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簡介:1市企業(yè)金融服務(wù)中心服務(wù)平臺(tái)推廣工作實(shí)施方案根據(jù)市人民政府辦公室關(guān)于成立市企業(yè)金融服務(wù)中心的通知(冶政辦發(fā)〔2014〕44號(hào))文件精神,市企業(yè)金融服務(wù)中心是由市政府批準(zhǔn)成立的非營利性中介平臺(tái),由市人民銀行負(fù)責(zé)運(yùn)行管理,為了在我市不斷深入推廣中心平臺(tái)的運(yùn)用,切實(shí)加強(qiáng)中心平臺(tái)的運(yùn)行管理,進(jìn)一步明確工作職責(zé),更好地解決我市銀企信息不對(duì)稱、企業(yè)融資難融資貴問題,結(jié)合我市實(shí)際,特制定本方案。一、組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)成立企業(yè)金融服務(wù)中心推廣工作領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組。二、工作職責(zé)1、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組負(fù)責(zé)督辦本小組日常工作進(jìn)度,并做好與政府相關(guān)部門、金融機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)的關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)工作。2、推廣小組負(fù)責(zé)督促轄內(nèi)金融機(jī)構(gòu)積極參與中心平臺(tái)的推廣應(yīng)用活動(dòng),大力做好宣傳工作,組織、引導(dǎo)所有在本行開設(shè)有基本賬戶及有貸款業(yè)務(wù)的企業(yè)注冊(cè)參與平臺(tái)。3、企業(yè)金融服務(wù)中心工作人員負(fù)責(zé)聯(lián)系與政府相關(guān)部門、金融機(jī)構(gòu)、企業(yè)的具體對(duì)接工作,并組織開展平臺(tái)業(yè)務(wù)知識(shí)的培訓(xùn)。三、推廣目標(biāo)通過開展中心平臺(tái)宣傳推廣應(yīng)用工作,使我市各政府相關(guān)部門、金融機(jī)構(gòu)以及企業(yè)充分了解平臺(tái)的功能、作用和意義,并積極參與平臺(tái)的業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng),拓寬中小企業(yè)融資渠3工作聯(lián)系人。3、匯總各商業(yè)銀行開設(shè)有基本賬戶及有貸款業(yè)務(wù)往來的企業(yè)數(shù)量及具體企業(yè)信息。4、印制企業(yè)金融服務(wù)中心宣傳資料。(二)第二階段實(shí)施階段((二)第二階段實(shí)施階段(20142014年1212月20152015年6月)月)1、召開企業(yè)金融服務(wù)中心平臺(tái)上線發(fā)布會(huì),利用報(bào)紙、電視臺(tái)等新聞媒體,加強(qiáng)對(duì)企業(yè)金融服務(wù)中心的宣傳推介。2、在市人民銀行、工商、稅務(wù)等部門對(duì)外服務(wù)窗口和各商業(yè)銀行營業(yè)網(wǎng)點(diǎn)擺放宣傳資料,并利用網(wǎng)站、電子屏幕及多媒體設(shè)備進(jìn)行宣傳,各商業(yè)銀行組織引導(dǎo)在本行開設(shè)有基本賬戶及有貸款業(yè)務(wù)的企業(yè)注冊(cè)參與平臺(tái)。3、積極向市政府匯報(bào)平臺(tái)推廣工作,大力爭(zhēng)取市財(cái)金辦、經(jīng)信局、招商局、工商局、稅務(wù)局等部門的支持,組織召開由市政府相關(guān)部門及規(guī)模以上企業(yè)參加的全市平臺(tái)推廣工作座談會(huì),對(duì)平臺(tái)業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行推介。4、人民銀行、各商業(yè)銀行、企業(yè)金融服務(wù)中心工作人員聯(lián)合深入企業(yè),開展宣傳培訓(xùn)工作。(三)第三階段總結(jié)階段((三)第三階段總結(jié)階段(20152015年6月7月)月)1、認(rèn)真總結(jié)平臺(tái)推廣工作經(jīng)驗(yàn),上報(bào)工作總結(jié)。2、匯編平臺(tái)推廣成果。七、工作措施1、建立督辦機(jī)制。、建立督辦機(jī)制。市財(cái)金辦、人民銀行將不定期深入
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上傳時(shí)間:2024-03-15
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簡介:第一章第一章金融市場(chǎng)與金融工具金融市場(chǎng)與金融工具第一節(jié)第一節(jié)金融市場(chǎng)與金融工具概述金融市場(chǎng)與金融工具概述一、金融市場(chǎng)的涵義與構(gòu)成要素一金融市場(chǎng)涵義金融市場(chǎng)指有關(guān)主體,按照市場(chǎng)機(jī)制,從事貨幣資金融通、交易的場(chǎng)所或營運(yùn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。是由不同市場(chǎng)要素構(gòu)成的相互聯(lián)系、相互作用的有機(jī)整體,是各種金融交易及資金融通關(guān)系的總和。簡而言之,是資金融通的場(chǎng)所。二金融市場(chǎng)的構(gòu)成要素四個(gè)基本要素金融市場(chǎng)主體、金融市場(chǎng)客體、金融市場(chǎng)中介和金融市場(chǎng)價(jià)格1金融市場(chǎng)的主體市場(chǎng)上的參與者。資金供求雙方。主體具有決定性的意義。決定著金融工具的數(shù)量和種類,決定市場(chǎng)的規(guī)模和發(fā)展程度,市場(chǎng)的深度、廣度和彈性。1家庭家庭是金融市場(chǎng)上主要的資金供應(yīng)者。也需要資金,但需求數(shù)額一般較小。2企業(yè)企業(yè)是金融市場(chǎng)運(yùn)行的基礎(chǔ),是重要的資金需求者和供給者。對(duì)資金有需要也有供給。除此之外,企業(yè)還是金融衍生品市場(chǎng)上重要的套期保值主體。3政府在金融市場(chǎng)上,各國的中央政府和地方政府通常是資金的需求者。政府也會(huì)出現(xiàn)短期資金盈余,此時(shí),政府部門也會(huì)成為暫時(shí)的資金供應(yīng)者。4金融機(jī)構(gòu)金融機(jī)構(gòu)是金融市場(chǎng)上最活躍的交易者,分為存款性金融機(jī)構(gòu)和非存款性金融機(jī)構(gòu)。存款性金融機(jī)構(gòu)商業(yè)銀行、儲(chǔ)蓄機(jī)構(gòu)和信用合作社。非存款性金融機(jī)構(gòu)保險(xiǎn)公司、養(yǎng)老金、投資銀行、投資基金等。金融機(jī)構(gòu)在金融市場(chǎng)上扮演著資金需求者和資金供給者的雙重身份。5中央銀行中央銀行在金融市場(chǎng)上處于一種特殊的地位,既是金融市場(chǎng)中重要的交易主體,又是監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)之一。交易者是各金融機(jī)構(gòu)的最后貸款人,因此是資金的供給者而且在金融市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行公開市場(chǎng)操作調(diào)節(jié)貨幣供應(yīng)量既是供給者又是需求者。監(jiān)管者代表政府對(duì)金融市場(chǎng)上交易者進(jìn)行監(jiān)督,防范金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn),使金融市場(chǎng)平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行。2金融市場(chǎng)客體金融市場(chǎng)客體即金融工具,是指金融市場(chǎng)上的交易對(duì)象或交易標(biāo)的物。1金融工具的分類①按期限不同,金融工具可分為貨幣市場(chǎng)工具和資本市場(chǎng)工具。貨幣市場(chǎng)工具是期限在一年以內(nèi)的金融工具。資本市場(chǎng)工具是期限在一年以上的金融工具,包括股票、企業(yè)債券、國債等②按性質(zhì)不同,金融工具可分為債權(quán)憑證與所有權(quán)憑證。債權(quán)憑證是依法發(fā)行,約定一定期限內(nèi)還本付息的有價(jià)證券債權(quán)債務(wù)關(guān)系債券等。所有權(quán)憑證是股份公司發(fā)行,證明投資者股東身份和權(quán)益,并據(jù)以取得股息的有價(jià)證券所有權(quán)股票等國際金融市場(chǎng)三、金融市場(chǎng)的功能1資金積聚功能將眾多分散的小額資金匯聚為能供社會(huì)再生產(chǎn)使用的大額資金。2財(cái)富功能所謂財(cái)富功能是指金融市場(chǎng)為投資者提供了購買力的儲(chǔ)存工具。金融市場(chǎng)為投資者提供了具有儲(chǔ)蓄財(cái)富、保有資產(chǎn)和財(cái)富增值的金融產(chǎn)品。3風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分散功能金融市場(chǎng)為參與者提供了防范資產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和收入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的手段。4交易功能金融市場(chǎng)增加了金融產(chǎn)品流動(dòng)性、使交易更容易完成、降低交易成本等。5資源配置功能通過金融市場(chǎng)價(jià)格機(jī)制有效配置資源。6反映功能金融市場(chǎng)是社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的“晴雨表”7宏觀調(diào)控功能金融市場(chǎng)是政府調(diào)控宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的重要載體。財(cái)政與貨幣政策的實(shí)施均與金融市場(chǎng)緊密相連。第二節(jié)第二節(jié)傳統(tǒng)的金融市場(chǎng)及其工具傳統(tǒng)的金融市場(chǎng)及其工具傳統(tǒng)的金融市場(chǎng)主要包括貨幣市場(chǎng)、資本市場(chǎng)、外匯市場(chǎng)。一、貨幣市場(chǎng)貨幣市場(chǎng)是指以短期金融工具為媒介,交易期限在1年以內(nèi)的進(jìn)行資金融通與借貸的交易市場(chǎng),主要包括同業(yè)拆借市場(chǎng)、票據(jù)市場(chǎng)、回購協(xié)議市場(chǎng)、銀行承兌匯票市場(chǎng)、短期政府債券市場(chǎng)和大額可轉(zhuǎn)讓定期存單市場(chǎng)等。貨幣市場(chǎng)中交易的金融工具一般都具有期限短、流動(dòng)性高、對(duì)利率敏感等特點(diǎn),具有“準(zhǔn)貨幣”特性。一同業(yè)拆借市場(chǎng)同業(yè)拆借市場(chǎng)的特點(diǎn)1期限短。同業(yè)拆借市場(chǎng)的期限最長不得超過1年。其中,以隔夜頭寸拆借為主。2參與者廣泛。商業(yè)銀行、非銀行金融機(jī)構(gòu)和中介機(jī)構(gòu)都是主要參與者。3交易對(duì)象在拆借市場(chǎng)交易的主要是金融機(jī)構(gòu)存放在中央銀行賬戶上的超額準(zhǔn)備金。4信用拆借。同業(yè)拆借市場(chǎng)基本上都是信用拆借。功能①調(diào)劑金融機(jī)構(gòu)資金,提高資金使用效率②同業(yè)拆借是央行實(shí)施貨幣政策,進(jìn)行宏觀調(diào)控的重要載體。二回購協(xié)議市場(chǎng)回購協(xié)議市場(chǎng)是指通過證券回購協(xié)議進(jìn)行短期貨幣資金借貸所形成的市場(chǎng)。證券回購協(xié)議是指證券資產(chǎn)的賣方在賣出一定數(shù)量的證券資產(chǎn)的同時(shí)與買方簽訂的在未來某一特定日期按照約定的價(jià)格購回所賣證券資產(chǎn)的協(xié)議。實(shí)際上它是一筆以證券為質(zhì)押品而進(jìn)行的短期資金融通。證券的賣方以一定數(shù)量的證券為質(zhì)押品進(jìn)行短期借款,條件是在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)再購回證券,且購回價(jià)格高于賣出價(jià)格,兩者的差額即為借款的利息。
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上傳時(shí)間:2024-03-16
