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簡介：4800英文單詞，英文單詞，26500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文8200字文獻出處文獻出處BACHMANNA,BECKERA,BUERCKNERD,ETALONLINEPEERTOPEERLENDINGALITERATUREREVIEWJJOURNALOFINTERNETBANKINGLITERATUREREVIEWDETERMINANTSOFFUNDINGSUCCESSFINANCIALCHARACTERISTICSDEMOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICSGROUPINTERMEDIATIONINTRODUCTIONWITHTHEUPCOMINGPOPULARITYOFONLINECOMMUNITIESINTHEPASTDECADEANEWWAYOFLOANORIGINATIONHASENTEREDTHECREDITMARKETONLINEPEERTOPEERP2PLENDINGITTRANSFERSTHEOLDIDEAOFPERSONALCREDITSINTOTHEWORLDWIDEWEBINTHISKINDOFLENDINGMODELTHEMEDIATIONOFFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSISNOTREQUIREDHERZENSTEINETAL,2008GALLOWAY,2009THEDECISIONPROCESSOFLOANORIGINATIONISGIVENINTOTHEHANDOFPRIVATELENDERSANDBORROWERS,ANDWEBSITESLIKEPROSPERCOMOFFERTHEMAPLATFORMTOENGAGEWITHEACHOTHERWITHINTHESEPLATFORMSBORROWERSGENERALLYDESCRIBETHEPURPOSEOFTHEIRLOANREQUESTANDPROVIDEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEIRCURRENTFINANCIALSITUATION,LIKEINCOMEOROPENCREDITLINESLENDERSTHENHAVETHEOPPORTUNITYTOOFFERALOANWITHANINTERESTRATEDERIVEDUPONTHISINFORMATIONFORBORROWERS,ONLINEP2PLENDINGISAWAYTORECEIVEALOANWITHOUTAFINANCIALINSTITUTIONINVOLVEDINTHEDECISIONPROCESSANDMIGHTALSOBEAPOSSIBILITYTORECEIVEBETTERCONDITIONSTHANINTHETRADITIONALBANKINGSYSTEMFORLENDERSITCANBESEENASANINVESTMENTMODELWHERETHEINVESTMENTRISKISCOUPLEDTOTHECREDITRATINGOFTHEFUNDEDLOANSTHEPLATFORMSTHEMSELVESOFTENBENEFITBYRAISINGFEESFORSUCCESSFULREALIZEDTRANSACTIONSGALLOWAY,2009ALTHOUGHONLINEP2PLENDINGISARELATIVELYYOUNGFIELDOFRESEARCHANINCREASINGAMOUNTOFSCIENTIFICCONTRIBUTIONSHASBEENPUBLISHEDINRECENTYEARSIYER,KHWAJA,LUTTMER,POPERAVINA,2007WITHTHEEMERGENCEOFTHEFIRSTONLINEP2PLENDINGPLATFORM“ZOPA”THENEWLENDINGMODELRAISEDATTENTIONFORTHEFIRSTTIMEINTHEYEAR2006HULMEIYERETAL,2009WHILELENDERSSEEKOPPORTUNITIESTOINVESTMONEY

簡介：JOURNALOFINTERNETBANKINGANDCOMMERCEANOPENACCESSINTERNETJOURNALHTTP//WWWARRAYDEVCOM/COMMERCE/JIBC/JOURNALOFINTERNETBANKINGANDCOMMERCE,AUGUST2011,VOL16,NO2HTTP//WWWARRAYDEVCOM/COMMERCE/JIBC/ONLINEPEERTOPEERLENDING–ALITERATUREREVIEWALEXANDERBACHMANNALEXANDERBACHMANNSTUDLEUPHANADE,ALEXANDERBECKERALEXANDERBECKERSTUDLEUPHANADE,DANIELBUERCKNERDANIELBUERCKNERSTUDLEUPHANADE,MICHELHILKERMICHELBHILKERSTUDLEUPHANADE,FRANKKOCKFRANKKOCKSTUDLEUPHANADE,MARKLEHMANNMARKLEHMANNSTUDLEUPHANADEPHILLIPTIBURTIUSPHILLIPTIBURTIUSUNILEUPHANADEALLAUTHORSMENTIONEDABOVEAREGRADUATESTUDENTSATTHELEUPHANAUNIVERSITYINLüNEBURG,GERMANY,INTHEFIELDMANAGEMENTANDENTREPRENEURSHIPBURKHARDTFUNKFULLPROFESSOR,LEUPHANAUNIVERSITY,LüNEBURG,GERMANYPOSTALADDRESSSCHARNHORSTSTRA?E1,21335LüNEBURG,GERMANYEMAILFUNKUNILEUPHANADEBURKHARDTFUNKISAFULLPROFESSORINTHEFIELDOFINFORMATIONSYSTEMSHISRESEARCHINTERESTSCOVERAWIDERANGEOFTOPICS,EGDECISIONMAKINGINTHECONTEXTOFECOMMERCESCENARIOSANDTHEINTEGRATIONOFERPSYSTEMSANDENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTINFORMATIONSYSTEMSASAMEMBEROFTHEPRESIDENTIALBOARDOFTHEUNIVERSITYHEISRESPONSIBLEFORTHEOVERALLITSTRATEGYOFTHELEUPHANAUNIVERSITYHEHASFOUNDEDSEVERALCOMPANIESANDCONSULTEDMAJOREUROPEANENTERPRISESJIBCAUGUST2011,VOL16,NO23INTRODUCTIONWITHTHEUPCOMINGPOPULARITYOFONLINECOMMUNITIESINTHEPASTDECADEANEWWAYOFLOANORIGINATIONHASENTEREDTHECREDITMARKETONLINEPEERTOPEERP2PLENDINGITTRANSFERSTHEOLDIDEAOFPERSONALCREDITSINTOTHEWORLDWIDEWEBINTHISKINDOFLENDINGMODELTHEMEDIATIONOFFINANCIALINSTITUTIONSISNOTREQUIREDHERZENSTEINETAL,2008GALLOWAY,2009