外文翻譯--茶文化遺產(chǎn)旅游來(lái)自斯里蘭卡的實(shí)證研究（節(jié)選）

1、<p>　　中文3400字，2100單詞，11900英文字符</p><p>　　出處:Jolliffe L, Aslam M S M. Tea heritage tourism: evidence from Sri Lanka [J]. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 2009, 4(4): 331-344. </p><p><b>　　原

2、文 </b></p><p>　　Tea heritage tourism: evidence from Sri Lanka</p><p>　　Lee Jolliffe and Mohamed S.M. Aslam</p><p><b>　　Abstract </b></p><p>　　Within t

3、he context of heritage tourism this article examines the supply components for the tea-related tourism in the tea-producing country of Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon. The tourism context in Sri Lanka is assessed and despite

4、impediments to tourism development some evidence is provided of an early stage of development of tea heritage tourism in the country. The benefits of this form of tourism to the Sri Lankan tea economy are explored and ba

5、rriers and threats to its development are reviewed. </p><p>　　Keywords: Sri Lanka tourism; tea tourism; tea heritage; tea plantations; tea factories </p><p>　　Introduction </p><p>　

6、　There is increased interest in the value of heritage to tourism, from the demand side in terms of the importance of heritage to the motivations of tourists (Nyaupane, White, & Budruk, 2006) and on the supply side (S

7、mith, 2003) creating interpretations and representations of heritage and related experiences for visitors. Apostolakis (2003) examined how these demand and supply aspects of heritage converge in heritage tourism to incor

8、porate aspects of authenticity. Dutta, Banerjee and Husain (2007)</p><p>　　This phenomena of heritage tourism is recognized as complex and contextually determined (Timothy & Boyd, 2003) as well as divers

9、e, illustrated by Smith (2003) as including different subsets, including heritage tourism, arts tourism, creative tourism, urban cultural tourism, rural cultural tourism, indigenous cultural tourism and popular cultural

10、tourism. Heritage tourism in rural areas includes: village, farm or agro-tourism; ecomuseums; cultural landscapes; national parks; and culinary trails (</p><p>　　Tourism in Sri Lanka </p><p>　　S

11、ri Lanka, formerly Ceylon, is a small island (65,610 square miles) in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of India, 880 km north of the equator. Occupying a strategic position in ancient sea routes for centuries

12、travellers have been attracted to the natural and cultural resources of this tropical island. The country experiences a variety of climates and weather conditions throughout the year with 14–27°C temperatures from t

13、he hill country to low lands and southwest monsoon and northeast</p><p>　　Although recognized as a tool of socio-economic development, tourism here could not effectively contribute to sustainable development

14、 due to poor policy planning and mismanagement (Aslam, 2004; Bandara, 2003) particularly within agriculture. After the establishment of the Tourism Master Plan in 1992 (United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) & W

15、orld Trade Organization, 1993) the policies and behaviour of the industry started to move towards sustainable development, which stimulates and improve</p><p><b>　　Methods </b></p><p&g

16、t;　　A research strategy for this paper was adopted after exploratory site visits by the authors to some tea-related accommodations, retail outlets and factories in several tea-producing regions in Sri Lanka, in 2007; und

17、ertaken expressly for participant observation and compilation of initial field notes. This participant observation method is acknowledged to be useful when exploring a subject in a general sense to determine the context

18、and the range of factors affecting it (Jauncey, 1999). After the</p><p>　　After it was determined that it would be useful to assess the supply of tourism related to tea a semi-structured and informal intervi

19、ew technique (Jennings, 2005) was adopted. Survey guides were prepared to guide data collection related to tea character accommodations, tea factories and emerging tea-focused related business operations referred generic

20、ally as tea centres. This research data documenting resources were collected during the first six months of 2008. Parallel to this information coll</p><p>　　The study information presented here thus culminat

21、es from an interpretative qualitative research approach (Wood, 1999) that provides for a layering of data, allowing for a comparative supply side approach. Using a qualitative approach (Henderson, 2008), the authors were

22、 able to collect and collate the data on supply while assessing potential developments and directions for the future of tea-focused tourism in Sri Lanka. </p><p>　　Comparison of tea tourism supply components

23、 </p><p>　　Together the tea character accommodations, the tea factory visits and the retail tea centres ensure the supply of facilities and locations for further the tea-related tourism with potential for bu

24、ndling of individual supply components into products through partnerships, acknowledged as a common practice in heritage tourism (McKercher & du Cros, 2002). Individually, all the tea character accommodations operate

25、 within the tea country milieu providing different levels of services for visitors. Some</p><p>　　A few factories are open for visitation on a regular basis, while others are only accessible by appointment,