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簡介:內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)金融運(yùn)行報(bào)告內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)金融運(yùn)行報(bào)告20212021內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)金融運(yùn)行報(bào)告(2021)中國人民銀行呼和浩特中心支行貨幣政策分析小組內(nèi)容摘要2021年,內(nèi)蒙古各地、各部門認(rèn)真貫徹落實(shí)、國務(wù)院和自治區(qū)黨委政府重大決策部署,堅(jiān)持穩(wěn)中求進(jìn)工作總基調(diào),加快推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)戰(zhàn)略性調(diào)整,經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行動(dòng)力在轉(zhuǎn)換中增強(qiáng),質(zhì)量在轉(zhuǎn)型中提升,實(shí)現(xiàn)了平穩(wěn)健康發(fā)展。全年地區(qū)生產(chǎn)總值同比增長4,低于全國平均增速29個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。具體看一是經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行主要先行指標(biāo)持續(xù)好轉(zhuǎn)。用電量、公路貨運(yùn)量、鐵路貨運(yùn)量三項(xiàng)先行指標(biāo)分別增長110、129、145。二是有效需求相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行,城鄉(xiāng)居民人均可支配收入分別增長82和84,快于經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度。全年投資呈現(xiàn)負(fù)增長態(tài)勢(shì),同比下降70,投資結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化,新興產(chǎn)業(yè)投資增速加快,信息傳輸、軟件和技術(shù)服務(wù)業(yè)、科學(xué)研究和技術(shù)服務(wù)業(yè)同比分別增長507和196,房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)投資同比下降215。對(duì)外貿(mào)易保持較快增長,貨物進(jìn)出口總額9424億元,同比增長228。三是經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化。三次產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整為102398500,第三產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展,占比提高75個(gè)百分點(diǎn),成為保持經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行在合理區(qū)間的重要支貨幣政策,切實(shí)維護(hù)金融穩(wěn)定,引導(dǎo)金融機(jī)構(gòu)優(yōu)化金融資源配置,有效提高金融服務(wù)實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)的質(zhì)量和效率,全年貨幣信貸和地區(qū)融資規(guī)模保持合理增長,較好的支持了自治區(qū)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革和經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展。一是地區(qū)融資規(guī)模穩(wěn)定增長。全年地區(qū)融資規(guī)模新增21042億元,比上年同期少34億元。信貸融資為支撐融資規(guī)模增長主要?jiǎng)恿?,表外融資、直接融資小幅下降。二是存款增速明顯放緩。2021年末,全區(qū)本外幣各項(xiàng)存款余額230927億元,同比增長87,較年初增加18471億元,同比少增12264億元。三是重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域貸款平穩(wěn)增長。2021年末,全區(qū)本外幣各項(xiàng)貸款余額215663億元,同比增長108,較年初增加21079億元,同比少增863億元。先進(jìn)制造業(yè)、戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)、現(xiàn)代服務(wù)業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和民生領(lǐng)域的信貸投入進(jìn)一步加大,產(chǎn)能過剩行業(yè)貸款增速放緩。四是金融精準(zhǔn)扶貧取得實(shí)效。結(jié)合農(nóng)村信用體系建設(shè)探索金融扶貧新模式,全區(qū)金融扶貧貸款增速高于各項(xiàng)貸款增速平均水平182個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。五是扎實(shí)開展“兩權(quán)”抵押貸款試點(diǎn)。2021年末,全區(qū)“兩權(quán)”抵押貸款余額285億元,較年初增加125億元,承包土地經(jīng)營權(quán)貸款余額居全國前列。六是跨境人民幣業(yè)務(wù)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展。人民幣對(duì)蒙古圖格里克銀行間市場(chǎng)區(qū)域交易順利落地,中俄、中蒙金融合作進(jìn)一步深化。七是地區(qū)金融生態(tài)環(huán)境進(jìn)
下載積分: 6 賞幣
上傳時(shí)間:2024-03-16
頁數(shù): 7
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簡介:EXPERIENCEFINANCIALCRISESTHEDESIRETOELIMINATETHESECRISESLEDMANYGOVERNMENTSTOINTERVENEINASIGNIFICANTWAYINTHEFINANCIALSYSTEMCENTRALBANKSORSOMEOTHERREGULATORYAUTHORITYARECHARGEDWITHREGULATINGTHEBANKINGSYSTEMANDOTHERINTERMEDIARIES,SUCHASINSURANCECOMPANIESSOINMOSTCOUNTRIESGOVERNMENTSPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEOPERATIONOFFINANCIALSYSTEMSTHISINTERVENTIONMEANSTHATTHEPOLITICALSYSTEM,WHICHDETERMINESTHEGOVERNMENTANDITSPOLICIES,ISALSORELEVANTFORTHEFINANCIALSYSTEMTHEREARESOMEHISTORICALINSTANCESWHEREFINANCIALMARKETSANDINSTITUTIONSHAVEOPERATEDINTHEABSENCEOFAWELLDEFINEDLEGALSYSTEM,RELYINGINSTEADONREPUTATIONANDOTHERIMPLICITMECHANISMSHOWEVER,INMOSTFINANCIALSYSTEMSTHELAWPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEITDETERMINESWHATKINDSOFCONTRACTSAREFEASIBLE,WHATKINDSOFGOVERNANCEMECHANISMSCANBEUSEDFORCORPORATIONS,THERESTRICTIONSTHATCANBEPLACEDONSECURITIESANDSOFORTHHENCE,THELEGALSYSTEMISANIMPORTANTCOMPONENTOFAFINANCIALSYSTEMAFINANCIALSYSTEMISMUCHMORETHANALLOFTHIS,HOWEVERANIMPORTANTPREREQUISITEOFTHEABILITYTOWRITECONTRACTSANDENFORCERIGHTSOFVARIOUSKINDSISASYSTEMOFACCOUNTINGINADDITIONTOALLOWINGCONTRACTSTOBEWRITTEN,ANACCOUNTINGSYSTEMALLOWSINVESTORSTOVALUEACOMPANYMOREEASILYANDTOASSESSHOWMUCHITWOULDBEPRUDENTTOLENDTOITACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONISONLYONETYPEOFINFORMATIONALBEITTHEMOSTIMPORTANTREQUIREDBYFINANCIALSYSTEMSTHEINCENTIVESTOGENERATEANDDISSEMINATEINFORMATIONARECRUCIALFEATURESOFAFINANCIALSYSTEMWITHOUTSIGNIFICANTAMOUNTSOFHUMANCAPITALITWILLNOTBEPOSSIBLEFORANYOFTHESECOMPONENTSOFAFINANCIALSYSTEMTOOPERATEEFFECTIVELYWELLTRAINEDLAWYERS,ACCOUNTANTSANDFINANCIALPROFESSIONALSSUCHASBANKERSARECRUCIALFORANEFFECTIVEFINANCIALSYSTEM,ASTHEEXPERIENCEOFEASTERNEUROPEDEMONSTRATESTHELITERATUREONCOMPARATIVEFINANCIALSYSTEMSISATANEARLYSTAGEOURSURVEYBUILDSONPREVIOUSOVERVIEWSBYALLEN1993,ALLENANDGALE1995ANDTHAKOR1996THESEOVERVIEWSHAVEFOCUSEDONTWOSETSOFISSUES1NORMATIVEHOWEFFECTIVEAREDIFFERENTTYPESOFFINANCIALSYSTEMATVARIOUSFUNCTIONS2POSITIVEWHATDRIVESTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHEFINANCIALSYSTEMTHEFIRSTSETOFISSUESISCONSIDEREDINSECTIONS26,WHICHFOCUSONISSUESOFINVESTMENTANDSAVING,GROWTH,RISKSHARING,INFORMATIONPROVISIONANDCORPORATEGOVERNANCE,RESPECTIVELYSECTION7CONSIDERSTHEINFLUENCEOFLAWANDPOLITICSONTHEFINANCIALSYSTEMWHILESECTION8LOOKSATTHEROLEFINANCIALCRISESHAVEHADINSHAPINGTHEFINANCIALSYSTEMSECTION9CONTAINSCONCLUDINGREMARKS2INVESTMENTANDSAVINGONEOFTHEPRIMARYPURPOSESOFTHEFINANCIALSYSTEMISTOALLOWSAVINGSTOBEINVESTEDINFIRMSINASERIESOFIMPORTANTPAPERS,MAYER1988,1990DOCUMENTSHOWFIRMSOBTAINEDFUNDSANDFINANCEDINVESTMENTINANUMBEROFDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESTABLE2SHOWSTHERESULTSFROMTHEMOSTRECENTSETOFSTUDIES,BASEDONDATAFROM19701989,USINGMAYER’SMETHODOLOGYTHEFIGURESUSEDATAOBTAINEDFROMSOURCESANDUSESOFFUNDSSTATEMENTSFORFRANCE,THEDATAAREFROMBERTERO1994,WHILEFORTHEUS,UK,JAPANANDGERMANYTHEYAREFROMCORBETTANDJENKINSON1996ITCANBESEENTHATINTERNALFINANCEISBYFARTHEMOSTIMPORTANTSOURCEOFFUNDSINALLCOUNTRIESBANKFINANCEIS
下載積分: 10 賞幣
上傳時(shí)間:2024-03-11
頁數(shù): 11
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簡介:CRISIS,CONTAGIONANDBAILOUTSWHATSNEXTFORTHEEUROPEANUNIONEUROPEANFINANCIALOFFICIALSFINALLYGOTOUTINFRONTOFSWIFTMOVINGMARKETDEVELOPMENTSONMAY10THBYLAUNCHINGAHUGE960BILLION750BILLIONEUROFINANCIALSTABILIZATIONPLANEXCEEDINGMOSTEXPECTATIONSTOBAILOUTGREECEANDENSURETHEVIABILITYOFTHEEUROPEANMONETARYUNION,ATLEASTFORNOWSOMEOBSERVERSSAYTHEMOVEPREVENTEDAPOTENTIALFINANCIALMELTDOWNINWHICHCONCERNSOVERSOVEREIGNDEBTDEFAULTSWOULDHAVESWIFTLYLEDTOLARGESCALEBANKRUNSINSOMEEUROPEANCOUNTRIESMANYEXPERTSTHISWEEKEXPECTEDTHEPACKAGETOCONTINUETOCALMMARKETSATLEASTTEMPORARILYBYGUARANTEEINGMOSTSOVEREIGNANDSOMEPRIVATEDEBTINGREECEORBYPROVIDINGCREDITFOROTHERTROUBLEDMEMBERECONOMIESINTHEFUTURE,INCLUDINGPORTUGAL,SPAINANDIRELANDTHEBAILOUTWHICHALSOINCLUDESSOMEBILATERALLOANAGREEMENTS,USFUNDSANDDOLLARSWAPAGREEMENTSTHROUGHTHEFEDERALRESERVEHADTHEIMMEDIATEEFFECTOFSWEEPINGAWAYFEARSOFAPOSSIBLECOLLAPSEOFTHEEUROZONESFINANCIALSYSTEMSUCHANOUTCOMEWOULDHAVESETOFFANEWROUNDOFRECESSIONINEUROPEANDMIGHTHAVEDRAGGEDTHEWORLDFINANCIALSYSTEMBACKTOTHEDEPTHSREACHED12TO18MONTHSAGOORWORSESOMECRITICSSTILLVIEWTHEOVERALLSTABILIZATIONPACKAGE,WHICHLEFTMANYDETAILSVAGUE,ASASHORTTERMFIXTHATULTIMATELYWILLFAILTOADDRESSDEEPPUBLICANDPRIVATEDEBTLEVELS,PRESSINGFISCALDEFICITSANDPERSISTENTINTERNALANDEXTERNALTRADEIMBALANCESONEEXPLANATIONFORWHYEUROPESFINANCIALAUTHORITIESDIDNOTACTSOONERTOAVERTPOTENTIALDISASTERTHELEADINGPLAYERINANYSTABILIZATIONMEASUREISGERMANY,BECAUSEOFTHESIZEANDSTRENGTHOFITSECONOMYBUTGERMANYWASCAUGHTUPINREGIONALELECTIONSINNORTHRHINEWESTPHALIATHATWERECRITICALTOTHEFUTUREOFANGELAPOLITICALSOTHISISNOTJUSTABOUTECONOMICSITISALSOABOUTPOLITICSCRITERIAHAVINGTODOWITHBUDGETDEFICITSANDHAVINGTODOWITHTHEWAYINWHICHYOUAREMAKINGSUREYOURCOUNTRYCANREMAINCOMPETITIVEAFTERYOUHAVEESSENTIALLYGIVENAWAYAVERYIMPORTANTPOLICYOPTIONINYOURTOOLKIT,WHICHISTODEVALUEYOURCURRENCYINOTHERWORDS,YOUARESURRENDERINGYOURSOVEREIGNTYINTERMSOFYOURCURRENCY,WHICHMEANSTHATWHENYOUAREINHARDTIMES,YOUCANNOTDEVALUEINORDERTOBECOMEMORECOMPETITIVEBUTATTHESAMETIME,THEARCHITECTSOFTHISMONETARYUNION10YEARSAGODIDNTTHINKABOUTWHATSHOULDBEDONEINCASEONEORMORECOUNTRIESACTUALLYGETINTOTROUBLETHEYDIDNTTHINKABOUTWHATKINDSOFINSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTANDDECISIONMAKINGPROCEDURESHOULDBEINPLACETOTACKLEACRISISTHATUNFORTUNATELYASALWAYSHAPPENSWITHTHESESOVEREIGNDEBTCRISESHASBUILTUPOVERAVERY,VERYLONGPERIODOFTIMEBUTTHECRISESUNFOLDVERYQUICKLYSOTHEROOTSOFTHESITUATIONARETOBEFOUNDINTHELASTFIVEYEARSOR10YEARSANDPROBABLYTHELAST15YEARS,SINCEGREECE,PORTUGAL,SPAINANDSOONBECAMEMEMBERSOFTHEEUROPEANUNIONINTHEMID1980SBUTTHEUNFOLDINGOFTHECRISISACTUALLYHASTAKENPLACEOVERJUSTAPERIODOFTWOMONTHSORTHREEMONTHSAND,THEREFORE,IFYOUDIDNTPLAN,ESPECIALLYINSTITUTIONALLY,FORTHESITUATIONTHENTHEREISNOWAYINREALTIMETHATYOUCANACTUALLYPUTINPLACETHEMECHANISMSTOCOPEWITHTHESITUATIONSAIKATSAIKATCHAUDHURICHAUDHURITHELATESTECONOMICCRISISSHOWSITSTIMETOCREATETHERIGHTINSTITUTIONSANDMECHANISMSFORDEALINGWITHTHEKINDSOFFINANCIALCRISESSEENINEUROPELASTWEEKWILLWESEEMORECRISESITHINKTHATINAGLOBALECONOMICSYSTEMWEWILLSEEMORECRISESTHATSJUSTTHENATUREOFITITHINKITISAGOODTIMETOSTARTTHINKINGABOUTTHERIGHTINSTITUTIONSANDMECHANISMSATTHOSELEVELS,WHICHCANRESPONDTOTHESETYPESOFCRISESINANEFFECTIVEFASHIONANDTHATSBEENTHELESSONFROMTHEGLOBALFINANCIALCRISISITHINKTHATSTHELESSONFROMTHEGREECEPACKAGEITHINKTHATKNOWLEDGEREACHEDACERTAINLEVELINEUROPEANDTHATWEWILLSEEASTRONGRESPONSECOMINGFROMEUROPE,FROMGERMANY,FRANCEANDOTHERCOUNTRIESTHEYCANT
下載積分: 10 賞幣
上傳時(shí)間:2024-03-16
頁數(shù): 20
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簡介:CHAPTER4PREDICTINGANDMANAGINGSUPPLYCHAINRISKS1中文2930字CHAPTER4PREDICTINGANDMANAGINGSUPPLYCHAINRISKSSAMIRDANIWOLFSONSCHOOLOFMECHANICALANDMANUFACTURING,LOUGHBOROUGHUNIVERSITY,LOUGHBOROUGH,LEICESTERSHIRE,LE113TU,UK43RISKSINTHESUPPLYCHAININTODAY’SBUSINESSWORLDASUPPLYCHAINMAYBESTRETCHEDOUTACROSSTHEGLOBEINORDERTOPROVIDETHECUSTOMERWITHTHEPRODUCTATTHELOWESTCOSTANDHIGHESTQUALITYTHESUPPLYCHAINSARETHUSEXPOSEDTOAWHOLENEWSETOFFACTORS,WHICHCANCREATECHAOSANDDISRUPTIONLOCALPOLITICALTURMOIL,THEEVERINCREASINGCOMPLEXITYANDUNCERTAINTYOFWEATHERCONDITIONS,TERRORISM,COUNTERFEITING,ANDAPLETHORAOFOTHERSUCHISSUESCREATEEXTERNALRISKSINTHESUPPLYCHAINBUTTHISDOESNOTMEANTHATTHESUPPLYCHAINISDEVOIDOFANYRISKSINTERNALLYSUPPLIERISSUES,STRIKES,QUALITYPROBLEMS,ANDLOGISTICSISSUESAREMOREINTERNALOPERATIONALRISKS,WHICHNEEDADIFFERENTLEVELOFMITIGATIONZSIDISIN2003SUGGESTEDTHATRISKINASUPPLYCHAINCONTEXTCANBEDEFINEDASTHEPOTENTIALOCCURRENCEOFANINCIDENCEASSOCIATEDWITHINBOUNDSUPPLYINWHICHTHERESULTISTHEINABILITYOFTHEPURCHASINGORGANIZATIONTOMEETCUSTOMERDEMANDCHRISTOPHERANDPECK2003,TAKINGINSPIRATIONFROMMASONJONESANDTOWILL1998,HAVECATEGORISEDSUPPLYCHAINRISKINTOFIVECATEGORIES1INTERNALTOTHEFIRMPROCESS,CONTROL2EXTERNALTOTHEFIRMBUTINTERNALTOTHESUPPLYNETWORKDEMAND,SUPPLY3EXTERNALTOTHENETWORKENVIRONMENTALPECK2005,2006SUGGESTSTHATTHESOURCESANDDRIVERSOFSUPPLYCHAINRISKOPERATEATSEVERALDIFFERENTLEVELSTHESEAREINTRICATELYLINKEDASELEMENTSOFASYSTEM,ANDAREDESCRIBEDWITHINFOURDISCRETELEVELSOFANALYSIS1LEVEL1–VALUESTREAM/PRODUCTORPROCESS2LEVEL2–ASSETSANDINFRASTRUCTUREDEPENDENCIES3LEVEL3–ORGANISATIONSANDINTERORGANISATIONALNETWORKS4LEVEL4–THEENVIRONMENTEACHLEVELREFLECTSQUITEDIFFERENTPERSPECTIVESBUTTOGETHERTHESELEVELSCOVERELEMENTSOFASUPPLYCHAINANDTHEENVIRONMENTWITHINWHICHTHEYAREEMBEDDEDPECK2005THISHASALSOBEENSUGGESTEDBYFAISALETAL2006THATRISKSOURCESARETHEENVIRONMENTAL,ORGANIZATIONALORSUPPLYCHAINRELATEDVARIABLESTHATCANNOTBEPREDICTEDWITHCERTAINTYANDTHATAFFECTTHESUPPLYCHAINOUTCOMEVARIABLESSPEKMANANDDAVIS2004SUGGESTEDDIMENSIONSFORUNDERSTANDINGSUPPLYCHAINRISKSINCORPORATING1PHYSICALMOVEMENTOFGOODS2FLOWOFINFORMATION3FLOWOFMONEY4SECURITYOFTHEFIRM’SINTERNALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSCHAPTER4PREDICTINGANDMANAGINGSUPPLYCHAINRISKS31CARRYINGBUFFERSTOCKANDIMPROVINGINVENTORYMANAGEMENT2USINGALTERNATIVESOURCESOFSUPPLY3USEOFCONTRACTSTOMANAGEPRICEFLUCTUATIONSAND4QUALITYINITIATIVESTHESESUGGESTIONSREINFORCERESEARCHCONDUCTEDBYSMELTZERANDSIFERD1998WHOCONCLUDEDTHATRISKSASSOCIATEDWITHPOORSELECTIONOFSUPPLIERSCANBEREDUCEDBYDEVELOPINGQUALITYCERTIFICATIONPROGRAMSANDAUDITINGTHESUPPLIERSTOASSURETHATTHEYMEETTHEREQUIREDSTANDARDSLEEANDWHANG2003DEVELOPEDAMODELTOSHOWHOWFIRMSCANREDUCEINVENTORYDUETOLESSINSPECTIONTIMEANOTHERASPECTOFTHERESEARCHCONDUCTEDAROUNDMINIMISINGSUPPLIERRELATEDRISKISCONCERNEDWITHTHENUMBEROFSUPPLIERSBOTHSHEFFI2001ANDKLEINDORFERANDSAAD2005SUGGESTEDTHEUSEOFMULTIPLESUPPLIERSASAWAYTOREDUCECERTAINSUPPLYCHAINRISKSSINCETHEBEGINNINGOFTHECURRENTCENTURY,COMPANIESAREINCREASINGLYRECOGNISINGTHEIMPORTANCEOFRISKASSESSMENTPROGRAMSANDAREUSINGDIFFERENTMETHODS,RANGINGFROMFORMALQUANTITATIVEMODELSTOINFORMALQUALITATIVEPLANS,TOASSESSSUPPLYCHAINRISKSSOMEOFTHEENABLERSFORBETTERSUPPLYCHAINRISKMANAGEMENTINCLUDELEAN,SIXSIGMAANDAGILEPHILOSOPHIESCHRISTOPHERANDRUTHERFORD2004CHAPELLANDPECK2005EVENTMANAGEMENTSOFTWAREMALYKHINA2005ANDRADIOFREQUENCYIDENTIFICATIONRFIDNIEMEYERETAL2003THESEPROVIDEBETTERVISIBILITY,VELOCITYANDMOREEFFECTIVEPROCESSCONTROLCHRISTOPHERANDLEE2001ACCORDINGTONORRMANANDJANSSON2004,THESTAGESOFTHERISKMANAGEMENTPROCESSCANVARYFROMRISKIDENTIFICATION/ANALYSISORESTIMATIONVIARISKASSESSMENTOREVALUATIONTODIFFERENTWAYSOFRISKMANAGEMENTJUTTNERETAL2003SUGGESTTHATSUPPLYCHAINRISKMANAGEMENTISTHEPROCESSOFIDENTIFYINGANDMANAGINGRISKSINTHESUPPLYCHAINTHROUGHACOORDINATEDAPPROACHAMONGSTSUPPLYCHAINMEMBERSINORDERTOACHIEVETHESUPPLYCHAINOBJECTIVESRESEARCHERSHAVECONSIDEREDSUPPLYCHAINRISKMANAGEMENTFROMVARIOUSPERSPECTIVESGAUDENZIANDBORGHESI2006FINANCIALANDCORPORATEGOVERNANCEPERSPECTIVEMEULBROEK2002,PERSPECTIVEOFBUSINESSCONTINUITYANDCRISISMANAGEMENTADAMSETAL2002,THEABILITYTOREACTQUICKLYTOENSURECONTINUITYVANHOEK2003ROWBOTTOM2004,REPUTATIONMANAGEMENTPERSPECTIVEO’ROURKE2004,PERSPECTIVEORIENTEDTOWARDSTHEGOALOFRELIABILITYMOORE2002,ANDTHEACHIEVEMENTOFTHEBESTTRADEOFFBETWEENQUALITYCONTROLSTHROUGHINSPECTIONSANDPROCESSSELFCONTROLSVENSSON2002,OFTENUTILISINGTHESIXSIGMAAPPROACHANDTOOLSECKES2001SOMEOTHERAPPROACHESTOSUPPLYCHAINRISKMANAGEMENTINVOLVEMANAGINGRISKSAFFECTINGSPECIFICSUPPLYCHAINLEVELSCAVINATO2004,SYSTEMSINSIDEANDOUTSIDETHECHAIN,SUCHASTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMFINCH2004,SPECIFICPROJECTSHALMANANDKEIZER1994WITHANAIMTOIDENTIFYANDMANAGERISKSTHATTHREATENTHEPROJECT’SSUCCESSRAMGOPAL2003ANDCAUSESOFPROJECTFAILURESPEKMANANDDAVIS2004