THEDECISIONPROCESSOFLOANORIGINATIONISGIVENINTOTHEHANDOFPRIVATELENDERSANDBORROWERS,ANDWEBSITESLIKEPROSPERCOMOFFERTHEMAPLATFORMTOENGAGEWITHEACHOTHERWITHINTHESEPLATFORMSBORROWERSGENERALLYDESCRIBETHEPURPOSEOFTHEIRLOANREQUESTANDPROVIDEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEIRCURRENTFINANCIALSITUATION,LIKEINCOMEOROPENCREDITLINESLENDERSTHENHAVETHEOPPORTUNITYTOOFFERALOANWITHANINTERESTRATEDERIVEDUPONTHISINFORMATIONFORBORROWERS,ONLINEP2PLENDINGISAWAYTORECEIVEALOANWITHOUTAFINANCIALINSTITUTIONINVOLVEDINTHEDECISIONPROCESSANDMIGHTALSOBEAPOSSIBILITYTORECEIVEBETTERCONDITIONSTHANINTHETRADITIONALBANKINGSYSTEMFORLENDERSITCANBESEENASANINVESTMENTMODELWHERETHEINVESTMENTRISKISCOUPLEDTOTHECREDITRATINGOFTHEFUNDEDLOANSTHEPLATFORMSTHEMSELVESOFTENBENEFITBYRAISINGFEESFORSUCCESSFULREALIZEDTRANSACTIONSGALLOWAY,2009ALTHOUGHONLINEP2PLENDINGISARELATIVELYYOUNGFIELDOFRESEARCHANINCREASINGAMOUNTOFSCIENTIFICCONTRIBUTIONSHASBEENPUBLISHEDINRECENTYEARSIYER,KHWAJA,LUTTMER,POPERAVINA,2007WITHTHEEMERGENCEOFTHEFIRSTONLINEP2PLENDINGPLATFORM“ZOPA”THENEWLENDINGMODELRAISEDATTENTIONFORTHEFIRSTTIMEINTHEYEAR2006HULMEWRIGHT,2006HOWEVERITWASPROSPERCOM,WHOCAUSEDAWAVEOFSCIENTIFICCONTRIBUTIONSBYMAKINGTHEENTIREPLATFORM’SDATAPUBLICIN2007SINCETHEN,THETOPICHASATTRACTEDRESEARCHERSFROMTHEFIELDSOFECONOMICS,INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYANDSOCIALSCIENCESTOINVESTIGATETHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENLENDERSANDBORROWERSINONLINEP2PLENDINGPLATFORMSFOLLOWINGTHISEMERGENTRESEARCHAREA,WESAWTHENEEDFORACOMPREHENSIVELITERATUREREVIEWTHATGIVESANOVERVIEWOFTHECURRENTSTATEOFSCIENTIFICRESEARCHINP2PLENDINGITISOURGOALTOINTEGRATEDIFFERENTREPRESENTATIVERESEARCHCONTRIBUTIONSANDPROVIDEASYNOPSISOFTHEDETERMINANTSINP2PLENDINGOURMAINTARGETGROUPSAREREADERSFROMTHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMANDFINANCIALMANAGEMENTCOMMUNITIESAFTERDESCRIBINGTHEPAPERSELECTIONAPPROACHASHORTOVERVIEWOFTHEONLINEP2PLENDINGMARKETANDITSSTAKEHOLDERSISGIVENTHEMAINPARTOFTHISREVIEWCOVERSTHEDETERMINANTSINP2PLENDINGWEDIVIDETHEMINTOFINANCIALCHARACTERISTICS,ALSOCALLEDHARDFACTORS,ANDSOFTFACTORSLIKEDEMOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICSANDGROUPINTERMEDIATIONWECONCLUDEWITHIDEASFORFUTURERESEARCHINONLINEP2PLENDINGPAPERSELECTIONINTHESUMMEROF2010WECONDUCTEDAKEYWORDSEARCHINGOOGLESCHOLARWITHTHETERMS“P2PLENDING”AND“PEERTOPEERLENDING”ANDINCLUDEDFURTHERARTICLESTHROUGHBACKWARDANDFORWARDSEARCHSINCETHETOPICISYOUNGANDMOSTJOURNALSANDCONFERENCESOPENTHEIRDATABASESFORSEARCHENGINESLIKEGOOGLESCHOLAR,WECONCLUDEDTHATANYSEARCHBIASWOULDBELIMITEDANDTHEREFOREREFRAINEDFROMAJOURNALSEARCH

簡介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFSCIENTIFICANDRESEARCHPUBLICATIONS,VOLUME8,ISSUE2,FEBRUARY201812ISSN22503153WWWIJSRPORGTHEMOSTEFFECTIVEDIGITALMARKETINGSTRATEGIESGIFFORD,2010KINGSNORTH,2017PATRUTIUBALTES,2016PI?EIROOTERO,TERESAGOULD,2017PATRUTIUBALTES,2016PUBLICRELATIONSAREATYPEOFFORMALCOMMUNICATIONS,THATISAIMEDTOFOSTERPUBLICACCEPTANCE,CONSIDERATIONANDSUPPORTGOULD,2017THEMAINGOALOFDIGITALPUBLICRELATIONSISTOPROVIDEINFORMATIONTOTHEPUBLICUSINGTHEINTERNETDIGITALPUBLICRELATIONSASEXPRESSEDBYGIFFORD2010,VENTURESBEYONDTHETRADITIONALWAYSOFPUBLICRELATIONSDESCRIBEDBYGOULD2017,THROUGHINVOKINGPOWERFULINTERNETTECHNOLOGYTOREACHALARGER,MOREDIVERSEAUDIENCETHISINCREDIBLEAPPROACHISUSEDTODISTRIBUTECOMPANYINFORMATION,NAMESOFMANAGEMENTOFFICIALS,PRODUCTINFORMATION,INVESTORINFORMATION,ORGANIZATIONHISTORYANDAVARIETYOFEXTRAINFORMATIONONLINEADVERTISINGPATRUTIUBALTES2016ANDGAIKWADKINGSNORTH,2017PATRUTIUBALTES,2016SLADE,2016VEIN,2015MOSTOFTHELITERATUREPOINTEDTOUSINGBLOGSASBEINGTHEMAINPLATFORMFORCONTENTMARKETINGSLADESTATEDTHAT“ENGAGINGVISUALCONTENTMEANSTHATAUSERISLIKELYTOSPENDMORETIMEONYOURWEBSITEP38”PATRUTIUBALTES2016EXPRESSEDTHATBLOGSPOSTEDTOANORGANIZATION’SWEBSITEHASASIGNIFICANTPARTINEXPRESSINGTHECOMPANY’SIMAGETHEEXPRESSIONSOFSLADE2016ANDVEIN2015,PROVIDEDONLINEARTICLES,PRESENTATIONS,LIVESTREAMING,PICTURESANDVIDEOSASBENEFICIALTOOLSTHATCOMPANIESSHOULDINCLUDEINTOTHEIRBLOGSONTHEIRBUSINESSWEBSITEAFFILIATEMARKETINGTHESENIORONLINEMARKETINGMANAGEROFBSKYBANDTHEINTERNETADVERTISINGBUREAU,HELENSOUTHGATE,ENDORSEDAFFILIATEMARKETINGASATRUSTWORTHYSTRATEGYTOGENERATEREVENUEONLINEFORABUSINESSOFANYSIZEPATRUTIUBALTES,2016AFFILIATEMARKETINGISATYPEOFMARKETINGPRACTICEINDIGITALMARKETING,WHERETHEAFFILIATESAREREWARDEDBYTHEWEBBASEDMERCHANT,VIAEACHCUSTOMERBROUGHTTHROUGHTHEAFFILIATE’SMARKETINGEXERTIONSPATRUTIUBALTES,2016CITEDAFILIERE,2008THEFINDINGSOFPATRUTIUBALTES2016,EXPLAINEDTHATPAYPERCLICKPPCAFFILIATEPROGRAMSANDAFFILIATENETWORKSWEREWAYSTHATAFFILIATEMARKETINGSTRATEGIESAREPRACTICEDTHROUGHTHEONLINEENVIRONMENTNEWSLETTERSPI?EIROOTEROMARTíNEZROLáN2016POINTEDTONEWSLETTERSASBEINGANEFFECTIVEMARKETINGSTRATEGYFORCOMPANIESTOIMPLEMENTINTOTHEIRMARKETINGEFFORTSTHEAUTHORSEXPRESSEDTHEVALUEOFAWELLDESIGNEDNEWSLETTERWITHGOODCONTENTGAIKWADKATE2016CONCURREDWITHTHETHOUGHTSOFPI?EIROOTEROMARTíNEZROLáN2016,BYELABORATINGONTHESIGNIFICANCEOFNEWSLETTERBEINGUSEDINDIGITALMARKETINGTHEADDITIONOFPROFESSIONALLYCRAFTEDPICTURESANDVIDEOSINTOANELECTRONICNEWSLETTER,WILLRESULTIN50TO70MORECLICKSTHANNEWSLETTERSCONSTRUCTEDPURELYUSINGTEXT

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簡介：7700英文單詞，英文單詞，42萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文13萬字萬字文獻出處文獻出處MARTINSNR,DAGRA?AGCIMPACTOFPM25ININDOORURBANENVIRONMENTSAREVIEWJSUSTAINABLECITIESANDSOCIETY422018259–275IMPACTOFPM25ININDOORURBANENVIRONMENTSAREVIEWNUNORMARTINS,GUILHERMECARRILHODAGRA?AABSTRACTAIRBORNEFINEPARTICULATEMATTERPM25ISAPOLLUTANTTHATISFOUNDINALLURBANENVIRONMENTSPM25ISPREDOMINANTLYGENERATEDBYTRAFFICANDDOMESTICFUELCOMBUSTIONANDHASSIGNIFICANTNEGATIVEHEALTHIMPACTSTHEEVERGROWINGURBANPOPULATIONSPENDSMOSTOFTHEIRTIMEININDOORENVIRONMENTSWHEREITISEXPOSEDTOPM25THATISBROUGHTINFROMTHEOUTDOORENVIRONMENTBYVENTILATIONAIRFLOWSEVERALSTUDIESSHOWTHISINFLOWOFOUTDOORPM25,COMBINEDWITHINTERNALSOURCESEGINDOORCOMBUSTION,PARTICLERESUSPENSIONCANLEADTOANI/ORATIOABOVEONEINDOORAIRQUALITYISLOWERTHANOUTDOORSTHEMOSTCOMMONAPPROACHTOLIMITVENTILATIONINFLOWOFPM25ISTHEUSEOFMECHANICALVENTILATIONSYSTEMSWITHCLOTHFILTERSTHATCANSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEVENTILATIONFANENERGYCONSUMPTIONDECREASINGEXPOSURETOPM25ISCHALLENGING,REQUIRINGATHOROUGHUNDERSTANDINGOFPM25′SORIGINANDTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENBUILDINGSANDTHEIRSURROUNDINGENVIRONMENTTHISREVIEWOFTHEIMPACTOFPM25ININDOORURBANENVIRONMENTSSUMMARIZESEXISTINGRESEARCHINTHISAREA,SPECIFICALLY,THEMAINPM25SOURCESANDSINKSINOUTDOORANDINDOORURBANENVIRONMENTS,THEPM25EXPOSURELIMITSTHATARECURRENTLYAPPLICABLETHROUGHOUTTHEWORLD,THEMAINSOCIOECONOMICIMPACTSOFEXPOSURETOPM25ANDTHEMOSTPROMISINGSOLUTIONSTOMINIMIZEINDOOREXPOSUREKEYWORDSREVIEWPM25FINEPARTICLESPARTICLEEXPOSUREINDOORAIRAIRQUALITYMODELING1INTRODUCTIONTHETERMAIRPOLLUTIONREFERSTOAGROUPOFAIRBORNEPOLLUTANTSTHATAREKNOWNTOCONTRIBUTETODECREASEDLIFEEXPECTANCYBAKLANOV,MOLINA,LAVEWHERETHEHIGHERPOPULATIONDENSITYLEADSTOHIGHERPOLLUTANTGENERATIONANDHIGHERHUMANEXPOSUREBAKLANOVETAL,2016DENSECITYCENTRESHAVEACONTAINMENTEFFECTONBLACKCARBONEMISSIONSFROMFOSSILFUELPOWEREDTRANSPORTATION,DOMESTICSTOVESANDSPACEHEATINGFARRELL,DEVILLECAVELLIN,WEICHENTHAL,GOLDBERG,HABREETAL,2014THEHIGHPOLLUTIONLEVELSTHATAREFOUNDINMOSTLARGECITIESARETRANSPORTEDINTOTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTBYVENTILATIONANDINFILTRATIONAIRFLOWSTHEMOSTWIDESPREADAPPROACHTOLIMITINDOORPM25LEVELSINCOMMERCIALBUILDINGSISTHEUSEOFCLOTHFILTERSINTEGRATEDINMECHANICALVENTILATIONSYSTEMSTHESEFILTERSCANREACHPM25REMOVALEFFICIENCIESABOVE99LIU,XIAOETAL,2017,ALBEITATTHECOSTOFPLACINGALARGEPRESSURELOADONTHEVENTILATIONSYSTEMANDINCREASINGTHEENERGYCONSUMPTIONOFTHEVENTILATIONFANSAZIMI,ZHAO,STEPHENS,2014INLOCATIONSWHEREELECTRICITYGENERATIONISBASEDONFOSSILFUELS,THISHIGHERPOWERCONSUMPTIONFURTHERINCREASESPM25EMISSIONSINTOTHEATMOSPHEREINCONTRAST,NATURALVENTILATIONNVWITHOPENWINDOWS,WHICHISMORECOMMONLYUSEDINRESIDENTIALBUILDINGSANDHASRECENTLYGAINEDPOPULARITYINCOMMERCIALBUILDINGS,REQUIRESNOELECTRICPOWERAND,THUS,DOESNOTINCREASEPM25EMISSIONSHOWEVER,NVAIRFLOWISDRIVENBYLOWPRESSUREDIFFERENCESAND,THEREFORE,ISUNABLETOSURPASSTHEPRESSUREDROPOFACLOTHFILTER,THUSDISALLOWINGTHEIRUSEANDENABLINGTHEUNOBSTRUCTEDINFLOWOFOUTDOORFINEPARTICLESDECREASINGOCCUPANTEXPOSURETOPM25WHILESIMULTANEOUSLYPROVIDINGACOMFORTABLEINDOORENVIRONMENTATALOWENERGYCOSTREQUIRESINNOVATIVESOLUTIONSFURTHER,IDENTIFYINGTHEBESTSOLUTIONSREQUIRESATHOROUGHUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEINTERACTIONOFBUILDINGSWITHTHEIRLOCALENVIRONMENTTHISREVIEWOFRECENTSTUDIESANSWERS,INTHEFOLLOWINGSIXSECTIONS,ASETOFPERTINENTQUESTIONSTHATFACETHEBUILDINGDESIGNRESEARCHCOMMUNITYWHENDEALINGWITHTHEIMPACTOFPM25WITHINTHEBUILTINDOORENVIRONMENTTHEQUESTIONANSWEREDINSECTION2ISWHATARETHEMAINSOURCESANDSINKSOFPM25INTHEOUTDOORURBANENVIRONMENTTHEORIGINOFPM25INTHEOUTDOORENVIRONMENTISDESCRIBEDINTHISSECTION,ASWELLASTHEEFFECTOFLOCALCLIMATEANDTOPOGRAPHYONPM25LEVELSTHEQUESTIONANSWEREDINSECTION3ISWHATEXPOSURELIMITSARECURRENTLYAPPLICABLEINDIFFERENTPARTSOFTHEWORLDWHATISTHEEXPECTEDEVOLUTIONOFTHESELIMITSTHISSECTIONPRESENTSREGULATIONSANDGUIDELINESSETBYNATIONALREGULATORSANDINTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONSTOLIMITHUMANEXPOSURETOPM25THEQUESTIONANSWEREDINSECTION4ISWHATARETHEMAINSOURCESANDSINKSOFPM25INTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTWHATISTHEAVERAGERATIOBETWEENINDOORANDOUTDOORPM25INDIFFERENTTYPESOFBUILDINGSTHEMAINSOURCESANDSINKSOFPM25INTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTAREDISCUSSEDINTHISSECTION,ALONGWITHASURVEYOFMEASUREDINDOOR/OUTDOORPM25CONCENTRATIONRATIOSTHEQUESTIONANSWEREDINSECTION5ISWHATARETHEMOSTCOMMONAPPROACHESUSEDTOPREDICTINDOORPM25LEVELS

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簡介：中文中文5100字，字，3200單詞，單詞，16萬英文字符萬英文字符出處出處STONEA,LINDTJWVD,CHENSDESIGNANDCOSTSFORSIMPLEMADECONTINUOUSROLLEDSTEELGIRDERBRIDGESLITERATURESURVEYJPRACTICEPERIODICALONSTRUCTURALDESIGNJWVANDELINDT,MASCE2ANDSCHEN,MASCE3摘要在整個美國，采用先簡支后連續(xù)方法修建的鋼橋正越來越興起，因為它能顯著地節(jié)約成本。特別是，該方法能避免鋼主梁鋼部分拼接，而且可以按簡支梁設(shè)計梁和板的恒重,然后其他的活載和剩下的恒荷按連續(xù)梁設(shè)計。這樣消除了判定和考慮棱角部位是有利與不利部位的時間。而且因為不需要大量拼接方面的工作量，大大加快了建設(shè)速度。在2006年,科羅拉多州交通局發(fā)起了一項研究用來1評核當(dāng)前使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型鋼簡支變連續(xù)的方法；2開發(fā)設(shè)計圖表用以快速擬定鋼橋尺寸和進行簡支變連續(xù)橋成本估算。本文直到2007年才為這種結(jié)構(gòu)提出一種先進的復(fù)核模式，本文集中研究了最近完成的很成功的此類土木工程項目。土木工程數(shù)據(jù)庫主題詞橋梁設(shè)計；鋼梁；橋梁；鋼材；造價。