26、and only a few have integrated other services such as retail facilities for tasting tea, consuming tea and factory gate purchases. This indicates that visitor facilities need to be improved in order for the producing tea

27、 factories to fully participate in tourism related to tea. For the individual tourist visiting the region the factories are promoted on an ad hoc basis, by individual tour</p><p>　　Some tea centres provide a

28、 more integrated experience, including retail tea, factory tastings, tea-related restaurant services and accommodation than do others. The tea centre managers were able to identify barriers to the development of tourism

29、related to tea and expressed definite ideas about future development. This indicates willingness on the part of these managers, should they be able to overcome the identified barriers to development (Table 6), to more fu

30、lly participate in developing tea </p><p>　　Discussion and conclusion </p><p>　　Is there potential for tea heritage tourism in Sri Lanka's tea-producing hill country? This article has invent

31、oried the supply offerings and has confirmed the existence of tea tourism, albeit on a small scale and as a niche form of tourism. This tourism is supported by a dedicated room stock of tea character accommodation and by

32、 a series of tea centres, open to the public, that sell tea and offer associated services, including tea tastings, tea restaurant services and the sale of tea-related sou</p><p>　　Tea heritage tourism could

33、add significant value for the tea and tourism industries in Sri Lanka. It has the potential to contribute to restoring, preserving and conserving the historical buildings, monuments, plantations, culture and traditions r

34、elated to tea. Tourism could enable the tea industry to rejuvenate and to enhance the livelihood of tea communities. Tea tourism as a product offering fits in with the history, heritage and natural environment of the tea

35、-producing hill country. What tou</p><p>　　That tea heritage tourism exists in Sri Lanka's tea-producing hill country as a form of heritage tourism is evidenced by the diversification of tea-related busi

36、nesses. As a tea tourism destination the area has all of the destination elements including prime attractors, built environment, supporting supply services and socio-cultural dimensions (Lumsdon, 1997). The destination i

37、s attracting tourists who are taking advantage of tea-related facilities. It seems those involved in the tea trade here </p><p>　　Evidence of tea heritage tourism in Sri Lanka provides lessons for tea-produc

38、ing areas contemplating the development of tea-related tourism. It is necessary to make use of existing tea heritage in developing the supply components for tourists to stay in tea-producing regions and to have available

39、 complementary activities that will increase the length of stay. Future research in Sri Lanka, that could be applicable to other regions, might delve further into the characteristics and motivations of t</p><p

40、><b>　　譯文 </b></p><p>　　茶文化遺產(chǎn)旅游:來(lái)自斯里蘭卡的實(shí)證研究</p><p><b>　　摘要 </b></p><p>　　在文化遺產(chǎn)旅游的背景下，本文研究了產(chǎn)茶國(guó)斯里蘭卡(原錫蘭)茶文化旅游的相關(guān)供應(yīng)內(nèi)容。我們?cè)u(píng)估了斯里蘭卡的旅游環(huán)境,盡管本國(guó)茶文化遺產(chǎn)旅游發(fā)展的早期階段為阻礙旅游業(yè)發(fā)

41、展提供了一些證據(jù)。對(duì)斯里蘭卡茶經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展來(lái)說(shuō)，這種旅游形式的好處在于我們從中總結(jié)出了其發(fā)展的障礙和威脅。這主要是基于對(duì)斯里蘭卡產(chǎn)茶山地的茶住宿、茶工廠訪問(wèn)和茶中心運(yùn)營(yíng)情況的定性的實(shí)地考察。關(guān)于斯里蘭卡茶文化相關(guān)旅游的研究調(diào)查,為進(jìn)一步研究旅游需求類型提供了依據(jù)。 </p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞:斯里蘭卡旅游;茶旅游;茶文化遺產(chǎn);茶園;茶工廠 </p><p><b>　　引言<

42、/b></p><p>　　研究文化遺產(chǎn)旅游的價(jià)值,從需求方面來(lái)講即游客文化遺產(chǎn)旅游動(dòng)機(jī)的重要 性(Nyaupane,懷特,& Budruk,2006),從供應(yīng)方面來(lái)講(史密斯,2003)，包括為文化遺產(chǎn)創(chuàng)建相關(guān)解說(shuō)與為游客提供旅游體驗(yàn)。Apostolakis(2003)研究了如何將這些文化遺產(chǎn)的需求和供應(yīng)方面匯聚于文化遺產(chǎn)旅游中，并吸收其真實(shí)性。杜塔，班納吉和侯賽因(2007)認(rèn)為，旅游景點(diǎn)網(wǎng)站是

43、文化遺產(chǎn)資源的利用，其已成為擴(kuò)大對(duì)文化遺產(chǎn)旅游需求的一個(gè)重要趨勢(shì)。 </p><p>　　文化遺產(chǎn)旅游被公認(rèn)為是復(fù)雜的和決定的(蒂莫西&博伊德,2003)，并且是多種多樣的,史密斯(2003)認(rèn)為，它包括不同的子集,包括文化遺產(chǎn)旅游、藝術(shù)旅游、創(chuàng)意旅游、城市文化旅游、文化旅游、鄉(xiāng)村本土文化旅游和流行文化旅游。遺產(chǎn)文化旅游在農(nóng)村地區(qū)包括:村莊、農(nóng)場(chǎng)或農(nóng)業(yè)旅游;生態(tài)博物館,文化景觀;國(guó)家公園;烹飪軌跡(史密斯

44、,2003 年,p . 37)。這樣的農(nóng)村旅游可以看作是農(nóng)村地區(qū)的一個(gè)開發(fā)工具(麥克唐納& 喬利夫,2003)，其對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)旅游、遺產(chǎn)文化旅游的關(guān)注可以作為一種實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)展的形式。在農(nóng)村地區(qū),人們普遍認(rèn)為，旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展需要社區(qū)的共同參與(麥克唐納& 喬利夫,2003)。然而,在一些發(fā)展中國(guó)家,這種參與可能會(huì)被運(yùn)營(yíng)、結(jié)構(gòu)或文化參與的約束所阻礙 (杜塔 et al .,2007)。盡管如此,農(nóng)業(yè)和飲食旅游策略的結(jié)合(大廳,米切爾&a

45、mp; Sharples,2003)被認(rèn)為這些國(guó)家旅游發(fā)展的一種形式。 </p><p><b>　　斯里蘭卡的旅游業(yè) </b></p><p>　　斯里蘭卡，以前的錫蘭是一個(gè)小島(65610 平方英里)在印度洋的印度東南海岸,赤道以北 880 公里的地方。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，在古代海上航線占據(jù)戰(zhàn)略地位，這個(gè)熱帶島嶼的自然和文化資源吸引了眾多旅客的到來(lái)。這個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)一年四季的

46、氣候和天氣條件變化多端，溫度從山地到低地相差 14-27°C，西南季風(fēng)和東北季風(fēng)降雨從 5 月到 7 月和 12 月至 1 月差異較大(《大英百科全書》,2004)。斯里蘭卡旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展存在許多威脅,尤其是反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和 2004 年的亞洲海嘯。因此，多年來(lái)當(dāng)?shù)氐穆糜螛I(yè)未能蓬勃發(fā)展(斯里蘭卡旅游發(fā)展局,2007)。科克倫表示“斯里蘭卡一系列持久和嚴(yán)重的危機(jī)一直困擾著當(dāng)?shù)氐陌l(fā)展。”此外,當(dāng)代斯里蘭卡旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展問(wèn)題包括保護(hù)和保

47、留,多樣化和轉(zhuǎn)移,收益和成本,建設(shè)和破壞以及前后聯(lián)系, 作為旅游業(yè)中普遍聯(lián)系的相對(duì)多元化的經(jīng)濟(jì)(科克倫,2008年,p .2008)。 </p><p>　　雖然旅游業(yè)被視為社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一種手段, 由于糟糕的政策規(guī)劃和管理不善，在斯里蘭卡，旅游業(yè)無(wú)法有效地促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)尤其是農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展 (阿斯,2004;班達(dá)拉,2004)。1992 年，旅游總體規(guī)劃確立以后(聯(lián)合國(guó)開發(fā)計(jì)劃署(UNDP)和世界貿(mào)易組織,1993

48、 年)，旅游業(yè)的政策和運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)開始走向可持續(xù)發(fā)展,它在刺激和提高人民的生活水平的同時(shí)，也保護(hù)著脆弱的自然和人造資源。以經(jīng)濟(jì)為導(dǎo)向的政策以及東道主行為導(dǎo)致該行業(yè)的增長(zhǎng)迅速下降,因?yàn)樗粫?huì)以更多的成本與更少的效益來(lái)增加游客的數(shù)量。斯里蘭卡因此缺乏平衡和多樣化的旅游增長(zhǎng)(阿斯,2004;科克倫,2004)。此外,當(dāng)?shù)氐募竟?jié)性也影響了海外游客的流向(班達(dá)拉,2003)。 </p><p><b>　　研究方法 &l