下載積分: 10 賞幣
上傳時(shí)間:2024-03-16
頁數(shù): 9
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簡介:財(cái)政局暑期實(shí)踐報(bào)告財(cái)政局暑期實(shí)踐報(bào)告前言也許在一些人眼里上了大學(xué)就意味著今后會(huì)有很好的發(fā)展,實(shí)事并不是這樣的,大學(xué)僅僅是我們生后中最簡單的部分,最難得還是社會(huì)大學(xué)。有人說大學(xué)就是一個(gè)小社會(huì)。同樣,社會(huì)也可以說是一個(gè)很大的大學(xué)。在社會(huì)這個(gè)大學(xué)里,有很多在現(xiàn)在我們所上的大學(xué)里學(xué)不到的東西,比如與人交往、為人處事以及遇到困難如何克服等等。在我看來,在大學(xué)里的生活是比較安逸的,雖然在大學(xué)里我們也會(huì)面臨著考試、擇業(yè)等一系列問題,但是當(dāng)我們走向社會(huì)面臨這個(gè)方面的壓力時(shí),在學(xué)校里所經(jīng)歷的這些困難都算不上是什么困難了?,F(xiàn)在的社會(huì)實(shí)踐是為畢業(yè)后步入社會(huì)找工作奠定基礎(chǔ),所以,暑期社會(huì)實(shí)踐對(duì)于我們今后的為人處事,學(xué)習(xí)生活以及就業(yè)發(fā)展具有十分積極的作用。我實(shí)踐所在的單位財(cái)政局,是區(qū)政府的重要工作部門,正科級(jí)建制。區(qū)財(cái)政局主要職責(zé)是主管全區(qū)財(cái)政收支、財(cái)稅政策及國有資產(chǎn)宏觀調(diào)控。機(jī)關(guān)內(nèi)設(shè)股室12個(gè)辦公室、行政政法股、預(yù)算股、國庫股、公共支出股、經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)股、農(nóng)業(yè)股、企業(yè)股、社會(huì)保障股、會(huì)計(jì)股、教科文股。二級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)9個(gè),國庫支付中心、農(nóng)業(yè)綜合開發(fā)辦公室、農(nóng)村財(cái)政管理局、非稅收入管理局、政府采購中心、國有資產(chǎn)開發(fā)公司、會(huì)計(jì)服務(wù)中心、財(cái)政監(jiān)督辦公室、資管中心。在財(cái)政局實(shí)習(xí)期間,我學(xué)了好多以前在學(xué)校里面學(xué)不到的東西,財(cái)政局是該區(qū)一切政府機(jī)關(guān)行政企事業(yè)單位的主要財(cái)政收支預(yù)算核算機(jī)構(gòu),主要業(yè)務(wù)包括貫徹執(zhí)行黨和國家財(cái)政工作的方針、政策,編制全市財(cái)政規(guī)劃和財(cái)政收支預(yù)\決算,籌集、調(diào)撥和治理資金,監(jiān)督和指導(dǎo)個(gè)部分的財(cái)務(wù)活動(dòng)。具體說來有,為中小學(xué)校學(xué)費(fèi)\職工工資預(yù)算核算、各類費(fèi)用支出審批、核算及調(diào)撥款項(xiàng),全市機(jī)關(guān)企事業(yè)單位工資核算預(yù)算工作、職工福利保障級(jí)單位運(yùn)作中需要的支出預(yù)算核算工作,是征稅收入上報(bào)上繳資金調(diào)動(dòng)等工作。根據(jù)以上的基本工作內(nèi)容,可以了解在工作中容不得半點(diǎn)馬虎和松懈怠慢,不然會(huì)影響整個(gè)工作的程序、秩序和進(jìn)程,作起來會(huì)很困難麻煩。上班之前,我對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)的感覺是即新鮮又緊張。新鮮的是能夠接觸很多在學(xué)??床坏降臇|西,緊張的則是萬一習(xí),工作人員離崗前部分資料交接工作,各類票據(jù)的開具學(xué)習(xí),計(jì)算機(jī)的簡單維護(hù)等等。在工作的過程中一方面讓自身的知識(shí)得到了深化理解和運(yùn)用,提高了動(dòng)手實(shí)踐的意識(shí)和能力,同時(shí)也從實(shí)踐中增長了書本外的知識(shí)和技能,也得到也一些新的啟示和收獲。實(shí)際工作過程中,改變了我重理論輕實(shí)踐的態(tài)度和想法,這也是當(dāng)代大學(xué)生的通病,理論知識(shí)較為豐富,實(shí)踐能力明顯不強(qiáng)。特別是在票據(jù)的開具中,票據(jù)的各類事項(xiàng)如何填寫,書寫的規(guī)范,密碼器的使用和密碼的填寫等等,看似簡單但仍對(duì)我自身的知識(shí)運(yùn)用進(jìn)行了全面的檢測(cè),受益匪淺。在資料的處理上,有程序,有步驟,細(xì)節(jié)精確處理,小技巧的運(yùn)用,尤其在課程設(shè)計(jì)中沒有涉及到的原始憑證的處理,讓我對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)工作有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)。在會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)踐提高的情況下,我對(duì)財(cái)政財(cái)務(wù)工作通過與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的交流也有了進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識(shí),在編制預(yù)算內(nèi)預(yù)算外預(yù)算時(shí),注意參照上年決算以及年度報(bào)表,估算財(cái)政收入,預(yù)計(jì)政府開支以及全鎮(zhèn)個(gè)方面共投入,作好合理預(yù)留估計(jì),彈性適度。決算工作精確及時(shí),并作出適當(dāng)?shù)姆治?,為來年預(yù)算做好基礎(chǔ),在收入和投資決策上,尤其是工業(yè)園區(qū)和綠色通道項(xiàng)目上資金流量巨大,更是工作的重中之重。經(jīng)過這次社會(huì)實(shí)踐,在財(cái)政局的實(shí)習(xí),在各方面知識(shí)和能力都有了提高,特別思想意識(shí)上有了提高,工作態(tài)度上有了改觀,為今后的參加社會(huì)工作做好了一些必要的準(zhǔn)備。
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簡介:C1附件C全球金融危機(jī)下的中國房地產(chǎn)摘要從2007年的次貸危機(jī)以來,中國經(jīng)濟(jì)跌入一個(gè)失望的賽季,其房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)已經(jīng)顯示出一個(gè)令人沮喪的情況。為了擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需,宣布了十件計(jì)劃,政府在2008年11月11日。它提出了重組的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策,并在同一時(shí)間,房地產(chǎn)政策只是在核心位置,這是整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)的主導(dǎo)。在本文中,僅僅是對(duì)金融危機(jī)的根源分析,然后將它顯示了房地產(chǎn)的運(yùn)作和發(fā)展在中國市場(chǎng)。通過描述目前的情況,提出了相應(yīng)的政策,以防止房地產(chǎn)泡沫和一些其他可能出現(xiàn)的金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這可能使房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)保持了持續(xù),快速,健康的發(fā)展。關(guān)鍵詞金融危機(jī)影響,全國房地產(chǎn)開發(fā),房地產(chǎn)金融,發(fā)展模式。1簡介2007年8月,美國次貸危機(jī)的爆發(fā),美國道瓊斯和納斯達(dá)克指數(shù)大幅下挫,這也造成強(qiáng)大的全球股市的動(dòng)蕩。這場(chǎng)危機(jī)不僅給了美國經(jīng)濟(jì)沉重的打擊,也迅速蔓延到歐洲和亞洲金融市場(chǎng),在世界上引起“蝴蝶效應(yīng)”?,F(xiàn)在還在繼續(xù),在此情況下,我們必須從美國次貸危機(jī)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn),以確保穩(wěn)定全國房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展。2金融危機(jī)的根源可以看出,高的房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格水平,龐大的個(gè)人住房按揭,貸款和高利率的基礎(chǔ)上流動(dòng)性過剩是導(dǎo)致美國的這次金融危機(jī)的主要原因。雖然它源于房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)和住房抵押貸款,但是貸款市場(chǎng)的危機(jī)已經(jīng)蔓延到股市通過債券市場(chǎng),對(duì)美國經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生了影響,甚至對(duì)全球的金融體系造成了沖擊在美國的實(shí)際情況下,擴(kuò)張的次級(jí)抵押貸款必然導(dǎo)致金融危機(jī)的發(fā)生。由于聯(lián)邦政府持續(xù)下調(diào)長期儲(chǔ)蓄的利率儲(chǔ)備委員會(huì)在1998至2008年,如表1所示,金融機(jī)構(gòu)緩解了房地產(chǎn)抵押貸款,如零元的首付款和銀行完全融資。以這種方式,總抵押貸款范圍擴(kuò)大,并次級(jí)抵押貸款的金額也有所增加。不良信用貸款成為越來越多。從數(shù)量看,次貸流通1995年,是17811億美元,占整個(gè)貸款市場(chǎng)份額的56%。而到2006年,流通達(dá)到447963億美元,占整體市場(chǎng)和1995年相比增加了25倍從2004年到2006年期間,它保持了3年20%的增長率。表11998至2008年在美國的平均貸款利率C32008年以來,中國房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)又進(jìn)入一個(gè)調(diào)整期的增長速度,在不斷下降。在2007年前十個(gè)月,大部分全國房地產(chǎn)的發(fā)展指標(biāo),如總投資,商品房投資,在建面積和竣工面積均保持了增長的趨勢(shì)。直到2007年11月,他們達(dá)到了最高點(diǎn),而受金融危機(jī)的影響,下降趨勢(shì)越來越更明顯。正如我們所知道的,房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)景氣指數(shù)顯示的是房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)是否繁榮。根據(jù)國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局所提供的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字2008年10月,下跌147點(diǎn),景氣指數(shù)為99689月下跌606點(diǎn),同樣在2007年期間。這是第一次在這三年里進(jìn)入不景氣區(qū)間。直到2008年11月,房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)景氣指數(shù)是9846,下跌122點(diǎn),和九月相比下降813點(diǎn),同樣在2007年期間。不幸的是,它已經(jīng)下降到964612月,它提出,中國的房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)調(diào)整期。32房地產(chǎn)銷售隨著雷曼兄弟破產(chǎn)等一系列事件2008年九月在美國發(fā)生了次貸危機(jī),進(jìn)一步深化成金融危機(jī),并迅速蔓延到全球。國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)不容樂觀,消費(fèi)者的期望和信心已受到嚴(yán)重影響,越來越多的人對(duì)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)持觀望態(tài)度商品房成交量大幅縮水。價(jià)格從國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,從2008年到2009年首兩個(gè)月,在中國的70個(gè)城市房價(jià)上升的城市不斷減少,到12月份總體房價(jià)相比去年下降。正如圖1中所示,在2008年的每月增加113%,109%,107%,101%,92%,82%,70%,為53%,35%,16%,02%及04%。直到2009年1月,它是09%,相比,2008年12月下降05個(gè)百分點(diǎn),而二月增長率為12%,其中相比一月又下降03個(gè)百分點(diǎn)來組國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局圖12008年中國70個(gè)大中城市住房價(jià)格每月的增長率從銷售面積和銷售額統(tǒng)計(jì),2008年的商品房銷售面積為62億平方米,和2007年相比下降了197