本文關(guān)鍵詞簡支變連續(xù)；鋼結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計；橋梁設(shè)計；型鋼梁。介紹過去50年里，在美國的中西部，中小跨徑的鋼橋的建設(shè)規(guī)模已經(jīng)下滑，最好的形勢，也只是保持穩(wěn)態(tài)，而預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝土橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)占據(jù)著主要市場。特別是在科羅拉多州，實際上鋼橋梁建設(shè)市場漸漸消退而預(yù)應(yīng)力的橋梁占據(jù)市場的現(xiàn)象早已為人所知。它市場消退的一個原因是，在這個區(qū)域缺少與該州較強實力的預(yù)制混凝土公司合作的鋼鐵廠。另外，在某些區(qū)，如科羅拉多州，缺乏可用資金和創(chuàng)新工藝和機具去設(shè)計和修建鋼橋梁，也妨害了這個產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。在橋型式選擇的投標(biāo)過程中，投標(biāo)者必須做一些準(zhǔn)確預(yù)算鋼材與混凝土方面的工作。預(yù)制混凝土產(chǎn)業(yè)也已經(jīng)致力于探究新的工藝使這個過程更加容易，隨后借此占據(jù)了在科羅拉多州的市場。這些工藝類型對于投標(biāo)鋼橋梁是行不通的，因此，對設(shè)計和建筑承包商而言，需要在鋼材的選擇上做更多工作。這個趨勢使得投標(biāo)者去思考出更容易的，隨著時間推移，更令人熟悉的選擇，而且此類選擇逐漸被預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土市場所占據(jù)。在這種方法中，鋼梁被預(yù)制和運送到作業(yè)現(xiàn)場，工人在低應(yīng)力狀態(tài)下用螺栓或焊接拼接方法將它們組裝起來。而最近有一個比較簡單的方法，其中簡支梁是按照設(shè)計者的規(guī)定設(shè)計，然后主梁在橋墩處通過使用一個混凝土的隔板或一個搭接板連接使之成為連續(xù)體系。（AZIZINAMINIETAL2005）。在這種方法中，當(dāng)混凝土路面和搭接板澆筑完成時，簡支梁的承受荷載就得考慮自重和潮濕的混凝土路面的總和?；炷粮舭逵步Y(jié)之后結(jié)果就變成連續(xù)體系梁橋，所有其它的荷載（活荷載，二期恒載）被連續(xù)體系的主梁共同承擔(dān)。這一種理念稱之為簡支承受恒載，連續(xù)承受活載，或者叫簡支變連續(xù)體系（AZIZINAMINIETAL2005）。與“傳統(tǒng)方法”相比參照，采用現(xiàn)場的拼裝方法實現(xiàn)的簡支變連續(xù)具有一些優(yōu)點，主要有1它不需要昂貴的現(xiàn)場拼接費用；2減少在支點的負(fù)彎矩，同時增加了在跨中的正彎矩；3全跨都采用等截面設(shè)計可以減少裝配難度，最大限度減少鋼梁的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計；4小型號的起重機就能滿足裝配主梁系統(tǒng)的需求；5不需要現(xiàn)場拼裝，架設(shè)時間減少；6與常規(guī)比較方法相比，對交通中斷影響較小。截至2007年，有幾個州已經(jīng)開始在他們的一些鋼橋中，設(shè)計和施工采用這種類型。已經(jīng)修造了簡單變連續(xù)的鋼橋的各州名單中包括科羅拉多州，新墨西哥州，內(nèi)布拉斯加州，俄亥俄州，和田納西州。本文對這些橋梁項目做一個簡單的概要，主要包括設(shè)計方法和造價比較。內(nèi)布拉斯加州最近內(nèi)布拉斯加公路局與內(nèi)布拉斯加大學(xué)聯(lián)合合作，確定/制定一個小跨徑（80110英尺）鋼橋梁比較經(jīng)濟合理的解決方案（AZIZINAMINIETAL2003）。兩個提出的備選方案一個是主梁在簡支時承擔(dān)恒載，而連續(xù)時承擔(dān)活載；另一個是主梁全部連續(xù)承擔(dān)所有的恒載與活載。隨后進行的兩個備選方案試驗表明，連續(xù)時承擔(dān)活載的主梁，在支點處只產(chǎn)生一個較小的負(fù)彎矩，同時在跨中產(chǎn)生較高的正彎矩（AZIZINAMINIETAL2003）。這個結(jié)果很具有吸引力，正如上面提到的現(xiàn)象，因為這樣可以斷定將主梁全長度設(shè)計為等截面是經(jīng)濟的。經(jīng)過比較選擇，內(nèi)布拉斯加大學(xué)推薦恒載簡支而活載連續(xù)梁。他們最初在支點連接處細(xì)節(jié)構(gòu)造設(shè)計，如圖1所示。

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簡介：交通運輸2004,VOLXIX,NO2,7581中文中文57005700字出處出處MAKSIMAVI?IUSMAKSIMAVI?IUSRRSOMESOMEELEMENTSELEMENTSOFOFTHETHEROROROROTERMINALSJTERMINALSJTRANSPORT,TRANSPORT,2004,2004,19275811927581滾裝碼頭的要素介紹滾裝碼頭的要素介紹呂卡達斯呂卡達斯馬克西瑪維丘斯馬克西瑪維丘斯克萊佩達大學(xué)克萊佩達大學(xué),比巨納比巨納17,17,克萊佩達克萊佩達,LT,LT‐5800,5800,立陶宛立陶宛摘要摘要滾裝運輸是海洋物流業(yè)務(wù)的重要組成部分，但是及時裝運貨物和裝船工藝是影響滾裝船貨運時間的一個重要因素。如何最大程度的減少滾裝碼頭的裝船時間是研究的重點。否則可能會干擾船舶調(diào)度，甚至影響碼頭運營和港口交通。另一個經(jīng)常遇到的問題是滾裝碼頭無法直接接受并處理到達的貨物。這主要是碼頭通過口岸、海關(guān)和邊境控制單元的數(shù)量不足，并且碼頭停車場/存儲能力和布置的不足。針對上述問題，本文給出適當(dāng)?shù)挠嬎銇碓u估碼頭口岸通過能力，海關(guān)和邊境控制設(shè)施。因此，嘗試優(yōu)化碼頭操作效率和吸引力，使削弱滾裝運輸?shù)囊蛩赜绊憸p小，尤其是關(guān)于運輸時間。關(guān)鍵詞碼頭，口岸，海關(guān)和邊境控制設(shè)施，滾裝船，停車關(guān)鍵詞碼頭，口岸，海關(guān)和邊境控制設(shè)施，滾裝船，停車/存儲能力。存儲能力。1．簡介簡介立陶宛滾裝船服務(wù)運營商在滾裝船運輸市場激烈的競爭中努力保留他們的位置，以及在新的滾裝船運輸市場突破自身壯大自己。然而，值得一提的是，與其他運輸公司和滾裝碼頭之間的合作不總是可行的，有時會使貨運受到不利因素的影響，這會阻礙對其評估，同時影響貨物運輸和交通流量。當(dāng)港口碼頭和滾裝船班輪經(jīng)營者之間的合作不能很好的平衡雙方的利益時，甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)更多的問題。由于沒有道路供車輛行駛，滾裝船貨運運輸使車輛跨海貿(mào)易成為可能（當(dāng)沒有其他技術(shù)手段是可行的時候，黃金是非常昂貴的）；沿著現(xiàn)有的公路網(wǎng)絡(luò)，汽車滾裝碼頭有效的節(jié)省了汽車貿(mào)易的成本和時間。在新興市場出現(xiàn)后，許多新的滾裝船貨運線路很快被迫退出運行和關(guān)閉，因為沒有前途，或其他的原因，如不好的績效和未能吸引到足夠的貨物，被低估的優(yōu)點，缺點和威脅，和夸張的可能性評估，錯誤評估貨運流量和太樂觀的人生觀，解釋不足或產(chǎn)生對滾裝運輸?shù)呢?fù)面影響因素估計不足，等等。