49、t;/b></p><p>　　本文采用的研究策略為，探索性餐館斯里蘭卡產(chǎn)茶地區(qū)一些與茶葉相關(guān)的住宿、零售商店和工廠,在 2007 年,開始參與觀察和編譯初始筆記。從一般意義上說(shuō)，這種參與觀察方法被公認(rèn)為是一個(gè)有用的探索主題并確定其背景和影響因素的方法(Jauncey,1999)。經(jīng)過(guò)這些初步的實(shí)地調(diào)查之后,研究人員認(rèn)識(shí)到,斯里蘭卡的茶葉生產(chǎn)將為這一研究將提供豐富的數(shù)據(jù)源。 </p><

50、p>　　之后應(yīng)當(dāng)確定的是，評(píng)估與旅游相關(guān)的半結(jié)構(gòu)化方法和非正式的訪問(wèn)技巧(詹寧斯,2005)。調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)的收集包括與茶有關(guān)的住宿,茶工廠和新興茶為中心的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)。2008 年上半年，本研究的數(shù)據(jù)資源已成功收集。在信息收集的同時(shí)，我們開始查找文獻(xiàn)資料,特別是收集茶文化相關(guān)旅游業(yè)所需的信息。 </p><p>　　比較茶文化旅游的供應(yīng)配套</p><p>　　需要為顧客提供較好的富含茶文化

51、特性的住宿，茶工廠參觀和零售中心要確保供應(yīng)設(shè)施和提供合適的地理位置，以便為進(jìn)一步的茶文化相關(guān)旅游的捆綁銷售提供前提條件，而這也是一個(gè)常見的做法在茶文化遺產(chǎn)旅游中(邁克爾徹和克洛斯，2002)。值得一提的是，所有的茶文化類住宿在都能夠?yàn)橛慰吞峁┎煌?jí)別的服務(wù)。在一些住宿條件方面，甚至比旅行社提供的住宿服務(wù)更完善，更發(fā)達(dá)。或者是依據(jù)本地的茶葉文化環(huán)境提供自己的茶文化旅游。遺產(chǎn)的作用是至關(guān)重要的，對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)茶葉遺產(chǎn)文化旅游來(lái)說(shuō)，傳統(tǒng)的茶產(chǎn)業(yè)住宿

52、、茶葉花園的自然環(huán)境以及建筑遺產(chǎn)等都可以朝旅游業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)換。然而，這些遺產(chǎn)的形式有一些限制，就是他們大多是由私營(yíng)部門來(lái)組織負(fù)責(zé)的，而他們無(wú)法保證持續(xù)的旅游供給保護(hù)和維護(hù) (格拉哈姆 ，阿什沃斯和坦布里奇，2000)。 </p><p>　　有幾個(gè)茶工廠會(huì)定期的開放參觀，而另一些則需要權(quán)限才能進(jìn)入，以及只有少數(shù)工廠可以提供綜合的零售等其他服務(wù)，如:品嘗茶、吃茶和購(gòu)買茶。這表明茶工廠的游客設(shè)施需要不斷地改進(jìn)，以便能夠在日后

53、提供全面的茶文化旅游服務(wù)。個(gè)人旅游參觀該地區(qū)工廠，基本都是臨時(shí)性的，都是通過(guò)個(gè)體導(dǎo)游或旅游當(dāng)局組織的。因?yàn)榇罅康墓S都有很大的潛力來(lái)開發(fā)茶工廠參觀旅游，增加了茶遺產(chǎn)旅 游的相關(guān)產(chǎn)品組合(哈德遜，2005)。程(1999)展示了香港的案例，這樣的一個(gè)嘗試很可能會(huì)吸引當(dāng)?shù)氐挠慰蛯で笏麄冏约旱牟栉幕?，以及吸引外?guó)的游客來(lái)此尋求體驗(yàn)東方文化。 </p><p>　　一些茶服務(wù)中心，可以嘗試提供一個(gè)更綜合的服務(wù)，包括:茶葉

54、零售、工廠品茶、茶葉相關(guān)的餐廳服務(wù)和住宿。茶服務(wù)中心的經(jīng)理要具備識(shí)別發(fā)展茶文化旅游障礙的能力，以及制定明確的關(guān)于未來(lái)的發(fā)展計(jì)劃。這也表明了這些管理者的意愿，他們?cè)敢獠⒛軌蚩朔栉幕糜伟l(fā)展中的障礙，更全面地參與茶遺產(chǎn)旅游服務(wù)的開發(fā)。 </p><p><b>　　討論和結(jié)論 </b></p><p>　　斯里蘭卡的茶文化遺產(chǎn)旅游有潛力嗎?本文已經(jīng)闡述了茶文化有關(guān)的旅游

55、供應(yīng)產(chǎn)品，以及證實(shí)了茶文化旅游的存在，盡管只是以一個(gè)細(xì)分市場(chǎng)的旅游形式在一個(gè)小范圍內(nèi)存在。這種茶文化旅游業(yè)是由一個(gè)專門的茶文化中心、茶文化住宿等組成。向公眾開放，提供茶葉零售和提供相關(guān)服務(wù)，包括:品嘗茶、茶餐廳服務(wù)和茶葉相關(guān)紀(jì)念品的銷售。通過(guò)對(duì)山村茶文化旅游產(chǎn)品的調(diào)查，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些地區(qū)推出的茶文化旅游產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)得到了不斷地改進(jìn)。首先，傳統(tǒng)的茶文化住宿已經(jīng)建立起來(lái)了，對(duì)以前傳統(tǒng)的茶建筑風(fēng)格進(jìn)行了調(diào)整;其次，茶葉零售企業(yè)(茶中心)，在這些

56、地方，游客可以購(gòu)買和消費(fèi)茶相關(guān)的服務(wù)，并開發(fā)了一系列的茶文化旅游相關(guān)的服務(wù)項(xiàng)目，比如:俯瞰茶花園或參觀茶工廠。最后，隨著茶旅游收益和貿(mào)易的增長(zhǎng)，一些專用茶中心已經(jīng)被建立起來(lái)，以便更好地為本地及其他地方的游客提供更好的茶文化旅游體驗(yàn)。 </p><p>　　茶遺產(chǎn)旅游可以為斯里蘭卡的旅游業(yè)增加更多的旅游收入，并且它還有可能有助于恢復(fù)、保存和保護(hù)茶文化相關(guān)的歷史建筑，如:與茶文化有關(guān)的紀(jì)念碑、種植園等等。旅游可以進(jìn)一

57、步振興茶產(chǎn)業(yè)，提高茶生活社區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)水平。茶旅游產(chǎn)品的提供需要符合當(dāng)?shù)氐臍v史、遺產(chǎn)和產(chǎn)茶地區(qū)的自然環(huán)境。這里的旅游經(jīng)營(yíng) 者無(wú)法控制的就是安全性和參觀訪問(wèn)權(quán)等外部因素。旅游經(jīng)營(yíng)者們會(huì)進(jìn)行集中的旅游營(yíng)銷，這種營(yíng)銷必須覆蓋當(dāng)?shù)氐恼麄€(gè)茶文化旅游市場(chǎng)，和不能挑出任何特定領(lǐng)域的產(chǎn)品。盡管如此，還是有個(gè)別單獨(dú)的經(jīng)營(yíng)者聯(lián)合起來(lái)合作開發(fā)當(dāng)?shù)氐牟栉幕糜巍?</p><p>　　在斯里蘭卡，茶遺產(chǎn)文化旅游作為一種文化遺產(chǎn)旅游，是由一家

58、多元化的企業(yè)來(lái)運(yùn)營(yíng)的。作為茶旅游目的地，該區(qū)域的所有設(shè)施包括:招商引資、建筑環(huán)境、配套供應(yīng)服務(wù)和社會(huì)文化等。目的是吸引游客可以享用該地的茶葉相關(guān)設(shè)施。通過(guò)提供茶葉相關(guān)的旅游服務(wù)和產(chǎn)品，可以進(jìn)一步發(fā)展當(dāng)?shù)氐牟栉幕糜巍?</p><p>　　大多數(shù)情況下,，茶葉生產(chǎn)者愿意通過(guò)茶葉銷售來(lái)滿足游客的好奇心，帶領(lǐng)他們品嘗茶和參觀茶園和工廠。地理上看，茶葉相關(guān)旅游企業(yè)(例如住宿和茶中心)促進(jìn)了茶葉相關(guān)旅游的發(fā)展。在斯里蘭卡

59、，茶旅游業(yè)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，在某種程度上取決于外部因素，如:旅游目的地的安全性、游客數(shù)量等。 </p><p>　　在斯里蘭卡茶文化遺產(chǎn)旅游的實(shí)證研究提供了一個(gè)啟示，產(chǎn)茶地區(qū)可以考慮茶葉相關(guān)的旅游業(yè)發(fā)展。有必要利用現(xiàn)有的茶遺產(chǎn)為各地的游客提供一系列的茶文化相關(guān)的茶文化產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。對(duì)斯里蘭卡的研究，也可能適用于其他地區(qū)，未來(lái)的研究，要深入研究茶的特點(diǎn)和游客參觀產(chǎn)茶地區(qū)的動(dòng)機(jī)。這些信息對(duì)未來(lái)斯里蘭卡和其他產(chǎn)茶的地方的茶遺