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簡介:中文中文49304930字XXX科技學(xué)院學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文譯文院(系)經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院專業(yè)班級(jí)會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)本科XXX級(jí)學(xué)生姓名XXX學(xué)號(hào)XXX2由于作者之一以前在這一領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)做過一些研究,因此用于計(jì)算稅制改革成效的數(shù)據(jù)很容易得到。第二,保加利亞是24個(gè)前過渡經(jīng)濟(jì)體之一,且尚未就工資稅系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行本質(zhì)上的改革。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),如果將工資稅調(diào)低753,即從313降至238,那么改革就將創(chuàng)造或保留13萬工作崗位,同時(shí)使GDP每年增長05。如果同時(shí)考慮到靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)影響,那么改革的成本是GDP的063。這一數(shù)額是2009年預(yù)計(jì)預(yù)算盈余的六分之一。稅制改革將會(huì)鼓勵(lì)雇主在金融危機(jī)中保留更多的工人(稅制改革作為一項(xiàng)就業(yè)政策的職能)。他也使消費(fèi)者擁有更多的資金,從而總體上促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)。稅制改革將會(huì)帶來三個(gè)方面的好處首先,改革不會(huì)受到腐敗的影響,因?yàn)檎疅o權(quán)進(jìn)行慷慨派發(fā)。第二,它作為一種直接刺激,每一個(gè)在正規(guī)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的企業(yè)和勞動(dòng)者都會(huì)從中受益。第三,稅制改革的實(shí)施和收效都是很迅速的,這與需要大量時(shí)間來實(shí)現(xiàn)的財(cái)政刺激方案形成鮮明的對(duì)比。在財(cái)政刺激方案中,所需的工作崗位需要數(shù)月甚至數(shù)年來實(shí)現(xiàn)。這一改革給其他國家也帶來了影響??赡艿膰野ò柊湍醽?、白俄羅斯、哈薩克斯坦、阿塞拜疆、斯洛伐克,以及其他曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長時(shí)期,而現(xiàn)在面臨著一年或兩年的經(jīng)濟(jì)需求下降的大多數(shù)東歐國家。同時(shí),它也影響到那些出口萎縮、主要商品價(jià)格降低的拉美和亞洲國家。根據(jù)全球營商環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)庫4的記錄,這些國家的工資稅均高于世界平均水平。本文的結(jié)構(gòu)如下第一部分描述了保加利亞的工資稅制,并將其與其他發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟(jì)體做比較。第二部分估算了稅制改革對(duì)就業(yè)崗位增加和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的影響。第三部分詳細(xì)說明了改革所需的成本,并做了相應(yīng)的魯棒性測(cè)試。第四部分是對(duì)全文的總結(jié)。1什么是工資稅什么是工資稅工資稅包含了健康及養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)、產(chǎn)假、失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)以及工傷意外賠償。在保加利亞,2009年1月的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,所有這些加起來總共占了普通工人平均工資總額的313。其中,18用于養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)(對(duì)于1959年以后出生的工人,有5用于個(gè)人養(yǎng)老金),35用于醫(yī)療和產(chǎn)假,8用于健康保險(xiǎn),1用于失業(yè)保險(xiǎn),07用于工傷意外保險(xiǎn),01用于工資保險(xiǎn)。如果企業(yè)破產(chǎn),雇主將要支付60的工資稅,而剩下的183則由員工自己承擔(dān)。在過去10年中,工資稅大幅下降。從2000年的約45下降到2009年1月份的35的降低針對(duì)雇主,25的降低針對(duì)雇員。4全球營商環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)庫展示了商務(wù)稅收的衰減。比如,在下列網(wǎng)頁您將看到阿爾巴尼亞的公司的稅務(wù)負(fù)擔(dān)HTTP//WWWDOINGBUSINESSORG/EXPLORETOPICS/PAYINGTAXES/DETAILSASPXECONOMYID3
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簡介:共頁,第1頁┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊裝┊┊┊┊┊訂┊┊┊┊┊線┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊附錄附錄原文原文DIVIDENDPAYOUTSEVIDENCEFROMUSBANKHOLDINGCOMPANIESINTHECONTEXTOFTHEFINANCIALCRISISJOSéFILIPEABREU,MOHAMEDAZZIMGULAMHUSSENABSTRACTWESTUDYDIVIDENDPAYOUTSOF462USBANKHOLDINGCOMPANIESBEFOREANDDURINGTHE2007–09FINANCIALCRISISFAMAANDFRENCH2001CHARACTERISTICSSIZE,PROFITABILITYANDGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESEXPLAINDIVIDENDPAYOUTSBEFOREANDDURINGTHEFINANCIALCRISISTHEAGENCYCOSTHYPOTHESISEXPLAINSDIVIDENDPAYOUTSBEFOREANDDURINGMOREPRONOUNCEDLYTHEFINANCIALCRISISTHESIGNALINGHYPOTHESISEXPLAINSDIVIDENDPAYOUTSDURINGTHEFINANCIALCRISISREGULATORYPRESSUREWASINEFFECTIVEINLIMITINGDIVIDENDPAYOUTSBYUNDERCAPITALIZEDBANKSBEFORETHEFINANCIALCRISISOURFINDINGSHAVEIMPLICATIONSFORCORPORATEFINANCEANDGOVERNANCETHEORIES,ANDALSOFORTHEREGULATORYREFORMSTHATAREBEINGDISCUSSEDAMONGPOLICYMAKERS1INTRODUCTIONRESEARCHERSAPPLYCORPORATEFINANCEANDGOVERNANCETHEORIESTOFINANCIALFIRMSONTHEGROUNDSOFTHEINHERENTINTERPLAYOFINTERESTSOFAWIDERSETOFSTAKEHOLDERSDEPOSITORSANDREGULATORS,ASWELLASSHAREHOLDERSANDMANAGERS,WHICHMAKETHEIRAGENCYANDGOVERNANCEPROBLEMSMORECOMPLEX,ANDTHERELEVANCEOFFINANCIALFIRMSFORTHEGOODFUNCTIONINGANDSOUNDNESSOFMODERNFINANCIALSYSTEMSSEE,AMONGOTHERS,ANDERSONANDCAMPBELL,2004BROOKETAL,2000THEFINANCIALCRISISHASFURTHERENHANCEDTHEINTERESTINTHEAPPLICATIONOFCORPORATEFINANCEANDGOVERNANCETHEORIESDUETOTHEUNIQUEMACROECONOMICCONTEXTANDTHEREGULATORYSHIFTWHICHISBELIEVEDTOHAVEHITFINANCIALFIRMSTHEMOSTSEE,FOREXAMPLE,ERKENSETAL,2012WECONTRIBUTETOTHISEMERGINGSTRANDINTHELITERATUREBYSTUDYINGBANKSDIVIDENDPAYOUTDECISIONSBEFOREANDDURINGTHEFINANCIALCRISISOFTHESEVERALCORPORATEFINANCEANDGOVERNANCEISSUESTHATAREATTRACTINGTHEATTENTIONOFSCHOLARS,DIVIDENDPOLICYISRECEIVINGSIGNIFICANTATTENTION,PARTICULARLYFROMREGULATORSANDINVESTORSTHERECENTPROPOSALSTOINCREASEOVERSIGHTOFTHEDIVIDENDPAYOUTSBYTHEFEDERALRESERVEBOARDFRB,2011ANDTHEBASELCOMMITTEEONBANKINGSUPERVISIONBCBS,2011POINTTOWARDSTHEINCREASINGREGULATORYRELEVANCEOFBANKSDIVIDENDPAYOUTPOLICYFORCINGBANKSTOPLOWBACKTHEIREARNINGSMAYHOWEVERHAVETHEUNINTENDEDCONSEQUENCEOFREDUCINGTHEIRABILITYTOBOTHSIGNALTHEIRFUTUREGROWTHPROSPECTSTOSUPPLIERSOFDEBTANDEQUITY,ANDREDUCEAGENCYCONFLICTSOFTHEIRMANAGERSWITHDISPERSEDSHAREHOLDERSOURPAPERSHEDSCRITICALLIGHTONTHETENSIONBETWEENTHEDIVIDENDPAYOUTDECISIONSBEFOREANDDURINGTHEFINANCIALCRISISBYEXPLICITLYCONSIDERING共頁,第3頁┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊裝┊┊┊┊┊訂┊┊┊┊┊線┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊INDICATOROFFUTUREPROSPECTSIIITHEAGENCYCOSTHYPOTHESIS,WHICHSTATESTHATDIVIDENDSCOUNTERBALANCETHEINCREASEDNEEDFORMONITORINGASSOCIATEDWITHINDEPENDENTBANKSANDIVTHEREGULATORYPRESSUREHYPOTHESIS,WHICHSTATESTHATUNDERCAPITALIZEDBANKSTENDTORETAINEARNINGSRATHERTHANPAYDIVIDENDSTHEANALYSISCOVERSTWODISTINCTMACROECONOMICENVIRONMENTSBEFOREANDDURINGTHEFINANCIALCRISISTHESAMPLEINCLUDES462USBANKHOLDINGCOMPANIESANDCONTAINS435OBSERVATIONSMADEBEFORETHEFINANCIALCRISISIE,FROM2004TO2006AND441OBSERVATIONSMADEDURINGTHEFINANCIALCRISISIE,FROM2007TO2009,FORATOTALOF876OBSERVATIONSFOCUSINGONTHEUSPROVIDESALARGEDATASET,WHILERESTRICTINGTHESAMPLETOBANKHOLDINGCOMPANIESREDUCESTHEPROBLEMSASSOCIATEDWITHUNOBSERVEDHETEROGENEITY3SAMPLE,VARIABLESANDDESCRIPTIVESTATISTICSWECOLLECTEDFIRMLEVELDATAFROMBANKSCOPEFORUSLISTEDBANKHOLDINGCOMPANIESWITHMINIMUMTOTALASSETSOF100MILLIONUSD,WHICHYIELDED462INSTITUTIONSBANKSTHATENTEREDBANKRUPTCYDURINGTHEFINANCIALCRISISWERENOTCONSIDEREDOURSAMPLESPANSTWODISTINCTMACROECONOMICENVIRONMENTSTHEPERIODBEFORETHEFINANCIALCRISIS,FROM2004TO2006435OBSERVATIONS,ANDTHEPERIODDURINGTHEFINANCIALCRISIS,FROM2007TO2009441OBSERVATIONSTHEFINALSAMPLEISANUNBALANCEDPANELWITHATOTALOF876OBSERVATIONSWEUSEDTHEDIVIDENDPAYOUTDIVIDENDPAYOUTASTHEDEPENDENTVARIABLEANDCONSTRUCTEDITBYAVERAGINGTHEDIVIDENDTOTOTALASSETRATIOFOREACHREFERENCEPERIODWEUSEDTOTALASSETSTOSCALEDIVIDENDSTOENSURETHATTHERESULTSWERENOTDRIVENBYSTOCKPRICEANDEARNINGVOLATILITYASSOCIATEDWITHTHEFINANCIALCRISISWEFOCUSONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFREGULARDIVIDENDPAYOUTSRATHERTHANONTHEPREDICTIONOFTHENEXTYEARSDIVIDENDTHEREFORE,WEUSEANAVERAGINGPERIODTHATISLONGERTHANONEYEARWEOPTATHREEYEARAVERAGINGPERIODFORTWOMAINREASONSFIRST,THISCHOICEAVOIDSTHEIMPACTOFTHE2003TAXCUTONDIVIDENDPAYOUTSINTHEUSSEE,AMONGOTHERS,BROWNETAL,2007SECOND,ATHREEYEARPERIODCOVERSTHETIMESPANOFTHEENTIREFINANCIALCRISIS2007TO2009THESIGNALINGHYPOTHESISSTATESTHATBANKSWITHPOSITIVEFUTUREGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESEXPECTEDGROWTHAREEXPECTEDTOPAYOUTHIGHERDIVIDENDSTOSIGNALTHEIRBANKSPROSPECTSANDINCREASETHEIRPOTENTIALTOATTRACTDEBTANDEQUITYFINANCINGWHENREQUIREDTHEREFOREAPOSITIVERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEXPECTEDGROWTHANDDIVIDENDPAYOUTISEXPECTEDCONVERSELY,JUSTLIKEHISTORICALGROWTH,BANKSWITHPOSITIVEFUTUREGROWTHOPPORTUNITIESEXPECTEDGROWTHWILLPLOWBACKTHEIREARNINGSTOAVOIDCOSTLYDEBTANDEQUITYFINANCINGTHEREFOREANEGATIVERELATIONSHIPISEXPECTEDBETWEENEXPECTEDGROWTHANDDIVIDENDPAYOUTTHUS,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENEXPECTEDGROWTHANDDIVIDENDPAYOUTCANBEPOSITIVEORNEGATIVEWEMEASUREDEXPECTEDGROWTHTHROUGHTHERATIOOFMARKETTOBOOKVALUEOFEQUITYATTHEENDOFTHEOBSERVATIONPERIODTHESIGNALINGHYPOTHESISCANNOTBEREJECTEDIFTHECOEFFICIENTASSOCIATEDWITHEXPECTEDGROWTHISPOSITIVEANDSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANT
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簡介:中文中文2390字,字,1165單詞單詞原文INDEPENDENTDIRECTORSANDBOARDCONTROLINVENTUREFINANCEMATERIALSOURCEBERKELEYPROGRAMINLAWANDECONOMICS,WORKINGPAPERSERIESAURTHORBRAINBROUGHMANINTRODUCTIONTHEFINANCINGCONTRACTBETWEENANENTREPRENURANDINVESTORMUSTADDRESSTHEPARTIES’DIVERGENTINTERESTSIDEALLYTHECONTRACTALIGNTHEIRINTERESTSACROSSALLCONTINGENCIESDUETOBOUNDENDRATIONALITY,TRANSACTIONCOSTS,ANDNONVERIFIABLEINFORMATION,HOWEVER,ACOMPLETEFINANCINGCONTRACTISNOTPOSSIBLEAGHIONANDBOLTON,1992INSTEAD,THEALLOCATIONOFBOARDSEATSANDOTHERCONTROLRIGHTSDETERMINESWHOGETSTODECIDEFUTUREINVESTMENTANDOPERATINGDECISIONSLEFTOUTOFTHECONTRACTIFONEPARTYHOLDSAMAJORITYOFTHEBOARDSEATSITCANUSETHISPOSITIONOPPORTUNISTICALLY,CAUSINGTHEFIRMTOPURSUEACTIONSWHICHBENEFITITATTHEEXPENSEOFTHEFIRM’SAGGREGATEWELFARETHEFINANCIALCONTRACTINGLITERATURESUGGESTSTWOPARTIAL,BUTIMPERFECT,SOLUTIONSTOTHISPROBLEMRENEGOTIATIONCOASE,1960GROSSMANANDHART,1986,ANDSTATECONTINGENTCONTROLAGHIONANDBOLTON,1992DEWATRIPONTANDTIROLE,1994WHILETHEREISEVIDENCETHATPRIVATEFIRMSSOMETIMESUSERENEGOTIATIONBROUGHMANANDFRIED,2007ANDSTATECONTINGENTCONTROLKAPLANANDSTROMBERG,2003,BOTHSOLUTIONSARELIMITEDINVARIOUSRESPECTSANDNEITHERCANFULLYREMOVETHERISKOFHOLDUPINTHISARTICLE,IMODELANALTERNATIVESOLUTIONTOTHISPROBLEM,BASEDONAGOVERNANCEARRANGEMENTFREQUENTLYUSEDINFIRMSFINANCEDBYVENTURECAPITAL‘VC’INASTUDYDOCUMENTINGOVER200ROUNDSOFVCFINANCING,KAPLANANDSTROMBERG2003FINDTHATAFIRM’SVCINVESTORSCONTROLTHEBOARD25OFTHETIME,ANDTHEENTREPRENEURSCONTROLTHEBOARDONLY14OFTHETIMEINTHEREMAININGFIRMS,61OFTHEIRSAMPLE,NEITHERTHEENTREPRENEURSNORTHEINVESTORSCONTROLTHEFIRMINSTEAD,CONTROLOFTHEBOARDISSHAREDWITHTHIRDPARTYINDEPENDENTDIRECTORSHOLDINGTHETIEBREAKINGVOTESIFOCUSONTHEINCENTIVESCREATEDBYTHISFORMOFSHAREDCONTROLTOMODELTHISARRANGEMENT,ICONSIDERABOARDWITHTHREEDIRECTORSONEENTREPRENEUR,ONEINVESTOR,ANDONEINDEPENDENTDIRECTORIDARBITRATIONHASBEENOVERLOOKEDBYTHEFINANCIALCONTRACTINGLITERATURETHELITERATURETREATSCONTROLAS“ANINDIVISIBLERIGHTTHATCANBEHELDATANYGIVENTIMEBYONLYONEARBITRATIONCRAWFORD,1979,THATTHEENTREPRENEURANDINVESTORHAVEANINCENTIVETOCONVERGETOWARDSTHEACTIONMOSTPREFERREDBYTHEINDEPENDENTDIRECTORCONVERGENCETOTHEINDEPENDENTDIRECTOR’SPREFERREDOUTCOMECANREDUCEHOLDUPBYMODERATINGEACHPARTY’SEXPOSTTHREATPOSITIONCONSEQUENTLY,IDARBITRATIONCANGENERATEGREATERMONETARYRETURNSTHANENTREPRENEURCONTROL,WITHOUTEXPOSINGTHEENTREPRENEURTOHOLDUPBYTHEINVESTORMYANALYSISSUGGESTSAHIERARCHYOFCONTROLRIGHTSFIRMSSHOULDUSEENTREPRENEURCONTROLWHENEVERPOSSIBLEINSOMECASES,HOWEVER,ENTREPRENEURCONTROLMAYNOTPROVIDEENOUGHVERIFIABLEREVENUESTOGIVETHEINVESTORHISREQUIREDRATEOFRETURNWHENTHISISTHECASE,FIRMSSHOULDFIRSTTRYTOUSEIDARBITRATIONRATHERTHANINVESTORCONTROLHOWEVER,INSOMEINSTANCESINVESTORCONTROLMAYBENECESSARY,ASITMAYBETHEONLYWAYTOPLEDGESUFFICIENTMONETARYRETURNSTOENSURETHEINVESTOR’SPARTICIPATIONTHESEPREDICTIONSARECONSISTENTWITHEMPIRICALEVIDENCEFROMVCCONTRACTSKAPLANANDSTROMBERG2003,FOREXAMPLE,FINDTHATVCBACKEDFIRMSAREMORELESSLIKELYTOUSEIDARBITRATIONRELATIVETOENTREPRENEURCONTROLINVESTORCONTROLWHENTHEREISGREATERUNCERTAINTYREGARDINGTHEPROJECT’SFINANCIALVIABILITY,ANDASADDITIONALFUNDSAREINVESTEDTHISDATAISCONSISTENTWITHMYMODELIFWEASSUME,ASKAPLANANDSTROMBERGDO,THATGREATERUNCERTAINTYINCREASESTHELIKELIHOODANDMAGNITUDEOFCONFLICTSBETWEENTHEENTREPRENEURANDTHEINVESTORFURTHERMORE,DATAONTHEAPPOINTMENTOFINDEPENDENTDIRECTORSSHOWSTHATTHEYAREMUTUALLYSELECTEDBY‘UNANIMOUSCONSENT’OFTHEFIRM’SENTREPRENEURSANDVCINVESTORSKAPLANANDSTROMBERG,2003BROUGHMAN,2008,HELPINGTOENSURETHATANINDEPENDENTDIRECTOR’SINTERESTSARENOTCAPTUREDBYEITHERPARTYTHISSTUDYRELATESTOTHEINCOMPLETECONTRACTINGLITERATUREONTHEOPTIMALALLOCATIONOFCONTROLRIGHTSGROSSMANANDHART1986SHOWTHATDECISIONRIGHTSCANAFFECTRELATIONSPECIFICINVESTMENTSANDSHOULDBEALLOCATEDTOMINIMIZEUNDERINVESTMENTEMPHASIZINGATRADEOFFBETWEENCASHFLOWSANDPRIVATEBENEFITS,AGHIONANDBOLTON1992FINDTHATCONTROLSHOULDBEAWARDEDTOTHEENTREPRENEURWHENEVERPOSSIBLEHOWEVER,INVESTORCONTROLMAYBENECESSARYTOSATISFYTHEINVESTOR’SFINANCINGCONSTRAINTTHEABOVEPAPERSARECOMPLIMENTEDBYANUMBERSTUDIES,INCLUDINGBERGLOF1994,HELLMANN1998,2006,DESSEIN2005,KIRILENKO2001,BLACKANDGILSON1998,MARX1998,SCHMIDT2003,YERRAMILLI2006,ANDGOMPERS1995,WHICHFOCUSONTHEALLOCATIONOFCONTROLINVCBACKEDFIRMSTHESESTUDIESGENERALLYTREATCONTROLASANINDIVISIBLERIGHTTHATCANBEHELDATANYGIVENTIMEBYONLYONEPARTYEITHERTHEENTREPRENEURORTHEVC
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簡介:中文中文5142字出處出處YUANFCREFORMOFRURALCOMPULSORYEDUCATIONUNDERTHEPERSPECTIVEOFPUBLICFINANCEEQUALIZATIONJASIANSOCIALSCIENCE,2007,477譯文譯文公共財(cái)政均等化視角下的農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育改革元方城中國農(nóng)村事務(wù)研究中心,武漢華中師范大學(xué),430079,中國摘要摘要教育在政府提供的公共服務(wù)方面扮演著重要的角色,提供教育服務(wù)是公共財(cái)政均等化的基本職能。在公共服務(wù)均等化方面,本文追溯了農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育制度的變化,,探討保護(hù)農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育投資的實(shí)踐改,客觀評(píng)價(jià)改革的復(fù)雜影響。此外,提出了農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育改革的一些措施。關(guān)鍵詞公共服務(wù),均等化,農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育,改革關(guān)鍵詞公共服務(wù),均等化,農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育,改革教育服務(wù)是政府的重要組成部分,提供公共服務(wù),提供平等的教育服務(wù)是公共財(cái)政的基本職責(zé)。在城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu)體制下,農(nóng)村人口眾多,義務(wù)教育在國家的重要性是顯而易見的?!傲x務(wù)教育是國家最大的公共事業(yè)”,對(duì)農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育領(lǐng)域提供公共產(chǎn)品均等化的意義體現(xiàn)只有保證教育的均等化公共產(chǎn)品的屬性,才可以使更多的農(nóng)民得到公平和正義的待遇。