本研究旨在通過確定所需的碼頭口岸數(shù)量、海關(guān)和邊境控制，以及停車場/倉儲設(shè)施，確定滾裝輪渡貨運的最小處理時間。在過去的十年中僅有較少的研究論文是與滾裝運輸問題有關(guān)的。重要的研究在交通工程領(lǐng)域，經(jīng)濟學(xué)領(lǐng)域和物流對滾裝運輸?shù)陌l(fā)展產(chǎn)生了多大的影響。一些描述性的敘事研究，為滾裝運輸發(fā)展提供戰(zhàn)略解決方案。在過去的幾年中，科學(xué)家和研究人員已經(jīng)討論了汽車的遠洋、鐵路和內(nèi)河運輸問題，并作出了嘗試。馬可波羅項目也為此事在很大程度上提供了可用經(jīng)驗。交通運輸2004,VOLXIX,NO2,7581考慮到客觀和主觀（圖1）可能影響滾裝貨物運輸?shù)囊蛩?，我們可以減少這些影響，因為運營商能以自己的方式使運輸影響減少。有些人注重滾裝運輸成本、時間和安全性能的影響，便可降低和減少其對滾裝運輸?shù)挠绊?。有些影響因素是可以人為改變的，而有些是人為改變不了了的如天氣?zāi)害。不管是何種因素，只要是影響滾裝運輸發(fā)展的都要考慮并評估。貨物運輸成本在很大程度上影響到貨物運輸選擇的交通工具，但是，若沒有考慮貨物輸送和處理效率，安全等方面都是不科學(xué)的。運輸時間是滾裝貨物運輸中的一個重要部分，運營商和政府機構(gòu)都要有滾裝碼頭作業(yè)布置對總運輸時間的影響。標(biāo)簽打印和收集檢查進入滾裝口岸邊境控制檢查海關(guān)清查等候裝船裝船貨物運輸靠岸存儲地排隊邊境控制海關(guān)清查離開碼頭圖22滾裝船貨物運輸流程滾裝船貨物運輸流程圖11滾裝貨物運輸影響因素滾裝貨物運輸影響因素

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簡介：CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTSUSTAINABLECITIESANDSOCIETYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/SCSIMPACTOFPM25ININDOORURBANENVIRONMENTSAREVIEWNUNORMARTINS?,GUILHERMECARRILHODAGRA?AINSTITUTODOMLUIZ,FACULDADEDECIêNCIAS,UNIVERSIDADEDELISBOA,1749016LISBOA,PORTUGALARTICLEINFOKEYWORDSREVIEWPM25FINEPARTICLESPARTICLEEXPOSUREINDOORAIRAIRQUALITYMODELINGABSTRACTAIRBORNEFINEPARTICULATEMATTERPM25ISAPOLLUTANTTHATISFOUNDINALLURBANENVIRONMENTSPM25ISPREDOMINANTLYGENERATEDBYTRAFFICANDDOMESTICFUELCOMBUSTIONANDHASSIGNIFICANTNEGATIVEHEALTHIMPACTSTHEEVERGROWINGURBANPOPULATIONSPENDSMOSTOFTHEIRTIMEININDOORENVIRONMENTSWHEREITISEXPOSEDTOPM25THATISBROUGHTINFROMTHEOUTDOORENVIRONMENTBYVENTILATIONAIRFLOWSEVERALSTUDIESSHOWTHISINFLOWOFOUTDOORPM25,COMBINEDWITHINTERNALSOURCESEGINDOORCOMBUSTION,PARTICLERESUSPENSIONCANLEADTOANI/ORATIOABOVEONEINDOORAIRQUALITYISLOWERTHANOUTDOORSTHEMOSTCOMMONAPPROACHTOLIMITVENTILATIONINFLOWOFPM25ISTHEUSEOFMECHANICALVENTILATIONSYSTEMSWITHCLOTHFILTERSTHATCANSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEVENTILATIONFANENERGYCONSUMPTIONDECREASINGEXPOSURETOPM25ISCHALLENGING,REQUIRINGATHOROUGHUNDERSTANDINGOFPM25′SORIGINANDTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENBUILDINGSANDTHEIRSURROUNDINGENVIRONMENTTHISREVIEWOFTHEIMPACTOFPM25ININDOORURBANENVIRONMENTSSUMMARIZESEXISTINGRESEARCHINTHISAREA,SPECIFICALLY,THEMAINPM25SOURCESANDSINKSINOUTDOORANDINDOORURBANENVIRONMENTS,THEPM25EXPOSURELIMITSTHATARECURRENTLYAPPLICABLETHROUGHOUTTHEWORLD,THEMAINSOCIOECONOMICIMPACTSOFEXPOSURETOPM25ANDTHEMOSTPROMISINGSOLUTIONSTOMINIMIZEINDOOREXPOSURE1INTRODUCTIONTHETERMAIRPOLLUTIONREFERSTOAGROUPOFAIRBORNEPOLLUTANTSTHATAREKNOWNTOCONTRIBUTETODECREASEDLIFEEXPECTANCYBAKLANOV,MOLINA,LAVEPM10PARTICLESWITHANAERODYNAMICDIAMETERBELOW10ΜMPM25PARTICLESWITHADIAMETERBELOW25ΜM,ALSOKNOWNASFINEPARTICLESCPCOARSEPARTICLESARETHEFRACTIONOFPM10THATDOESNOTINCLUDEPM25UFPULTRAFINEPARTICLESUFPAREPARTICLESWITHADIAMETERBELOW100NM,WHICHCANALSOBEREFERREDASPM01EARLYRESEARCHONTHEEFFECTSOFHUMANEXPOSURETOAIRBORNEPMUSEDPM10ASTHEPREFERREDINDICATORENGLERT,2004,POLICHETTI,COCCO,SPINALI,TRIMARCO,RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM17JULY2018ACCEPTED17JULY2018?CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSNMMARTINSFCULPTNRMARTINSSUSTAINABLECITIESANDSOCIETY422018259–275AVAILABLEONLINE29JULY201822106707/?2018ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDTUSEDTOPREDICTINDOORPM25LEVELSTHEQUESTIONANSWEREDINSECTION6ISWHATARETHEMAINHEALTHANDSOCIOECONOMICIMPACTSOFTHEEXPOSURETOPM25HEALTHIMPACTS,ASWELLASTHESOCIALANDECONOMICCONSEQUENCESTHATARISEFROMTHECONTINUEDEXPOSURETOFINEPARTICLEPOLLUTIONAREENUMERATEDINTHISSECTIONTHEQUESTIONANSWEREDINSECTION7ISWHATSOLUTIONSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDTOMINIMIZEINDOOREXPOSUREANDITSRESULTINGIMPACTSFINALLY,THISSECTIONPRESENTSSEVERALSOLUTIONSTHATHAVEBEENPROJECTEDANDAPPLIEDTOMINIMIZETHEEXPOSURETOPM25INBOTHTHEOUTDOORANDINDOORENVIRONMENTS2PM25INOUTDOORURBANENVIRONMENTSFINEPARTICLESINTHEPM25SIZERANGECANBEDIRECTLYEMITTEDINTOTHEATMOSPHERE,APROCESSKNOWNASPRIMARYEMISSIONOFPM25,ORRESULTFROMCHEMICALREACTIONSINVOLVINGPRECURSORGASESSECONDARYFORMATIONOFPM25VELASCO,TURKIEWICZ,NAJITA,TUNNOETAL,2016GLOBALLY,TRAFFICISRESPONSIBLEFORAPPROXIMATELYONEQUARTEROFURBANOUTDOORPM25LEVELS,ALTHOUGHINSOUTHANDSOUTHEASTASIA,SOUTHAMERICAANDSOUTHWESTEUROPE,TRAFFIC’SSHAREOFPM25CONCENTRATIONREACHES30TO37KARAGULIANETAL,2015INDUSTRYANDPOWERGENERATIONCONTRIBUTETOONLY15OFTHEGLOBALURBANPM25LEVELS,SINCETHESESOURCESARENOLONGERLOCATEDWITHINMAJORCITIESINMOSTDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESHOWEVER,INDUSTRYANDPOWERGENERATIONARESTILLSIGNIFICANTSOURCES27–34OFPM25POLLUTIONINSOUTHASIA,SOUTHERNCHINA,JAPANANDTHEMIDDLEEASTKARAGULIANETAL,2015PM25EMISSIONDUETODOMESTICFUELBURNINGHASALSODECREASEDINMOSTDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESANDCURRENTLYACCOUNTSFOR20OFGLOBALURBANPM25STILL,ITISTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTSOURCEINCENTRALANDEASTERNEUROPEANDINAFRICA32–34KARAGULIANETAL,2015ANTHROPOGENICSECONDARYPARTICLEFORMATION,SUCHASTHEOXIDATIONOFSULFURANDNITROGENOXIDESINTOAMMONIUMSULFATEANDNITRATE,RESPECTIVELYVELASCOETAL,2005,ACCOUNTSFOR22OFURBANPM25WORLDWIDEHOWEVER,INMOSTDEVELOPEDNATIONS,INCLUDINGTHEREPUBLICOFKOREA,CANADA,THEUNITEDSTATESANDWESTERNEUROPE,THISFRACTIONINCREASESTOBETWEEN44AND62KARAGULIANETAL,2015PM25CANALSOORIGINATEFROMNATURALSOURCES,WHICHINCLUDEDUSTFROMNONURBANANDNONAGRICULTURALSOILS,SEASALT,COMBUSTIONEMISSIONSFROMWILDFIRESANDPARTICLESTHATRESULTFROMTHEOXIDATIONOFVOLATILEORGANICCOMPOUNDSFROMVEGETATIONMARLIERETAL,2013VELASCOETAL,2005THESENATURALSOURCESACCOUNTFOR18OFTHETOTALGLOBALURBANPM25LEVELSJAPANANDTHEMIDDLEEASTARETHEONLYREGIONSWHERENATURALSOURCESARETHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTSOURCEOFPM25POLLUTION42TO52KARAGULIANETAL,2015ALTHOUGHURBANPM25HASAMOSTLYLOCALANDANTHROPOGENICORIGINCHUANGETAL,2016HAN,ZHOU,ISLEYETAL,2017POLIDORI,KWON,TURPIN,JILUOETAL,2017,WHILEDIFFERENTBUILDINGLAYOUTSHAVEBEENFOUNDTOEITHERRESTRICTOREASETHEDISPERSIONOFAIRBORNEPARTICLESMEI,WEN,XU,ZHU,CHITHRAHAN,ZHOUETAL,2016LUOETAL,2017QIUETAL,2017ZHANGZHANG,JIANGETAL,2017,FROMNORTHERNCHINATOTHEEASTCHINASEAREGIONWANG,GUOETAL,2015,FROMEASTERNSIBERIARUSSIATOJAPANIKEMORI,HONJYO,YAMAGAMI,CHITHRALUOETAL,2017TAI,MICKLEY,TIWARIETAL,2013TOROETAL,2014ZHANGCHENGETAL,2016MOTALLEBI,1999TOROETAL,2014ORTHROUGHOUTTHEY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簡介：12980英文單詞，英文單詞，17萬英文字符，萬英文字符，5200漢字漢字文獻出處文獻出處BERNHARDTJM,MAYSD,HALLAKSOCIALMARKETINGATTHERIGHTPLACEANDRIGHTTIMEWITHNEWMEDIAJJOURNALOFSOCIALMARKETING,2012,22130137SOCIALMARKETINGATTHERIGHTPLACEANDRIGHTTIMEWITHNEWMEDIAJMBERNHARDT，DMAYS，AKHALLABSTRACTPURPOSE–THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOSEEKTODISCUSSHOWTHENEWMEDIAREVOLUTIONCANIMPROVESOCIALMARKETINGBYBRINGINGTHE“PLACE”O(jiān)NEOFFOURP’SFROMTHEMARKETINGMIXCLOSERTOTHECONSUMERDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–THISPAPERDESCRIBESCURRENTNEWMEDIATRENDSRELATEDTOSOCIALMEDIAANDMOBILECOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGIESANDDISCUSSESTