的公司將失去創(chuàng)造利潤的機(jī)會(huì)。另一方面，采用逆向物流作為增加商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的公司將由于獲得客戶支持及最終收益而成功。為了符合環(huán)境保護(hù)章程，制造商通常經(jīng)過再加工試圖恢復(fù)那些已用產(chǎn)品的殘余價(jià)值。通過刷新、修復(fù)、升級(jí)的方法將產(chǎn)品再制造后變成系列化的市場(chǎng)商品能產(chǎn)生大量的成本效益。典型地，一個(gè)回收逆向物流系統(tǒng)包括在指定的零售店區(qū)域配送中心收集回收產(chǎn)品；在集中回收中心對(duì)回收產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移和合并；通過修理、刷新和再造復(fù)原回收產(chǎn)品中有用的東西；以及對(duì)沒有商業(yè)價(jià)值回收產(chǎn)品的處理。通常，回收逆向物流管理中面臨的主要問題如下A考慮回收再利用產(chǎn)品的拆卸方便、處理效果和修復(fù)后的質(zhì)量可靠度；B回收產(chǎn)品要保證足夠的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量；C回收再利用產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)；D針對(duì)回收品的相關(guān)修復(fù)策略；E對(duì)產(chǎn)品的回收運(yùn)作決策時(shí)所必須的信息。然而，制造商所遇到的問題是如何在有限的集中回收中心從消費(fèi)者那里收集回收品，并怎樣將那些回收品轉(zhuǎn)移到回收物流系統(tǒng)中，以及如何實(shí)行諸如拆卸、再利用、循環(huán)、棄置等修復(fù)策略，以期達(dá)到自身經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的最大化。本文的寫作目的有兩重首先是對(duì)回收逆向物流系統(tǒng)及其運(yùn)作管理提供一個(gè)深層次的分析，并且基于案例相應(yīng)地制定成一個(gè)線性規(guī)劃；其次是，與傳統(tǒng)的成本最小化方法相比，證明基于約束理論的決策模型衡量逆向物流系統(tǒng)取得的重要改進(jìn)和成功實(shí)行。它由以下部分組成第二部分介紹約束理論的概念、第三部分圖解回收逆向物流系統(tǒng)及其模型、第四部分給出一個(gè)實(shí)際案例證明被提議方法的有效性、第五部分是小結(jié)。2約束理論的概念約束理論從系統(tǒng)約束的角度幫助管理者在一個(gè)組織的所有層面尋求獲得一個(gè)正確的焦點(diǎn)。約束理論認(rèn)為系統(tǒng)約束條件限制了系統(tǒng)性能的發(fā)揮并提出了一

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文3174字出處出處LUXONDIFFERENCESBETWEENEASTERNANDWESTERNPLASTICARTSJASIANSOCIALSCIENCE,2009,41103東方和西方造型藝術(shù)之間的差異東方和西方造型藝術(shù)之間的差異陸雪陸雪天津理工大學(xué)天津理工大學(xué),EMAILLIANGLU1125126COM摘要造型藝術(shù)是指創(chuàng)造視覺靜態(tài)圖像和一些實(shí)質(zhì)性的材料和方法，包括建筑、雕塑、繪畫、工藝美術(shù)、設(shè)計(jì)、書法和篆刻等等。由于東西方文化之間的差異，造型藝術(shù)也顯示不同的特點(diǎn)。更具體來說，不同的地理環(huán)境和社會(huì)和歷史環(huán)境導(dǎo)致了兩種不同的文化基礎(chǔ)。中國文化強(qiáng)調(diào)親屬關(guān)系，而西方文化更重視個(gè)人的平等中國文化強(qiáng)調(diào)道德準(zhǔn)則，而西方文化探索客觀規(guī)律中國文化強(qiáng)調(diào)和諧，而西方文化強(qiáng)調(diào)獨(dú)特，因此導(dǎo)致中國和西方的價(jià)值取向上的差異。此外，比較中國和西方哲學(xué),前者似乎宏觀和全面的強(qiáng)調(diào)兩者之間的和諧和內(nèi)部經(jīng)驗(yàn)。而后者往往是更科學(xué)看待感性和理性,個(gè)性和共性之間的不同。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞造型藝術(shù)，差異分析，文化根基，價(jià)值取向，不同的哲學(xué)觀造型藝術(shù)是指創(chuàng)造視覺靜態(tài)圖像和一些實(shí)質(zhì)性的材料和方法,包括體系結(jié)構(gòu)、雕塑、繪畫、工藝美術(shù)、設(shè)計(jì)、書法和篆刻等等。它們?cè)跂|方和西方顯示不同的趨勢(shì)和特征中國造型藝術(shù)中一些著名的思想如下春秋和戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期,保留的繪畫圖片中提到一些理論家的著作。東晉著名畫家顧愷之,強(qiáng)調(diào)“精神”的傳達(dá)的重要性,改變了持久的傳統(tǒng)的說法，正確使用陰影將有助于創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)凹凸效果。此外，顏色，形狀和繪畫中物體之間的距離，以及由對(duì)象距離所造成的模糊都包括了繪畫科學(xué)，這被認(rèn)為是透視研究的起源。據(jù)德國古典哲學(xué)家黑格爾，創(chuàng)作的題材的自然原則，而不是題材本身，在繪畫中扮演了越來越重要的角色。在他的一個(gè)重要作品中美學(xué)，它是指出繪畫的題材主要來自那些可以從外部表現(xiàn)的事物上。在他看來，內(nèi)心世界不會(huì)被表面的圖像直接反映在繪畫中。相反，會(huì)利用舉動(dòng)來發(fā)現(xiàn)隱藏的內(nèi)心世界。法國古典主義畫家安琪兒堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為繪畫的情感表達(dá)與造型藝術(shù)密切相關(guān)因此后者將搜尋并積累自然美景。法國浪漫主義畫家尤金德拉克洛瓦強(qiáng)調(diào)表達(dá)畫家幻想和印象的重要性。而另一個(gè)畫家古斯塔夫庫爾貝認(rèn)為，繪畫作為一種具體的藝術(shù)形式，預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)體現(xiàn)那些可見的和現(xiàn)有的東西，因此，在繪畫中應(yīng)忠實(shí)的再生產(chǎn)。在畢沙羅的理論中，繪畫是用來揭示感情的，所以不應(yīng)該被規(guī)則或原則限制。而根據(jù)學(xué)校的后期印象派，繪畫應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)體積，顏色和畫家的精神。塞尚聲稱造型應(yīng)該是順應(yīng)自然的事情，而不是一味的追求。據(jù)馬蒂斯的觀點(diǎn)，繪畫主要是體現(xiàn)事物和關(guān)注物體的形狀。在他看來，立方體和地球儀是畫家們唯一需要的東西。而畢加索，不僅是什么看到了，而且我們對(duì)事物的思考應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)在繪畫上。根據(jù)以上思想得出以下結(jié)論受西方科學(xué)思想和東部意識(shí)形態(tài)的影響，造型藝術(shù)顯示了兩者之間的不同特點(diǎn)。正如李大釗，一個(gè)中國共產(chǎn)黨的創(chuàng)始人，在東方和西方文明的基礎(chǔ)上說，有一些主要