農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育具有較強(qiáng)的公共產(chǎn)品特性,把中國全面建設(shè)和構(gòu)建成為社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)、全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì),農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育的發(fā)展是最基本的。農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育的推廣和加強(qiáng),是保證貫徹科教興國的戰(zhàn)略,振興中國的人力資源發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略;是實(shí)施政策“工業(yè)反哺農(nóng)業(yè),城市支持農(nóng)村”,推進(jìn)教育公平和社會(huì)公平,確保廣大人民共享發(fā)展的成果。它也是提高政府的服務(wù)到村,擴(kuò)大公共服務(wù)范圍、公共財(cái)政覆蓋農(nóng)村必然要求。隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,特別是中央財(cái)政收入的增加,公共服務(wù)被提上日程。作為公共服務(wù)的重要組成部分,農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育將得到更多的關(guān)注成為公共服務(wù)的重點(diǎn)。自2005年底以來,改革措施將農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育納入公共財(cái)政體系,中央財(cái)政對(duì)農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育提供預(yù)算,我國義務(wù)教育轉(zhuǎn)向的歷史,從“人辦”轉(zhuǎn)向“政府辦”。11對(duì)農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育改革的實(shí)踐進(jìn)程對(duì)農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育改革的實(shí)踐進(jìn)程促進(jìn)公共服務(wù)均等化,縮小區(qū)域差距的義務(wù)教育經(jīng)費(fèi)保障機(jī)制改革,從2006年春季學(xué)期開始,分年度,分地區(qū)逐步實(shí)施。為了平衡地區(qū)差距,中部和西部地第四,學(xué)校建筑維修改造長效機(jī)制全面。統(tǒng)計(jì)表明,東部地區(qū)省以下各級(jí)財(cái)政共安排學(xué)校建設(shè)服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)型資金49400000000元,其中省級(jí)22500000000元。各省根據(jù)省情學(xué)校建設(shè)服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)型的特定模式的確定和調(diào)整,農(nóng)村寄宿制學(xué)校建設(shè)和農(nóng)村薄弱學(xué)校改造建設(shè)與中小學(xué)布局相結(jié)合。特別是黑龍江省,福建,廣東等,集中財(cái)務(wù)資源計(jì)劃用一到兩年的時(shí)間徹底消除現(xiàn)存D級(jí)危房。第五,東部地區(qū)有條件的地區(qū)在2006年以前實(shí)行改革。改革的熱情很高,東部地區(qū)2006年,8個(gè)省份在全省范圍內(nèi)已免除農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生的學(xué)雜費(fèi),共安排資金107700000000元,受益中小學(xué)生達(dá)到32800000人。廣東、福建、上海、天津從2006年春季學(xué)期開始實(shí)行免除學(xué)雜費(fèi)政策。第六,制定必要的文件和管理辦法,很多方面都取得了公共基金,免維護(hù)的相關(guān)管理,將資金投入到學(xué)校建筑。湖北省專門下發(fā)了實(shí)施學(xué)校財(cái)局管的通知,對(duì)全省農(nóng)村中小學(xué)經(jīng)費(fèi),明確了學(xué)校組織的財(cái)富局管的配置。各地區(qū)也在中小學(xué)校預(yù)算編制、清理規(guī)范農(nóng)村中小學(xué)收費(fèi)等方面,加大宣傳力度,加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督檢查,發(fā)展培訓(xùn)做了大量的工作,為改革的全面推開打下基礎(chǔ)。1313改革資金提供和實(shí)施改革資金提供和實(shí)施公共服務(wù)是指以公共財(cái)政為基礎(chǔ),需要政府提供財(cái)政支持。因此,農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育新機(jī)制能夠順利開展的教育改革提供資金的決定和實(shí)施。一月72006,西部和中部免除農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)的區(qū)域?qū)W雜費(fèi)和提高使用經(jīng)費(fèi)保障水平的資金預(yù)算控制數(shù)36900000000元。2007年,中央財(cái)政計(jì)劃單列市和新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)準(zhǔn)備翻向27?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū),直轄市),在全國3個(gè)城市,春季學(xué)期學(xué)雜費(fèi)和絕對(duì)水平的資金9200000000美元,其中我們知道雜費(fèi)補(bǔ)貼資金,不需要7500000000美元,使用的經(jīng)費(fèi)保障水平1700000000美元資金。同時(shí)為確保2007年春季開學(xué),中部地區(qū)農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育階段貧困家庭學(xué)生西可以免費(fèi)獲得國家規(guī)定課程的教科書,中央財(cái)政準(zhǔn)備攪拌2007春季免費(fèi)教科書在2月初項(xiàng)目特別基金中的142500000000美元,將22個(gè)?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū),直轄市)和新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)34000000階段貧困家庭小學(xué)農(nóng)村義務(wù)教育生活免費(fèi)提供教科書。此外,少數(shù)民族義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生將超過100000的人口都納入免費(fèi)教科書發(fā)行范圍。22改革的初步結(jié)果和操作的矛盾改革的初步結(jié)果和操作的矛盾21初步結(jié)果由于在西部和中部地區(qū)新機(jī)制的實(shí)施
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簡介:1中文中文2060字,字,1200單詞,單詞,6600英文字符英文字符出處出處SOURCEJOHNMTRUSSELANDLAURACROSEFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGANDTHECURRENTFINANCIALCRISISJCPAJOURNAL,2009,7962630原文原文FAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGANDTHECURRENTFINANCIALCRISISJONHMTRUSSELANDLAURACROSETHEACCOUNTINGFORFINANCIALASSETSANDLIABILITIESISACOMPLEXISSUETHATHASBEENEVOLVINGTOWARDTHEUSEOFFAIRVALUEBOTHTHEFASBANDIASBPROVIDETHEOPTIONOFUSINGFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGINREPORTINGFINANCIALASSETSANDLIABILITIESANDCERTAINOTHERITEMSTHISMOVEISNOTWITHOUTCONTROVERSYMANYHAVEOPINEDTHATTHEUSEOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTING,ASOPPOSEDTOHISTORICALCOSTACCOUNTING,HASHELPEDCAUSETHETURMOILTHEFINANCIALMARKETSRESEARCHINDICATESTHATTHEEXCLUSIVEUSEOFONEACCOUNTINGMETHODMAYNOTBEEFFICIENTFORFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSTHEAUTHORSBELIEVETHATTHEFASBSHOULDCONSIDERANALTERNATIVEACCOUNTINGAPPROACHTHATWOULDINCORPORATEBOTHSYSTEMSANDMITIGATETHEINEFFICIENCIESOFUSINGJUSTONEACCOUNTINGMETHODINSEEKINGTOEXPLAINTHECURRENTFINANCIALCRISIS,THESPOTLIGHTHASTURNEDTOFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGANDFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSFASBISSUEDSFAS157FAIRVALUEMEASUREMENTS,INSEPTEMBER2006SHORTLYTHEREAFTER,THEPROBLEMSRELATEDTOTHESUBPRIMEMORTGAGEMARKETBEGANTOSURFACEMANYBEGANTOQUESTIONWHETHERORNOTTHECURRENTDISTRESSINFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSISRELATEDTOTHENEWACCOUNTINGSTANDARDDIDTHENEWSTANDARDEXACERBATETHEPROBLEMSORMERELYILLUMINATETHEMINOCTOBER2008THENPRESIDENTGEORGEWBUSHSIGNEDINTOLAWTHEEMERGENCYECONOMICSTABILIZATIONACTOF2008EESA,THESOCALLEDBAILOUTBILLUNDERSECTION132OFTHEEESACONGRESSGAVETHESECTHEAUTHORITYTOSUSPENDTHEUSEOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGUNDERSFAS157SECTION133REQUIRESTHESECTOCONDUCTASTUDYOFTHEFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGASSTIPULATEDINSFAS157SEEEXHIBIT1FOREXCERPTSFROMTHESETWOSECTIONSOFTHEEESANOTETHATINSECTION133,CONGRESSEVENCALLSONTHESECTO“REVIEWTHEPROCESSUSEDBYTHEFINANCIALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBOARDINDEVELOPINGACCOUNTINGSTANDARDS“THISISAMUCHBROADER3ATHREETIERSYSTEMOFCLASSIFYINGASSETSLEVELONEASSETHASANACTIVEMARKETWITHOBSERVABLEMARKETPRICESTHESEASSETSINCLUDEPUBLICLYTRADEDSECURITIESTHATHAVEAQUOTEDPRICEANDTHATAREACTIVELYTRADEDONANATIONALSECURITIESEXCHANGELEVELTWOASSETSDONOTHAVEDIRECTLYOBSERVABLEMARKETPRICESTHEYAREMARKEDTOMARKETUSINGINPUTSFROMOBSERVABLEMARKETPRICESOFSIMILARASSETSTHESEMAYBEPRICESOFSIMILARSECURITIES,INTERESTRATES,COMMERCIALREALESTATE,ANDTHELIKELEVELTHREEASSETSDONOTHAVEOBSERVABLEMARKETPRICESFORTHEASSETORSIMILARASSETS,ORTHEMARKETMAYBEILLIQUIDINTHISLATTERCATEGORY,COMPANIESHAVETOUSEMORESUBJECTIVEESTIMATESOFFAIRVALUEACCORDINGTOSFAS157,LEVELTHREECONSISTSOFUNOBSERVABLEINPUTS,SUCHASTHOSETHATREFLECTTHEREPORTINGENTITYSOWNASSUMPTIONSABOUTWHATMARKETPARTICIPANTSWOULDUSETOPRICETHEASSETINCLUDINGRISK,DEVELOPEDUSINGTHEBESTINFORMATIONAVAILABLEUNDERACOSTBENEFITANALYSISTHEREISNOREQUIREMENTTOVERIFYWHETHERTHEASSUMPTIONSAREINLINEWITHTHOSEOFMARKETPARTICIPANTSTHESETHINLYTRADEDASSETSANDLIABILITIESAREMEASUREDUSINGESTIMATESBASEDONTHEVALUETHECOMPANYBELIEVESAHYPOTHETICALTHIRDPARTYWOULDPAYFORTHEMTHEQUESTIONBECOMESHOWTOVALUEILLIQUID,UNIQUE,ORCOMPLEXASSETSSHOULDCOMPANIESAPPLYTHEIROWNMODELSSOMEINVESTORSWORRYTHATTHISOPTIONGIVESCOMPANYMANAGEMENTTOOMUCHDISCRETIONTHECOMPLEXITYOFSUCHASSETSSUGGESTSTHATITMAYNOTBEPOSSIBLETOFINDAWIDELYACCEPTABLEMETHODARELATEDSTANDARD,SFAS159,THEFAIRVALUEOPTIONFORFINANCIALASSETSANDFINANCIALLIABILITIES,WASISSUEDINFEBRUARY2007ANDBECAMEEFFECTIVEFORMOSTCOMPANIESONNOVEMBER152007THISSTANDARDGIVESCOMPANIESTHEOPTIONOFACCOUNTINGFORCERTAINFINANCIALASSETSANDLIABILITIESATFAIRVALUETHEOPTIONALADOPTIONCOVERSINTERESTRATESWAPS,BONDS,STOCKS,WARRANTYOBLIGATIONS,ANDTHELIKETHISELECTIONCANBEMADEONANINSTRUMENTBYINSTRUMENTBASIS,WITHTHERESULTINGUNREALIZEDGAINSANDLOSSESREPORTEDINEARNINGSTHEIASBALSOHASASTANDARDTHATALLOWSTHEUSEOFFAIRVALUEACCOUNTINGFORFINANCIALASSETSANDLIABILITIESIAS39,FINANCIALINSTRUMENTSRECOGNITIONANDMEASUREMENTCONCEPTUALLY,THEFAIRVALUEOPTIONPROVIDEDBYSFAS159GIVESCOMPANIESTHEOPPORTUNITYOFELIMINATINGORMITIGATINGTHEARTIFICIALVOLATILITYINREPORTEDEARNINGS
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簡介:1畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)計(jì)(論文)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯題目金融銀行信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理與知識(shí)管理金融銀行信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理與知識(shí)管理教學(xué)院院經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院專業(yè)名稱專業(yè)名稱工商管理工商管理3FIELDSAYBüBEAURUM20043ANALYZESKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTINSOFTWAREENGINEERINGANDDJHARVEY&RHOLDSWORTH20054STUDYKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTINTHEAEROSPACEINDUSTRYLIYANG20075STUDIESKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTININFORMATIONBASEDEDUCATIONANDJAYASUNDARA&CHAMINDACHIRAN20086REVIEWTHEPREVAILINGLITERATUREONKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTINBANKINGINDUSTRIESLIANGPINGANDWUKEBAO20107STUDYTHEINCENTIVEMECHANISMOFKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTINBANKINGTHEREAREALSOMANYPAPERSABOUTRISKSANALYSISANDRISKSMANAGEMENTBEFORETHE1980S,THEDOMINANTMATHEMATICALTHEORYOFRISKSANALYSISWASTODESCRIBEAPAIROFRANDOMVECTORSBUT,THESIMPLIFICATIONASSUMPTIONSANDMETHODSUSEDBYCLASSICALCOMPETINGRISKSANALYSISCAUSEDCONTROVERSYANDCRITICISMSTARTINGAROUNDTHE1980S,ANALTERNATIVEFORMULATIONOFRISKANALYSISWASDEVELOPED,WITHTHEHOPETOBETTERRESOLVETHEISSUESOFFAILUREDEPENDENCYANDDISTRIBUTIONIDENTIFIABILITYTHENEWFORMULATIONISUNIVARIATERISKANALYSISACCORDINGTOCROWDER20018,DAVID&MOESCHBERGER19789ANDHOUGAARD200010,UNIVARIATESURVIVALRISKANALYSISHASBEENDOMINANTLY,WHICHISBASEDONTHEIIDASSUMPTIONSINDEPENDENTANDIDENTICALLYDISTRIBUTEDOR,ATLEAST,BASEDONTHEINDEPENDENTFAILUREASSUMPTIONDISTRIBUTIONFREEREGRESSIONMODELINGALLOWSONETOINVESTIGATETHEINFLUENCESOFMULTIPLECOVARIATESONTHEFAILURE,ANDITRELAXESTHEASSUMPTIONOFIDENTICALFAILUREDISTRIBUTIONANDTOSOMEEXTENT,ITALSORELAXESTHESINGLEFAILURERISKRESTRICTIONHOWEVER,THEINDEPENDENTFAILURESASWELLASSINGLEFAILUREEVENTSARESTILLASSUMEDINTHEUNIVARIATESURVIVALANALYSISOFCOURSE,THESEDEFICIENCIESDONOTINVALIDATEUNIVARIATEANALYSIS,ANDINDEED,INMANYAPPLICATIONS,THOSEASSUMPTIONSAREREALISTICALLYVALIDBASEDONTHEABOVEMENTIONEDSTUDIES,MAANDKRINGS2008A,2008B11DISCUSSTHERELATIONSHIPANDDIFFERENCEOFUNIVARIATEANDMULTIVARIATEANALYSISINCALCULATINGRISKSASFORTHEPAPERSONMANAGINGTHERISKSINBANKS,LAWRENCEJWHITE200812STUDIESTHERISKSOFFINANCIALINNOVATIONSANDTAKESOUTSOMECOUNTERMEASURESTOREGULATEFINANCIALINNOVATIONSSHAOBAIQUAN201013STUDIESTHEWAYSTOMANAGETHERISKSINBANKSFROMTHEABOVEPAPERS,WECANSEETHATFEWSCHOLARSHAVESTUDIEDTHEWAYTOMANAGECREDITRISKSWITHKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTSOTHISPAPERWILLDISCUSSUSINGKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTTOMANAGECREDITRISKSFORFINANCIALBANKS
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簡介:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)英文翻譯英文翻譯題目專業(yè)金融學(xué)班級(jí)20102010金融秋季班金融秋季班學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)學(xué)生學(xué)號(hào)10610012575561061001257556學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名崔航崔航指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師高建霞高建霞2012年2FACEDTHEPROBLEMOFBANKSBEINGCLOSEDATNONWORKINGHOURSANDWECANHANDLEBANKINGAFFAIRSALLTHETIMETHEREFOREITSAVESTHECUSTOMERSTIMEANDMONEYONTHEOTHERHANDINRECENTYEARSMOBILEPHONESHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDANDWIDELYUSEDAFTERTHEMOBILEPHONESHAVEGOTSODEVELOPEDANDSOPHISTICATEDANDHAVEBEENMODIFIEDTOBECAPABLEOFNEWSERVICESTHEBANKSTOOKINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEPRESENTATIONOFBANKINGSERVICESTHROUGHMOBILEPHONESTOMENTIONTHEREASONSOFSUPERIORITYOFMBANKINGMOBILEBANKINGOVEREBANKINGELECTRONICBANKINGWECANPOINTTOTHEFOLLOWINGITEMS2,31NOPLACERESTRICTIONINMBANKINGWECANHANDLEOURBANKINGTRANSACTIONSWHEREVERWEAREANDWHENEVERWEWANT2HIGHPENETRATIONCOEFFICIENTHIGHCOEFFICIENTOFMOBILEPHONEUSEINTHEWORLDGUARANTEESPROBABILITYOFGROWTHANDSUCCESSFORMOBILEBANKINGSERVICES3FULLYPERSONALIZEDMOBILEPHONESARECOMPLETELYPRIVATEANDAREUSEDONLYBYITSOWNERTHEREFOREITINCREASESAUTHENTICITYOFIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEPEOPLEWHOUSETHEBANKINGSERVICES4AVAILABILITYMOSTPEOPLECARRYTHEIRMOBILEPHONESWITHTHEMWHEREVERTHEYGOWHETHERINDOORSOROUTDOORSASARESULTITISPOSSIBLETOOFFERBANKINGSERVICESTOCUSTOMERSALLTHETIMEOFCOURSEMOBILEBANKINGHASSOMEDISADVANTAGESTOOAMONGMOSTIMPORTANTITEMSOFTHESEDISADVANTAGESWECANPOINTTOLACKOFPROPERKEYBOARDFORMOSTMOBILEPHONES,SMALLDISPLAYANDUNCERTAINTYOFUSERSABOUTSECURITYSYSTEMOFMOBILEBANKINGBUTASAWHOLEMOBILEBANKINGHASBEENWELCOMEDDUETOINCREASEOFCUSTOMERSWELFAREANDDECREASEOFCOSTSOFBANKINGSERVICESMOBILEBANKINGISDIVIDEDINTOMOBILEFORWARDINGSERVICESANDMOBILEBANKINGSERVICESMOBILEBANKINGSERVICESWHICHARETHESAMEASNORMALBANKINGSERVICESAREDIVIDEDINTOFOURTYPES1NOTIFICATIONSANDALERTSTHESESERVICESAREPRESENTEDFORADVISINGTHECUSTOMERSOFTHETRANSACTIONSDONEORTOBEDONECONCERNINGHISACCOUNT2INFORMATIONTHESPECIALPIECESOFINFORMATIONCONCERNINGTRANSACTIONSANDTHEAMOUNTOFMONEYAVAILABLEINCUSTOMERSACCOUNTARESENTATCERTAININTERVALS3APPLICATIONSINTHISTYPEOFSERVICESANAPPLICATIONISSENTTOTHESERVERCONCERNINGTHEACCOUNTORSPECIALTRANSACTION4TRANSFERTHROUGHTHISSERVICEBANKSCANTRANSFERAMOUNTOFMONEYBETWEENCUSTOMERSACCOUNTSORPAYANAMOUNTTOATHIRDPARTYTOIMPLEMENTMOBILEBANKINGWEREQUIREANINFRASTRUCTURESERVERSUCHASWAPWIRELESSAPPLICATIONPROTOCOL,IMODE,PALMNET,ETCFOREXCHANGEOFINFORMATIONWITHTHECUSTOMERWECANUSESERVICESSUCHASSMSSHORTMESSAGINGSERVICEORMMSMULTIMESSAGINGSERVICE4BUTINSOMEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESSUCHASIRANSERVICES
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