照明系統(tǒng)外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　英文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p><b>　　ABSTRACT </b></p><p>　　This paper discusses the implementation of semi-permanent, high-mas

2、t pole-mounted lighting for nighttime road work construction and maintenance based on an installation along Interstate 90 in Albany, New York. The high-mast lighting system met state lighting performance specifications.

3、There were no recorded accidents at the site during the construction period. Although this is largely attributable to roadway closures allowed during part of the project, the consensus of the contractor and transp</p&

4、gt;<p>　　INTRODUCTION </p><p>　　Semi-permanent, high-mast (70 ft.) pole-mounted fixtures were used by a construction contractor hired by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) to ill

5、uminate nighttime road work construction and maintenance along a three-mile stretch of Interstate 90 (I-90) in Albany, N.Y., as an alternative to the more common portable light towers (1). The high-mast lighting was inst

6、alled prior to construction work and removed after the construction project was completed, about seven months la</p><p>　　To decide if and when semi-permanent high-mast lighting is feasible for highway const

7、ruction work, one must consider safety, economics and environmental impacts. These issues are discussed, in turn, in the following sections. </p><p><b>　　SAFETY </b></p><p>　　Crash R

8、isk Factor </p><p>　　When the contractor hired by NYSDOT to perform road work along I-90 proposed using semi-permanent, high-maslighting for nighttime construction work, safety engineers analyzed the proposa

9、l against the concern that most (aboutwo-thirds) of the proposed high masts would be located within the 30 ft clear zone desired for this highway. The clear zone is defined (4) as the area outside the paved roadway area

10、where a vehicle could safely travel if it left the road. Acknowledging that portable lighting </p><p>　　While in use, portable light plants are almost always located inside the clear zone. </p><p&

11、gt;　　About one third of the 108 high-mast poles proposed could be located outside the clear zone without compromising lighting quality. The lower number of poles in the clear zone, compared to the number of conventional

12、, portable units needed to illuminate a portion of the highway, was thought to weigh against the added risk of drivers!ˉ constant exposure to semi-permanent poles during both daytime and nighttime. Howeveradditional safe

13、ty features were recommended, such as traffic barriers, guards an</p><p>　　High-mast poles avoid the high-risk exposure of workers every night during setup and removal of the conventional portable light unit

14、s. In the I-90 project, it was estimated that at least 8250 worker-hours of high-exposure would be eliminated. Time savings in the mobilization of portable lights meant night construction could be completed in 222 days

15、 rather than 275, reducing the work to one construction season. NYSDOT!ˉs authorization was conditioned on tremoval of the high-mast poles by winter</p><p>　　Worker Safety Implications </p><p>　

16、　While the conventional light towers are extremely useful because of their portable nature, there are a number of known issues regarding the difficulty of their installation, operation, and maintenance. First, there are

17、a large number of warnings associated with most products (during setup, operation, maintenance, stowing, and transportation). Second, the two main risks associated with the use of portable light towers are the interactio

18、n of workers with traffic during setup and removal when both </p><p>　　TABLE 1 Estimated Operational Cost of Portable Light Tower Installation</p><p>　　Estimated number of portable light towers

19、 required 120*</p><p>　　Daily setup and removal cost</p><p>　　Number of crew members in charge of setup and removal 10</p><p>　　Estimated number of hours t

20、o setup and remove light towers, per night 3</p><p>　　Total worker hours per night 30</p><p>　　Estimated cost per hour (base rate + benefits + overhead &

21、; profit) $40 </p><p>　　Total setup and removal cost per night $1,200 </p><p>　　Daily operational cost </p><p>　　Hourly operational cost per light

22、tower (fuel, oil, regular maintenance, etc.) $3.60 </p><p>　　Estimated daily cost per light tower (@ 6 hours per night) $21.60 </p><p>　　Daily rental cost (@ $990 per month rent) $33 </p>

23、<p>　　Total operational cost per night (assuming contractor owns 100 towers and rents 20) $3,252 </p><p>　　Total cost per night (setup, removal, and operation) $4,452</p><p>　　Esti

24、mated duration of project in days 275**</p><p>　　Total cost to provide lighting with 120 portable light towers $ 1,224,300</p><p>　　120 towers is estimated to be required to

25、illuminate a sufficient portion of the work zone at one time. </p><p>　　The duration was estimated to be 40 days shorter using the high-mast system. </p><p>　　Another potential safety benefit of

26、 high-mast lighting that could not be quantified precisely was the fact that warning signs, signals, and other materials for guiding traffic through the work zone could be set up each night under lighted conditions. In c

27、omparison, such warnings are typically set up by workers in advance of having the conventional light towers operational. </p><p>　　The Environmental Protection Agency recommends a maximum noise level of 75 d

28、BA in work environments for hearing conservation (5). Though the generators that power most of the commercial light towers typically have a noise level rating of 71 dBA, the large number of light towers (each with its ow

29、n generator) and their relatively close spacing (typically about 100 ft between units) can cause noise to add up to levels that could be more than the maximum recommended. During this project, five large </p><

30、p>　　Finally, by using high-mast lighting with remotely located generators, workers were not as exposed to the fumes and harmful pollutants that result from the generators adjacent to each portable light tower and that

31、 might cause headaches, fatigue, and potential heart problems (6). </p><p>　　ECONOMIC ANALYSIS </p><p>　　Tables 1 and 2 summarize the economics of a lighting system using the portable towers and

32、 the high-mast system. Despite the higher estimated cost (approximately 16% higher) of the high-mast system as outlined in these two tables, there were several positive economic implications that resulted from the use of

33、 high-mast lighting. One significant benefit was the time saved every day from not having to setup and remove the portable light towers. This time could be used performing the contracted cons</p><p>　　TABLE

