敬天與崇道-中古道教開的思想史背景之一.pdf

1、首都師范大學博士學位論文敬天與崇道中古道教開的思想史背景之一姓名：劉屹申請學位級別：博士專業(yè)：中國古代史指導教師：寧可郝春文2000.6.1ReveringtheHcavortandWorshippingtheTao：AnIdeologicalBackgroundoftheFormingMedievalTaoismSummaryWitllthedevelopingTaoiststudiesinthe1asthalfcentury，wee

2、ncounterseveraldifferentopl’nionsonthedefinitionandoriginofTaoismIt’sdimculttojudgetheopinionseasilyanddirectlvifwedidn’tstudylotsofthefirsthandsmaterialsbroughtoutduringthebirthofTaoismFacingthesematerials，weneedabasica

3、ndclearstandardtojuagewhatisornotTaoismusedinourobservationMytheoryisthattheworshippingobjectoftraditionalreligionandpopularreligionis“Heaven”whilethecoreofTaoistworshipis“Tao”Thenanle‘叮aoistreligion’wasiustbecausetheTao

4、istmonks’basicbeliefwasthe‘Tao”，notthe‘‘Hcaven’’Inmyview，theworshippingtoTaoisoneofthepureTaoistelements1willobservewhatisandwhendidthe“pureTaoistelements”emergeinTaoisthistoryThehi曲estGodintheendofHanwasstillthe“Heaven’

5、，notthe‘叮ao”，howevcrIbelievethatTheHeavenworshippingbeganfromtheancientChinaevencontinuedtobeprevalentinthelowersocialstratuminmodemChina‘Tao”becameacoreofreligionworshipfromaphilosophicalconceptnotearlierthantheendofHan

6、Dynasty1willanalyzethefourkindsofmaterialsdiscussedbelowespeciallyintheirvalueofestimatingthereliefbackgroundfromtheWarringStatesPeriodtoSixDynasty(1)Analyzingthegra3，equelling(鎮(zhèn)墓)beliefappearedinthefimeraltextsfromtheHa

7、rttoSixDynasty。wecanfmdamarkingtime_一5“century。whentheclearTaoismelements_——山eworshipobjectwasnott11eHeavenbuttheTaooritspersonalizinggodsemergedinthegravequellingbeliefSincethegravequellingbelieflastedfromtheWarringStat

8、esbelongedtotherangeofrev甜ngHeaven，wecallbelievethatthecoreoftraditionalreligionandpopularreligiondidn’ttransformeventilltheendofHan，whentraditionallybelievedthatTaoismwasgrowingup化)ManyscholarsbelievethatLaozihadalready

9、deifiedasthehighestgodofTaoism——_theMostHi曲LordLao(太上老君)intheendofHanStudyingtheInscriptionofLaozi(老子銘)，IthinkLaoziwasonlyoneofthemostfamousorimportantimmortalsnotequatedwithTaoevennotthehighestgodofTaoismTherewasnoaclea

10、rpureandrealTaoistGodmtheendofHanTheHeavenGodwasstillthehighestGodatthattime(3)SomescholarsbelievethattheInscriptionD廠凡f拍刪巴致碑)wasanexamplethatTaoismgroupwhichfullofimmortalbeliefcolorshadalreadysurvivedintheearlyperiodof

11、EastHanDynastyObservingtheimmortalbelieffromthepre一0intoWeiandJinperiod，IbelievethecoreofthisInscriptionwasintherangeofthereveringHeaveneitherThegrouporganizedbyFeizhiandhisdiscipleswasakindofpersonalschool(私學)prevalenti

12、nHanperiod，notaTaoistclergy(4)TheFivePecksRiceTaoism(五斗米道)foundbyZhangDaolhag(張道陵)andhissonandgrandsonintheendofHanwasregardedasthebeginningofTaoismIdoubttheauthenticityofthehistoryofThreeZhangs(三張)andthetraditionalviewt

13、hattheFivePecksRiGeTaoismtransformedtobetheCelestialMasterTaoism(天師道)directlyandinonesinglelineWhellweobservetheformationofmedievalTaoism，theTaoistEastemtradition(道教的東部傳統(tǒng))originatedfromEastseasidemaybeequallyimportantast

14、heTaoistWesttradition(道教的西部傳統(tǒng))originatedfromSichuanFromtheseIfeelthattheperiodoftheendofHanwasjndeednotthetimeforanewandformalreligiontogrowupInotherwerd，thecireumstanceofthe‘religion’inthattimewasfarawayfromtheformalTao