簡(jiǎn)介：PECKINGORDERANDDEBTCAPACITYCONSIDERATIONSFORHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESSEEKINGFINANCINGTOMRVANACKER?SOPHIEMANIGARTACCEPTED24JUNE2008/PUBLISHEDONLINE28OCTOBER2008?SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,LLC2008ABSTRACTTHISPAPEREXAMINESINCREMENTALFINANCINGDECISIONSWITHINHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESALARGELONGITUDINALDATASET,FREEOFSURVIVORSHIPBIAS,TOCOVERFINANCINGEVENTSOFHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESFORUPTO8YEARSISANALYZEDTHEEMPIRICALEVIDENCESHOWSTHATPROFITABLEBUSINESSESPREFERTOFINANCEINVESTMENTSWITHRETAINEDEARNINGS,EVENIFTHEYHAVEUNUSEDDEBTCAPACITYEXTERNALEQUITYISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTFORUNPROFITABLEBUSINESSESWITHHIGHDEBTLEVELS,LIMITEDCASHFLOWS,HIGHRISKOFFAILUREORSIGNIFICANTINVESTMENTSININTANGIBLEASSETSTHESEFINDINGSARECONSISTENTWITHTHEEXTENDEDPECKINGORDERTHEORYCONTROLLINGFORCONSTRAINTSIMPOSEDBYDEBTCAPACITYITSUGGESTSTHATNEWEQUITYISSUESAREPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTTOALLOWHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESTOGROWBEYONDTHEIRDEBTCAPACITYKEYWORDSFINANCINGDECISIONS?PECKINGORDERTHEORY?DEBTCAPACITY?GROWTHJELCLASSIFICATIONSG32?L261INTRODUCTIONALTHOUGHFEWINNUMBER,HIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESCONTRIBUTEDISPROPORTIONATELYTOEMPLOYMENTANDWEALTHCREATIONINANECONOMYSTOREY1994THISMAKESORGANIZATIONALGROWTHACENTRALAREAOFRESEARCHINENTREPRENEURSHIPANDAMAJORPOLICYCONCERNPROPERFINANCIALMANAGEMENT,INCLUDINGRAISINGSUITABLEFINANCING,ISONEOFTHEKEYFACTORSSHAPINGHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESNICHOLLSNIXON2005THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOOFFERANINSIGHTINTOTHEDISCRETEFINANCINGDECISIONSTAKENWITHINHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESARETHOUGHTTOBEPARTICULARLYSEVEREINTHISSETTINGFRANKANDGOYAL2003,CAUSINGASUBSTANTIALWEDGEBETWEENTHECOSTSOFINTERNALANDEXTERNALDEBTANDEQUITYFINANCINGCARPENTERANDPETERSEN2002AWETHEREFOREFOCUSONTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYTOEXPLAINTHEFINANCINGCHOICESOFHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYPREDICTSTHEEXISTENCEOFAFINANCINGHIERARCHY,WHEREBUSINESSMANAGERSAVOIDTHECOSTOFEXTERNALFINANCINGIFPOSSIBLEASARESULT,THEYWILLFIRSTPREFERTOUSEINTERNALFUNDS,THENDEBTANDFINALLYOUTSIDEEQUITYASALASTRESORTTOFINANCEINVESTMENTSMYERS1984MYERSANDMAJLUF1984THEIMPACTOFCOMPANYCHARACTERISTICSONFINANCIALDECISIONMAKINGMAYVARYACCORDINGTOTHERESEARCHSETTINGHARRISANDRAVIV1991ITISTHEREFOREIMPORTANTTOTESTFINANCIALTHEORIESINSETTINGSWHEREOURKNOWLEDGEISLIMITEDTODETERMINETHEGENERALIZABILITYOFTHETHEORIESACROSSDIFFERENTSETTINGSTRVANACKERCARPENTERANDPETERSEN2002ABERGERANDUDELL1998ASYMMETRICINFORMATIONISPROBABLYONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTREASONSWHYOUTSIDEFUNDSARETHOUGHTTOBESUBSTANTIALLYMORECOSTLYCOMPAREDTOINTERNALFUNDSBERGERANDUDELL19981INFORMATIONALASYMMETRYENTAILSTHATWHILEBUSINESSMANAGERSHAVEPRIVATEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEVALUEOFASSETSINPLACEANDFUTUREGROWTHOPTIONS,OUTSIDEINVESTORSCANMERELYESTIMATETHESEVALUESFACEDWITHTHERISKOFADVERSESELECTION,OUTSIDEINVESTORSWILLDEMANDA‘‘LEMONS’’PREMIUMFORTHESECURITIESOFFEREDBYTHEBUSINESSAKERLOF1