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHESETECHNOLOGIESFORSOCIALMARKETINGBYEXPLORINGEXAMPLESOFTHEIRUSEINCOMMERCIALMARKETING,SOCIALCHANGE,ANDPUBLICHEALTHFINDINGS–THERAPIDGROWTHOFONLINESOCIALNETWORKSANDNEARUBIQUITYOFMOBILEPHONESINMUCHOFTHEWORLDOFFERSSOCIALMARKETERSENORMOUSPOTENTIALFORENGAGINGCONSUMERSINRADICALLYNEWWAYSTHENATUREOFTHESENEWCOMMUNICATIONPLATFORMSDIFFERSFROMTRADITIONALMEDIAINIMPORTANTWAYSTHATCANMAKETHEMMOREEFFECTIVEFORMARKETING,MOSTNOTABLYTHEPOTENTIALFORDEEPERCONSUMERENGAGEMENT,MULTIDIRECTIONALINFORMATIONEXCHANGE,ANDLOCATIONBASEDTRACKINGANDMESSAGINGPRACTICALIMPLICATIONS–THETRENDSDESCRIBEDINTHISPAPERARERAPIDLYANDFUNDAMENTALLYCHANGINGHOWCOMMERCIALMARKETERS,BRANDMANAGERS,ANDCONSUMERRELATIONSHIPMANAGERSENGAGEWITHTHECURRENTANDPROSPECTIVECONSUMERSSOCIALMARKETINGSHOULDLEARNFROMTHESECHANGESANDLEVERAGETHESENEWMEDIATOENGAGELARGENUMBERSOFCONSUMERSMOREDEEPLYANDCLOSERTOTHE“RIGHTPLACEANDRIGHTTIME”THANTHEYEVERCOULDBEFOREORIGINALITY/VALUE–THISPAPEREXPLORESATOPICTHATHASBEENINTRODUCEDATTHEGLOBALNONPROFITANDSOCIALMARKETINGCONFERENCEINDUBLIN,IRELANDINAPRIL2011THEDISCUSSIONSHOULDENCOURAGESOCIALMARKETERSTORECONSIDERTHEROLEOF“PLACE”ANDEXPLOREHOWNEWMEDIACANBRINGPLACECLOSERTOCONSUMERS3WORK,ORSCHOOLS,PRECISELYATTHETIMETHATDECISIONSAREMADEINOTHERWORDS,NEWMEDIACANSHIFT“PLACE”FROMRESTROOMSANDGROCERYSTORES,TOBEINGINPEOPLE’SNATURALSETTINGSBYREACHINGTHEMVIACOMPUTERSORMOBILEPHONESORDEVICESTHATAREACCESSIBLETOTHEMALMOSTANYTIMEANDANYWHERELEFEBVRE,2009THEEMERGENCEOFNEWMEDIAHASLEDTOAPARADIGMSHIFTINMANYCOMPANIES’MARKETINGPRACTICESFROMATRADITIONALBRANDOR“PRODUCTDRIVEN”APPROACHTOACONTEMPORARY“CUSTOMERDRIVEN”MARKETINGMETHODRUSTETAL,2011THISSHIFTISDUEINLARGEPARTTOTHEPERVASIVEUSEOFNEWMEDIAANDTHECAPABILITYOFNEWMEDIATECHNOLOGIESTOPUTCUSTOMERSANDCOMPANIESINCONSTANTCONTACTNEWTECHNOLOGYANDSOCIALMEDIAAREBYNATURECONSUMERDRIVENUNLIKETRADITIONALMEDIA,CONTENTGENERATEDTHROUGHTHESEPLATFORMSISLARGELYCREATED,MAINTAINED,ANDSHAREDBYANDAMONGCONSUMERSANDCOMMUNITIESBERNHARDTETAL,2011THESEWIDESPREAD,ELECTRONIC,MULTIDIRECTIONALINTERACTIONSHAVENOTBEENWITNESSEDPREVIOUSLYANDGIVECONSUMERSTHEABILITYTODIRECTLYCOMMUNICATETHEIRPRODUCTNEEDSANDFEEDBACKTOCOMPANIESTHATAREEAGERTOLISTENMANGOLDANDFAULDS,2009MOREOVER,NEWMEDIAAREOFTENPERCEIVEDBYCONSUMERSASMORETRUSTWORTHYSOURCESOFINFORMATIONFOR“PRODUCTSANDSERVICESTHANCORPORATESPONSOREDCOMMUNICATIONSTRANSMITTEDVIATHETRADITIONALELEMENTSOFTHEPROMOTIONALMIX”FOUX,2006,P389INSHORT,SOCIALMARKETERSCANNOWLEVERAGENEWMEDIATOENGAGELARGENUMBERSOFCONSUMERSMOREDEEPLYANDCLOSERTOTHERIGHTPLACEANDRIGHTTIMETHANEVERBEFORENEWMEDIAWHILEDEFINITIONSOFNEWMEDIAVARY,GENERALLYTHESEINCLUDEELECTRONICCOMMUNICATIONCHANNELSSUCHASSOCIALNETWORKINGWEBSITES,BLOGS,CHATROOMS,DISCUSSIONBOARDS,ANDCUSTOMERSERVICERATINGWEBSITES,ALLOFWHICHCANPROVIDEAMPLEOPPORTUNITIESFORTWOWAYCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENMARKETERSANDCONSUMERSUSEOFNEWCOMMUNICATIONMEDIABYCONSUMERSHASPROLIFERATEDINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,OFFERINGUNPRECEDENTEDOPPORTUNITIESTOEXTENDTHEREACHANDENGAGEMENTOFSOCIALMARKETINGEFFORTSINOTHERPARTSOFTHEWORLD,USEOFCERTAINNEWMEDIASUCHASMOBILEDEVICESISALSOGROWING,PROVIDINGNEWWAYSTOENGAGEWITHCONSUMERSAROUNDSOCIALISSUESINDIVERSECONTEXTSMANYNEWMEDIA,SUCHASCELLPHONESANDMOBILEDEVICES,AREALSOLINKEDTOBOTHGEOGRAPHYANDTIMECOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHTHESEWIRELESSCHANNELSCANBELINKEDTOCONVERSATIONSANDEVENTSOCCURRINGINLIVESOCIALNETWORKSATASPECIFICTIMEANDPLACETHE