970THEMORERISKYTHESECURITY,THEHIGHERTHEPREMIUMWILLBE,ASRISKEXACERBATESTHEEFFECTSOFINFORMATIONASYMMETRYMYERS1984ASARESULT,COMPANIESPREFERTOFINANCENEWINVESTMENTSWITHRETAINEDEARNINGS,WHICHARENOTSUBJECTTOASYMMETRICINFORMATIONPROBLEMSWHENINTERNALFUNDSAREINSUFFICIENTTOMEETTHEFINANCINGNEEDS,MANAGERSWILLTURNTOMORECOSTLYOUTSIDEFUNDSINTHISSITUATIONCOMPANIESAREEXPECTEDTOISSUETHESAFESTSECURITIESFIRSTASTHESEWILLSUFFERLESSFROMINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESANDHENCEBESUBJECTTOLOWERPREMIUMSMYERS1984MYERSANDMAJLUF1984THISIMPLIESMANAGERSWILLFIRSTRAISEDEBTFINANCINGANDONLYCONSIDERNEWEQUITYASALASTRESORTTHERESULTINGFINANCINGHIERARCHYISOFTENREFERREDTOASAPECKINGORDERANDISONEOFTHEMOSTINFLUENTIALTHEORIESINTHEFINANCIALLITERATUREFRANKANDGOYAL2003INTHISPAPERTHEFOCUSISONTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYASAFRAMEWORKTOUNDERSTANDINCREMENTALFINANCINGDECISIONSCONSEQUENTLY,THISRESEARCHISINLINEWITHPRIORSTUDIES,SUCHASHELWEGEANDLIANG1996SHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999ANDFRANKANDGOYAL2003,WHICHFOCUSONTHEFINANCINGCHOICESOFQUOTEDAMERICANCOMPANIESTHEIRDIRECTTESTSOFTHETWOMAINTENETSOFTHEPECKINGORDERMODELIE,1COMPANIESPREFERTOFINANCENEWINVESTMENTSWITHRETAINEDEARNINGSAND2EXTERNALEQUITYISONLYISSUEDASALASTRESORTIFOUTSIDEFUNDSARENEEDEDHAVEOFFEREDINCONCLUSIVEANDEVENCONTRADICTORYRESULTS,HOWEVERHELWEGEANDLIANG1996,STUDYINGAPANELOFUSCOMPANIESTHATCONDUCTEDANIPOIN1983,FINDTHATTHEPROBABILITYOFOBTAININGOUTSIDEFUNDSISNOTRELATEDTOASHORTFALLININTERNALLYGENERATEDFUNDS,WHICHISINCONTRASTWITHPREDICTIONSOFTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYHOWEVER,CONSISTENTWITHPECKINGORDERPREDICTIONS,THEYFINDTHATFIRMSWITHACASHSURPLUSAVOIDOUTSIDEFINANCINGFINALLY,FIRMSACCESSINGTHECAPITALMARKETDONOTFOLLOWAPECKINGORDERWHENCHOOSINGTHETYPEOFSECURITYTOOFFERSHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999,HOWEVER,DRAWADIFFERENTPICTUREOFTHEPREDICTIVEPOWEROFTHEPECKINGORDERMODELBASEDONASAMPLEOF157USFIRMSTHATTRADEDCONTINUOUSLYBETWEEN1971AND1989,THEYCONCLUDETHAT‘‘THEPECKINGORDERTHEORYISANEXCELLENTFIRSTORDERDESCRIPTOROFCORPORATEFINANCINGBEHAVIOR,ATLEASTINOURSAMPLEOFMATURECORPORATIONS’’SHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999,P242FRANKANDGOYAL2003SHOWTHATFORAMOREELABORATESAMPLEOFPUBLICLYQUOTEDUSCOMPANIES,THEGREATESTSUPPORTFORTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYISFOUNDAMONGLARGEFIRMSSMALLERFIRMS,WHICHAREEXPECTEDTOBEMORELIKELYTOBESUBJECTTOINFORMATIONASYMMETRIES,DONOTSEEMTOFOLLOWAPECKINGORDERADDITIONALLY,THEPECKINGORDERTHE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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文5720字畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院學(xué)院（系）系）動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院專業(yè)業(yè)熱能與動(dòng)力工程姓名名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)外文出處外文出處EXPERIMENTALTHERMALANDFLUIDSCIENCE282004257264附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語簽名年月日用外文寫附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文旋轉(zhuǎn)回?zé)崞骼碚撆c熱力發(fā)電廠的一臺(tái)空氣預(yù)熱器實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的比較摘要這篇論文的目的是要比較基于理論建模獲取的結(jié)果與在一臺(tái)全尺寸運(yùn)行著的空氣預(yù)熱器上直接測(cè)得的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。首先，在論文中會(huì)系統(tǒng)地闡述旋轉(zhuǎn)回?zé)崞髂芰總鬏斈Ｐ?，其中包括母體縱向熱傳導(dǎo)。然后介紹該模型方程組的解法，這種解法在筆者以前的論文中曾經(jīng)提到過。熱交換氣體和不停旋轉(zhuǎn)的母體的溫度分布用三維圖來描述。對(duì)直徑53M的回轉(zhuǎn)式空氣預(yù)熱器計(jì)算得出的溫度分布將和實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)作比較。并從理論和實(shí)驗(yàn)的比較中找到正確的趨勢(shì)和合理的一致性。最后，比較計(jì)算和實(shí)驗(yàn)回?zé)崞鱾鳠徇^程的有效性，并將看到在回?zé)崞饔行约s為88時(shí)，一致性在±3之內(nèi)。1引言旋轉(zhuǎn)式換熱器的一個(gè)重要特點(diǎn)就是兼小巧和高性能于一體。這種換熱器有一個(gè)圓盤式的母體核心，在母體核心里有非常多的傳熱面。盤不停轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，并總有一部分核心浸在熱流之中，其它部分浸在冷流中。當(dāng)熱氣依次穿入核心的流動(dòng)通道時(shí)，母體儲(chǔ)存能量。反過來，冷氣流經(jīng)相同的通道時(shí)，母體核心釋放能量給冷流。由于熱量是在每個(gè)母體部件上交替地被儲(chǔ)存和釋放而不是通過隔開兩種流體的墻來傳遞，旋轉(zhuǎn)式換熱器經(jīng)常適用在如旋轉(zhuǎn)式回?zé)崞魃?。?9101930年回?zé)崞髦袩醾鬟f分析創(chuàng)始并發(fā)展于德國。在1948年之前，所有的模型都基于一系列傳統(tǒng)理想化條件。SHAH1列出了這些理想化條件。1948年后MONDT2就已經(jīng)根據(jù)研究的發(fā)展提出了附加的參考條件，其中考慮到了縱向傳導(dǎo)在分析中的影響。為了確定回?zé)崞鞯臒醾鬟f有效性包含縱向傳導(dǎo)的影響，BAHNKE和HOWARD3定量地分析了旋轉(zhuǎn)回?zé)崞鲉栴}。他們指出有效性取決于NTU0，C，（ΑA），AS

簡(jiǎn)介：PROCEDIAEARTHANDPLANETARYSCIENCE12009776–784WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/PROCEDIATHE6THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONMININGSCIENCERELIABILITYHYPERSTATICNETBEAMSTRUCTUREFINITEELEMENTDYNAMICOPTIMIZATION1INTRODUCTIONTHESTRUCTURALSTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESSNEEDSTOBEIMPROVEDWITHTHEMAXIMIZATIONOFSCREENINGMACHINESTHEENLARGEMENTOFSTRUCTUREOFVIBRATINGSCREENWILLLEADTOTHEINCREASEOFVIBRATIONMASSANDEXCITINGFORCEDYNAMICLOADONTHEVIBRATINGSCREENISALSOINCREASEDWHICHWILLLEADTOAGREATERDEFORMATION,TEAROFTHESIDEPLATE,FRACTUREOFTHECROSSBEAM,ANDTHUSAFFECTSTHESERVICELIFEOFTHEVIBRATINGSCREENSERIOUSLY13CONVENTIONALSTATICSTRENGTHCALCULATIONANDANALOGYMETHODWASUSEDINTHEDESIGNOFVIBRATINGSCREENINOURCOUNTRYATPRESENTWHICHNEGLECTTHEDYNAMICCHARACTERISTICINFLUENCEOFHIGHERMODALFREQUENCIESONTHEVIBRATINGSCREEN4HIGHEXCITINGFORCEISLIKELYTOLEADTOFATIGUEDAMAGEOFVIBRATINGSCREENENGINEERINGEXPERIENCEINDICATESTHATTHESCREENCANALSOBE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL8651683590092BJ?á???êé??WYMZHAOCUMTEDUCN187/09/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2009PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVDOI101016/JPRO20090912385220EPSPROCEDIAEARTHANDPLANETARYSCIENCETHESTRUCTUREANDLOADONTHEVIBRATINGSCREENSHOULDBECONSIDEREDACCORDINGTOACTUALOPERATINGCONDITIONTOMAKETHEFINITEELEMENTMODELACCURATEANDEFFECTIVETHEMAINSTRUCTUREADOPTEDSOLIDELEMENTSOLID95ANDSOLID92THESPRINGUSEDCOMBINE14ANDTHEVIBRATIONGENERATORWASSIMPLIFIEDASLUMPEDMASSELEMENTMASS21THEIMAGINARYBEAMWASINTRODUCEDTOREPLACETHEFLANGE,CONSIDERINGTHESTIFFNESSOFFLANGESANDIGNORINGITSMASSTHEBEARWASSIMPLIFIEDASSLEEVEANDTHEEXCITINGFORCEDISTRIBUTEDONTHEINNERFACEOFTHESLEEVEUNIFORMLYTHEFINITEELEMENTMODELWASFINISHEDINANSYS,ASSHOWNINFIG3FIG3FINITEELEMENTMODELOFVIBRATINGSCREENPKOKKíìê??üê?íéêá?íá???ó?á?NATURALCHARACTERISTICISCOMPOSEDOFNATURALFREQUENCY,NATURALVIBRATIONMODESANDOTHERMODALPARAMETERSONEPURPOSEOFNATURALCHARACTERISTICANALYSISISTOAVOIDRESONANCEANDHARMFULVIBRATIONMODETHERESULTSISALSOUSEDTOPROVIDENECESSARYBASISFORDYNAMICRESPONSEANALYSIS8BLOCKLANCZOSMETHODWITHHIGHPRECISIONANDCOMPUTATIONSPEEDWASUSEDSOLVENATURALCHARACTERISTICTHEFIRSTTWELVEMODALRESULTSARESHOWNINTABLE1TABLE1MODALCALCULATIONRESULTSOFVIBRATINGSCREENSETNATURALFREQUENCY?HZNATURALMODESOFVIBRATION1166RIGIDMOTIONALONGZAXIS2288RIGIDMOTIONALONGXAXIS3292RIGIDMOTIONALONGYAXIS4343RIGIDROTATIONAROUNDYAXIS5394RIGIDROTATIONAROUNDXAXIS6418RIGIDROTATIONAROUNDZAXIS71485BENDINGANDSWINGOFDISCHARGEENDALONGYAXIS81692TWISTOFSIDEPLATESALONGYAXISANDSWINGOFFEEDENDALONGZAXIS91898TWISTOFSCREENFRAMEALONGYAXIS102354REVERSALAROUNDXAXISANDBENDINGOFSCREENALONGZAXIS113341BENDINGANDTWISTOFFEEDENDALONGXAXIS123645FLEXURALOSCILLATIONSOFMIDDLEANDBACKOFTHESCREENALONGZAXISTABLE1SHOWTHATTHENATURALVIBRATIONMODESINCLUDERIGIDMOTIONANDBENDINGDEFLECTIONTHEFIRSTSIXVIBRATIONMODESARERIGIDMODALANDMODALFREQUENCYISLOWERWHICHDEPENDSONTHEVIBRATIONMASSANDSTIFFNESSOFSPRINGTHESEVENTHTOTWELFTHVIBRATIONMODESAREDEFORMABLEMODESANDMODALFREQUENCYLIESONSTRUCTURALSTIFFNESSOFTHEVIBRATINGSCREENTHESEVENTHTOTENTHVIBRATIONMODESARESHOWNINFIG4FROMTABLE1ANDFIG4WEKNOWTHATTHEREARETWOELASTICMODALAROUNDTHEWORKINGFREQUENCY,THATARETHESEVENTHANDTHEEIGHTHMODALWHICHTAKEACENTRALPARTTOTHETOTALDEFORMATIONOFTHEVIBRATINGSCREENANDAREEASYTOLEADTORESONANCETHESEVENTHMODALFREQUENCYIS1485HZ,THEBENDINGANDSWINGAMPLITUDEOFTHEDISCHARGEPLATEISGREATER,OFWHICHTHEMAXIMUMDEFORMATIONREACHES425MMTHERESULTSHOWSTHATTHEINTENSITYOFTHEDISCHARGEENDISWEAKERANDTHESTRUCTUREISEASYTOBREAKTHUSTHESTRUCTUREOFDISCHARGEENDNEEDSTOBEMODIFIEDTHEEIGHTHMODALFREQUENCYIS1692HZ,THEDEFORMATIONOFCONNECTIONPARTOFTWOSIDEPLATESANDTHEFEEDENDISA778/PROCEDIAEARTHANDPLANETARYSCIENCE12009776–784ZYUEMINETAL

簡(jiǎn)介：翻譯部分翻譯部分英文原文英文原文DESIGNOFBACKFILLEDTHINSEAMCOALPILLARSUSINGEARTHPRESSURETHEORY1INTRODUCTIONTHESELFADVANCINGMINERHASBEENDESIGNEDTOEXTRACTCOALFROMSEAMSLESSTHAN90CENTIMETERSTHICKTHESAMALLOWSFOREXTRACTIONOFTHEFULLSEAMHEIGHTWHILEMINIMIZINGWASTEROCK,ANDUTILIZESREMOTEOPERATIONTHATALLOWSTHEMINERTOADVANCEUPTO180M600FTINTOTHESEAMHOWEVER,THECOALSEAMSARESOTHINTHATTHERECOVERYRATESOFTHISMININGMETHODWILLBEFAIRLYLOWANDWILLDECREASERAPIDLYWITHTHEDEPTHOFMININGINORDERTOINCREASETHERECOVERYFROMTHINSEAMMINES,PILLARSMUSTBEDESIGNEDASSMALLASPOSSIBLEWITHOUTCOMPROMISINGTHESTABILITYOFTHEMINEBACKFILLCANPROVIDETHESUPPORTNECESSARYTOMAINTAINTHEINTEGRITYOFTHEUNDERGROUNDWORKINGSWHILEALLOWINGFORINCREASEDEXTRACTIONTHEPLACINGOFBACKFILLUNDERGROUNDHASPREDOMINANTLYBEENAPRACTICEEMPLOYEDINCUTANDFILLMINESTHOMAS,1979BACKFILLMATERIALISINTRODUCEDUNDERGROUNDINTOPREVIOUSLYMINEDSTOPESTOPROVIDEAWORKINGPLATFORMANDLOCALIZEDSUPPORT,REDUCINGTHEVOLUMEOFOPENSPACEWHICHCOULDPOTENTIALLYBEFILLEDBYACOLLAPSEOFTHESURROUNDINGPILLARSBARRETETAL,1978THEPRESENCEOFFILLINANOPENINGPREVENTSLARGESCALEMOVEMENTSANDCOLLAPSEOFOPENINGSMERELYBYOCCUPYINGVOIDSLEFTBYMININGAITCHISONETAL1973THEREFORE,THEPLACEMENTOFFILLINOPENSPACESUNDERGROUNDTENDSTOPREVENTTHEUNRAVELING/SPALLINGOFTHESURROUNDINGROCKMASSINTOTHEMINEDOUTSPACE,EFFECTIVELYINCREASINGTHESTRENGTH,ORLOADBEARINGCAPACITY,OFTHESURROUNDINGROCKMASSTHISTYPEOFSUPPORTMECHANISMNOTONLYHELPSPROVIDESUPPORTTOPILLARSANDWALLS,BUTALSOHELPSTOPREVENTCAVINGANDROOFFALLS,MINIMIZESURFACESUBSIDENCE,ANDENHANCEPILLARRECOVERYCOATES,1981ALTHOUGHTHESUPPORTCAPABILITYOFBACKFILLISWELLKNOWNITSTILLREMAINSFAIRLYDIFFICULTTOQUANTIFYMODELSANDEQUATIONSFORTHEDETERMINATIONOFBACKFILLSUPPORTHAVEBEENPROPOSEDCAI,1983GUANGXUANDMAOYUAN,1983ANDPILLARBACKFILLSYSTEMSHAVEBEENMODELEDUSINGLABORATORYSETUPSINORDERTOCORRELATETHEACTUALSUPPORTBEHAVIOROFFILLWITHPROPOSEDMODELSYAMAGUCHIANDYAMATOMI,1989BLIGHTANDCLARKE,1983SWANANDBOARD,1989AITCHISONETAL,1973BUTINGENERALTHESEMODELSANDLABTESTSAREDEPENDENTONLOCALEXPERIENCEANDEMPIRICALLYDERIVEDRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENBACKFILLSUPPORT,MATERIALPROPERTIES,ANDMINELEFTATTHEENDSOFTHEPANELSTOPROTECTTHECROSSCUTSFIGURE2ISACROSSSECTIONALVIEWOFTHECUTTINGFACETHEFACEEVOKESTHEHIGHWALLMINECOMPARISONTHECOALSEAMRUNSTHROUGHTHEMIDDLEOFTHEPANELANDAPORTIONOFTHEPANEL‘MATERIAL’ISLEFTABOVEANDBELOWEACHCUTTHECUTWIDTHIS3M10FTANDTHECUTHEIGHTISEQUIVALENTTOTHESEAMHEIGHTLESSTHAN90CM36INITISINTENDEDTHATASTHESAMRETREATSFROMEACHCUT,BACKFILLWILLBEEITHERHYDRAULICALLYORPNEUMATICALLYPLACEDINTHEMINEDOUTVOID3APPLICATIONOFEARTHPRESSURETHEORYTHEIDEATHATTHEBACKFILLSUPPORTMECHANISMDESCRIBEDINTHEPREVIOUSSECTIONCANBEQUANTIFIEDUSINGPRINCIPLESTAKENFROMSOILMECHANICSISNOTNEWABROADUNDERSTANDINGOFFILLBEHAVIORHASALWAYSBEENDEPENDENTONKNOWLEDGEOFEARTHPRESSURESHOWEVER,EARTHPRESSURETHEORIESANDCONCEPTSHAVENOTGENERALLYBEENCONSIDEREDADEQUATEINPROPERLYQUANTIFYINGTHEMAGNITUDEOFFILLSUPPORTINUNDERGROUNDMINESLIMITEDUNDERSTANDINGABOUTTHETRANSFEROFLOADSFROMTHESURROUNDINGROCKTOTHEFILLANDFRICTIONALEFFECTS,ALONGWITHMINEGEOMETRY,HAVEMADEITDIFFICULTTOAPPLYTHECONCEPTSOFEARTHPRESSURETHEORYTOBACKFILLSUPPORTTHOMAS,1979WHATMAKESTHECASEOFTHESAMOPERATINGINATHINSEAMCOALMINEDIFFERENTISTHECONCEPTOF‘DESIGNEDFAILURE’OFTHEPILLARSSOTHATDEFORMATIONSCAPABLEOFMOBILIZINGTHEPASSIVERESISTANCEOFTHEBACKFILLWILLOCCURFROMCIVILENGINEERINGDESIGNOFRETAININGWALLSITHASBEENSHOWNTHATTHEMOVEMENTREQUIREDTOREACHMAXIMUMPASSIVEEARTHPRESSUREWITHININALOOSESANDYSOILIS4OFTHEWALLHEIGHTCLOUGHANDDUNCAN,1971THEDENSERTHESOIL,THELESSMOVEMENTREQUIREDAPPLYINGTHISGUIDELINETOTHETHINSEAMCOALMINEFORAPILLARHEIGHTOF90CMLATERALDEFORMATIONOFTHEPILLARMUSTBEATLEAST36CMFORALOOSE,SANDYBACKFILLTOREACHMAXIMUMPASSIVEEARTHPRESSURECONDITIONSTHEINITIALSTAGESOFPILLARFAILUREMAYNOTPRODUCEMOVEMENTSTHATLARGE,BUTOVERTIMECREEPDEFORMATIONWILLALMOSTCERTAINLY

簡(jiǎn)介：BUILDINGANDENVIRONMENT362001939–948WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/BUILDENVSIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMANALYSISUTILISINGUNSTEADY?OWTHEORYSARTHUR?,JASWA?ELDDEPARTMENTOFBUILDINGENGINEERINGANDSURVEYING,HERIOTWATTUNIVERSITY,EDINBURGH,SCOTLAND,EH144AS,UKRECEIVED17APRIL2000RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM17APRIL2000ACCEPTED12JUNE2000ABSTRACTOVERTHEPASTTHREEYEARSAUKEPSRCRESEARCHPROGRAMMEHASBEENUNDERWAYATHERIOTWATTUNIVERSITYINVESTIGATINGSIPHONICROOFRAINWATERSYSTEMSTHISTEXTAIMSTOREPORTTHEPRINCIPLE?NDINGSOFTHEPROJECTTODATEABRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFEXPERIMENTALANDNUMERICALAIMSISGIVENTHEPRIMINGPROCEDUREWHICHOCCURSINANIDEALISEDSYSTEMISDOCUMENTEDTHETESTPROCEDURESEMPLOYEDAREDESCRIBED,ANDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREILLUSTRATEDTHEFRAMEWORKEMPLOYEDTONUMERICALLYMODELTHEAMBIENTHYDRAULICSISDESCRIBEDINSOMEDETAILEDCONCLUSIONSAREDRAWNREGARDINGTHEOPERATIONALCHARACTERISTICSOFSIPHONICROOFRAINWATERSYSTEMSASAWHOLEC?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSROOFDRAINAGESIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMMETHODOFCHARACTERISTICS1BACKGROUNDSIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMSHAVEBEENINEXISTENCEFORAPPROXIMATELY30YEARSINTHISTIME,THECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYHASBEENGRADUALLYPERSUADEDBYTHEBENE?TSWHICHTHESESYSTEMSO?ERWHENCOMPAREDTOTHETRADITIONALAPPROACHMUCHOFTHESEBENE?TSARISEFROMTHEFACTTHATSYSTEMSCANBECOMEDEPRESSURISEDHOWEVER,MUCHOFTHEDESIREDBENE?TSONLYARISEATTHEDESIGNCONDITIONTYPICALLYASTORMWITHARETURNPERIODINEXCESSOF30YEARSWHENTHEAPPLICATIONWASBEINGMADEFORTHEWORKREPORTED,ITWASRECOGNISEDTHATTHEOVERWHELMINGMAJORITYOFRAINFALLEVENTSANYSIPHONICSYSTEMWOULDHAVETODRAINWOULDBEWELLBELOWTHEDESIGNCONDITIONTHIS,COUPLEDWITHREPORTSOFSIPHONICSYSTEMFAILURES,CONVINCEDTHEINVESTIGATORSTHATTHISWASANAREAWORTHYOFFUTURERESEARCH2AIMSANDOBJECTIVESOFRESEARCHSIPHONICRAINWATERDRAINAGEDEPENDSUPONTHEESTABLISHMENTOFFULLBORE?OWWITHINTHEPIPENETWORKLINKINGROOFCOLLECTIONOUTLETSTOTHESTORMSEWERTHERE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSSARTHURHWACUKSARTHURPLACEMENTOFCONVENTIONALMULTIPLEDOWNPIPESBYANETWORKOFCLOSEDCONDUITSO?ERSSIGNI?CANTADVANTAGESTOTHEBUILDINGDESIGNER,ASEVIDENCEDBYTHEINCREASINGINSTALLATIONOFSUCHSYSTEMSINBUILDINGSSUCHASAIRPORTTERMINALS,LARGEWAREHOUSESANDPRESTIGEO?CEDEVELOPMENTSHOWEVER,THEESTABLISHMENTOFSIPHONICACTIONDEPENDSUPONTHEMATCHINGOFTHENETWORKTOTHEEXPECTEDSTORMHYETOGRAPHANDTHEMAINTENANCEOFSIPHONICCONDITIONSTHROUGHOUTTHESTORMEVENTONLYONESTORMMATCHESANYPARTICULARSYSTEMERRORSINDESIGNMAYLEADTOSYSTEMSOPERATINGINANINE?CIENT,NONSIPHONICMODE,ORTOINSUF?CIENTCAPACITY?OODINGGENERATIONOFNEGATIVEPRESSURETRANSIENTSMAYLEADTOSYSTEMFAILUREDUETOPIPEWALLCOLLAPSE1WHILESIPHONICSYSTEMSHAVEBEENINSTALLEDINTHEUKOVERTHEPASTDECADE,THEREISNORECOGNISEDDESIGNSTANDARD,ANDSYSTEMDESIGNISBASEDONSTEADYSTATECALCULATIONSWHICHASSUMEANEARINSTANTANEOUSSTEADYFULLBOREENTRAINEDAIRFREE?OWTHEAIMOFTHEWORKREPORTEDWASTODEVELOPANUNSTEADY?OWMODELWHICHCOULDSIMULATECONDITIONSWITHINANIDEALISEDSIPHONICROOFRAINWATERDRAINAGESYSTEMDRIVENBYASTORMHYETOGRAPHDURINGPRIMINGTHISWOULDENABLE?OWCONDITIONSWITHINTHERAINWATERDRAINAGESYSTEMTOBEREPRESENTEDWITHINAIDEALISEDSIPHONICDRAINAGESYSTEM,FROMINITIALFREESURFACE?OWASTHESTORMDEVELOPS,THROUGHATWOPHASE?OWSTAGE,WHILEAIRENTERTAINED,ORINITIALLYPRESENT,INTHESYSTEMIS?USHEDOUT,UNTILTHEFULLBORE?OW03601323/01/SEEFRONTMATTERC?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS0360132300000494SARTHUR,JASWA?ELD/BUILDINGANDENVIRONMENT362001939–948941FIG1SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFATESTRIGCON?GURATIONILLUSTRATINGTHEMAINDIMENSIONSFIG2AMBIENTPRESSURESINTHESYSTEMFORASTEADYGUTTERIN?OWRATEOF42OFTHEMEASUREDCAPACITYOFTHESYSTEMILLUSTRATEDINFIG1THE?GUREILLUSTRATESHOW,UNDERPARTICULARCONDITIONS,ACYCLICPRESSUREREGIMEMAYBEESTABLISHEDINTHESYSTEMTHEFREQUENCYOFTHECYCLICRESPONSEOFTHESYSTEMISRELATEDTOTHERATEOFIN?OW,ANDTHELENGTHSOFTHEHORIZONTALANDVERTICALPIPEWORK5CURRENTDESIGNPRACTICECURRENTLY,SIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMSAREDESIGNEDTOACCOMMODATEASPECI?EDSTORMWHICH?LLS,ANDPRIMES,THEWHOLESYSTEMRAPIDLYWITH100WATERTHISASSUMPTIONMEANSTHATTHESYSTEMMAYBEDESIGNEDEASILYUSINGELEMENTARYSTEADYSTATEHYDRAULICRELATIONSHIPSTHESTEADY?OWENERGYEQUATIONISUSEDALMOSTUNIVERSALLY3ASTHEBACKBONEOFTHEDESIGNPROCEDUREFORSIPHONICROOFDRAINAGESYSTEMSTHEPRESSUREDROPBETWEENANYTWOPOINTSXANDYCANBEDETERMINEDUSING?HQ22GA2Z?POINTX??HQ22GA2Z?POINTY?HXY1THEPRESSUREDROPBETWEENTWOPOINTS,?HXY,ISACCOUNTEDFORBYLOSSESDUETOTHEHYDRAULICRESISTANCEOFTHEPIPEWALLSANDADDITIONALLOSSESDUETO?TTINGSWHERETHESEAREPRESENTTHEDESIGNAPPROACHOUTLINEDABOVEWASUSEDTOESTIMATETHE?OWCAPACITYANDPRESSUREDISTRIBUTIONFORA

簡(jiǎn)介：翻譯部分翻譯部分英文原文英文原文DESIGNOFBACKFILLEDTHINSEAMCOALPILLARSUSINGEARTHPRESSURETHEORY1INTRODUCTIONTHESELFADVANCINGMINERHASBEENDESIGNEDTOEXTRACTCOALFROMSEAMSLESSTHAN90CENTIMETERSTHICKTHESAMALLOWSFOREXTRACTIONOFTHEFULLSEAMHEIGHTWHILEMINIMIZINGWASTEROCK,ANDUTILIZESREMOTEOPERATIONTHATALLOWSTHEMINERTOADVANCEUPTO180M600FTINTOTHESEAMHOWEVER,THECOALSEAMSARESOTHINTHATTHERECOVERYRATESOFTHISMININGMETHODWILLBEFAIRLYLOWANDWILLDECREASERAPIDLYWITHTHEDEPTHOFMININGINORDERTOINCREASETHERECOVERYFROMTHINSEAMMINES,PILLARSMUSTBEDESIGNEDASSMALLASPOSSIBLEWITHOUTCOMPROMISINGTHESTABILITYOFTHEMINEBACKFILLCANPROVIDETHESUPPORTNECESSARYTOMAINTAINTHEINTEGRITYOFTHEUNDERGROUNDWORKINGSWHILEALLOWINGFORINCREASEDEXTRACTIONTHEPLACINGOFBACKFILLUNDERGROUNDHASPREDOMINANTLYBEENAPRACTICEEMPLOYEDINCUTANDFILLMINESTHOMAS,1979BACKFILLMATERIALISINTRODUCEDUNDERGROUNDINTOPREVIOUSLYMINEDSTOPESTOPROVIDEAWORKINGPLATFORMANDLOCALIZEDSUPPORT,REDUCINGTHEVOLUMEOFOPENSPACEWHICHCOULDPOTENTIALLYBEFILLEDBYACOLLAPSEOFTHESURROUNDINGPILLARSBARRETETAL,1978THEPRESENCEOFFILLINANOPENINGPREVENTSLARGESCALEMOVEMENTSANDCOLLAPSEOFOPENINGSMERELYBYOCCUPYINGVOIDSLEFTBYMININGAITCHISONETAL1973THEREFORE,THEPLACEMENTOFFILLINOPENSPACESUNDERGROUNDTENDSTOPREVENTTHEUNRAVELING/SPALLINGOFTHESURROUNDINGROCKMASSINTOTHEMINEDOUTSPACE,EFFECTIVELYINCREASINGTHESTRENGTH,ORLOADBEARINGCAPACITY,OFTHESURROUNDINGROCKMASSTHISTYPEOFSUPPORTMECHANISMNOTONLYHELPSPROVIDESUPPORTTOPILLARSANDWALLS,BUTALSOHELPSTOPREVENTCAVINGANDROOFFALLS,MINIMIZESURFACESUBSIDENCE,ANDENHANCEPILLARRECOVERYCOATES,1981ALTHOUGHTHESUPPORTCAPABILITYOFBACKFILLISWELLKNOWNITSTILLREMAINSFAIRLYDIFFICULTTOQUANTIFYMODELSANDEQUATIONSFORTHEDETERMINATIONOFBACKFILLSUPPORTHAVEBEENPROPOSEDCAI,1983GUANGXUANDMAOYUAN,1983ANDPILLARBACKFILLSYSTEMSHAVEBEENMODELEDUSINGLABORATORYSETUPSINORDERTOCORRELATETHEACTUALSUPPORTBEHAVIOROFFILLWITHPROPOSEDMODELSYAMAGUCHIANDYAMATOMI,1989BLIGHTANDCLARKE,1983SWANANDBOARD,1989AITCHISONETAL,1973BUTINGENERALTHESEMODELSANDLABTESTSAREDEPENDENTONLOCALEXPERIENCEANDEMPIRICALLYDERIVEDRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENBACKFILLSUPPORT,MATERIALPROPERTIES,ANDMINELEFTATTHEENDSOFTHEPANELSTOPROTECTTHECROSSCUTSFIGURE2ISACROSSSECTIONALVIEWOFTHECUTTINGFACETHEFACEEVOKESTHEHIGHWALLMINECOMPARISONTHECOALSEAMRUNSTHROUGHTHEMIDDLEOFTHEPANELANDAPORTIONOFTHEPANEL‘MATERIAL’ISLEFTABOVEANDBELOWEACHCUTTHECUTWIDTHIS3M10FTANDTHECUTHEIGHTISEQUIVALENTTOTHESEAMHEIGHTLESSTHAN90CM36INITISINTENDEDTHATASTHESAMRETREATSFROMEACHCUT,BACKFILLWILLBEEITHERHYDRAULICALLYORPNEUMATICALLYPLACEDINTHEMINEDOUTVOID3APPLICATIONOFEARTHPRESSURETHEORYTHEIDEATHATTHEBACKFILLSUPPORTMECHANISMDESCRIBEDINTHEPREVIOUSSECTIONCANBEQUANTIFIEDUSINGPRINCIPLESTAKENFROMSOILMECHANICSISNOTNEWABROADUNDERSTANDINGOFFILLBEHAVIORHASALWAYSBEENDEPENDENTONKNOWLEDGEOFEARTHPRESSURESHOWEVER,EARTHPRESSURETHEORIESANDCONCEPTSHAVENOTGENERALLYBEENCONSIDEREDADEQUATEINPROPERLYQUANTIFYINGTHEMAGNITUDEOFFILLSUPPORTINUNDERGROUNDMINESLIMITEDUNDERSTANDINGABOUTTHETRANSFEROFLOADSFROMTHESURROUNDINGROCKTOTHEFILLANDFRICTIONALEFFECTS,ALONGWITHMINEGEOMETRY,HAVEMADEITDIFFICULTTOAPPLYTHECONCEPTSOFEARTHPRESSURETHEORYTOBACKFILLSUPPORTTHOMAS,1979WHATMAKESTHECASEOFTHESAMOPERATINGINATHINSEAMCOALMINEDIFFERENTISTHECONCEPTOF‘DESIGNEDFAILURE’OFTHEPILLARSSOTHATDEFORMATIONSCAPABLEOFMOBILIZINGTHEPASSIVERESISTANCEOFTHEBACKFILLWILLOCCURFROMCIVILENGINEERINGDESIGNOFRETAININGWALLSITHASBEENSHOWNTHATTHEMOVEMENTREQUIREDTOREACHMAXIMUMPASSIVEEARTHPRESSUREWITHININALOOSESANDYSOILIS4OFTHEWALLHEIGHTCLOUGHANDDUNCAN,1971THEDENSERTHESOIL,THELESSMOVEMENTREQUIREDAPPLYINGTHISGUIDELINETOTHETHINSEAMCOALMINEFORAPILLARHEIGHTOF90CMLATERALDEFORMATIONOFTHEPILLARMUSTBEATLEAST36CMFORALOOSE,SANDYBACKFILLTOREACHMAXIMUMPASSIVEEARTHPRESSURECONDITIONSTHEINITIALSTAGESOFPILLARFAILUREMAYNOTPRODUCEMOVEMENTSTHATLARGE,BUTOVERTIMECREEPDEFORMATIONWILLALMOSTCERTAINLY