34、2 Estimated Operational Cost of Semi-Permanent High-Mast Lighting Installation</p><p>　　Number of high-mast poles installed 108</p><p>　　Number of 250-kW generators in

35、stalled 5</p><p>　　Installation costs</p><p>　　Estimated installation cost per pole $2,844 </p><p>　　Estimated installation cost pe

36、r kW of generator capacity $24.50 </p><p>　　Total estimated installation costs (poles and generators) $337,777</p><p>　　Lighting equipment rental</p><p>　　Estimate

37、d rental cost per pole with four luminaires $5,500 </p><p>　　Total lighting equipment rental (for the duration of the project) $594,000</p><p>　　Generation costs</p>&l

38、t;p>　　Estimated purchase cost per kW of generator capacity $200 </p><p>　　Estimated total generators purchase cost $250,000 </p><p>　　Operational cost<

39、/p><p>　　Hourly operational cost per generator @ 55% load (fuel, oil, regular maintenance) </p><p><b>　　$25.83 </b></p><p>　　Total operational cost per night (@ 8 hours per

40、 night) $1,033.20 </p><p>　　Estimated duration of project in days 235*</p><p>　　Estimated total operational cost over the length of the project $242,802</p>&

41、lt;p>　　Total cost to provide lighting with 108 high-mast poles $1,424,579</p><p>　　Incremental cost over portable lighting towers $200,279 (16% higher)</p><p>　　The duration was

42、 estimated to be 40 days longer using the portable light tower system. </p><p>　　It should be noted that for the lighting installations summarized in Tables 1 and 2, the semi-permanent high-mast installation

43、 was able to illuminate the whole length of the project, on both sides of the road, while the portable units were capable of illuminating a short section only at a given time. At an approximated spacing of 100 ft, 120 po

44、rtable light towers can illuminate only a limited section of the road on one side only. In order to provide lighting to the whole length of the project wi</p><p>　　The contractor estimated a 40-day reduction

45、 in the planned duration of the project. While not possible to quantify in terms of economic benefits, the benefits for roadway users (in terms of avoided traffic delays during setup and takedown) are also apparent. An a

46、ccurate calculation to single out the contribution of the lighting system is not possible because NYSDOT allowed the contractor to close the entire length of one side of the road overweekends, effectively increasing the

47、work time from 21</p><p>　　As described above, it was not possible to estimate the relative impact of the lighting and the road closure separately, but informal discussions with the contractor revealed the o

48、pinion that the lighting was a significant part of this reduction. The reduction in work time also probably translated into savings caused by reducing delays to drivers navigating through the work zone. It was assumed th

49、at improved visibility by reducing glare (1,2) also yields safety benefits to drivers as well, but t</p><p>　　these factors, taken together, were thought by the NYSDOT contractor to more than outweigh the in

50、itially higher economic cost of the high-mast system. The contractor and a few workers interviewed during the construction work agreed that the higher light levels and uniformity allowed them to work at a much faster pac

51、e, and possibly improved the quality of their work at the same time. </p><p>　　Relamping could also increase the cost of the light tower system relative to the high-mast system, as well.Although the lamps us

52、ed in either portable units or high-mast luminaires have nominally the same life, the working conditions of the lamps in the portable units (e.g., constant vibration, raising and stowing the mast, transportation from yar

53、d to site) would likely promote a shorter life (7). </p><p>　　Another important aspect of this project was the fact that no injuries were reported (8). The people involved in the project believed that the hi

54、gher and more uniform light levels (1,2) were positive contributions to safety. While direct comparisons of safety with projects of similar magnitude, location and duration as the present construction project were outsid

55、e the scope of the study described here, such comparisons would be helpful in elucidating the role of the lighting installation in cont</p><p>　　ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT </p><p>　　The primary enviro

56、nmental impact of the semi-permanent high-mast lighting system discussed here is that of light pollution. Light pollution can be defined and discussed in three different ways: sky glow, light trespass and glare (7). Each

57、 is related to the amount of light leaving a site (in this case the roadway right of way), but each is measured in different ways. </p><p>　　Sky glow is simply the amount of light leaving a site. Sky glow wi

58、ll limit observations of astronomical objects due to obscuration by the light scattered into the atmosphere. The computer simulation model developed by Freyssinier et al. (1,2) to characterize the high-mast and portable

59、lighting systems was used to calculate the amount of sky glow (in lumens) leaving the site from each of the two lighting systems. For the same, illuminated, linear segment of the construction site (about 1 mile), t</p

60、><p>　　However, since the entire length of the segment of I-90 under construction (about 3 miles) was illuminated by the high-mast lighting system, whereas the portable system would only illuminate about a thir

61、d of the total work zone on a given night, the total amount of light leaving the entire site during the construction phase from the high-mast system was about the same as from the portable system. Overall, therefore, it

62、is estimated that the semi-permanent high-mast lighting system generated a si</p><p>　　Light trespass is obtrusive light emitted from one site to another occupied by people. An example of light trespass is l

63、ight coming into an occupied bedroom window at night. Because the result of light trespass is generally expressed in terms of annoyance or other subjective responses, the project team searched the local newspaper (Albany

64、's Times Union) to assess public interest and reaction to the semi-permanent lighting at the construction site, and yielded several articles. Other than a comme</p><p>　　A search of such publications as

65、the Save the Pine Bush (an advocacy group for the nearby Albany Pine Bush) newsletter, concerned with the flora and fauna in the protected Pine Bush area adjacent to the construction site, made no mention of light pollut

66、ion connected to the work on I-90. Whereas there may well be disruptions to the </p><p>　　flora and fauna in protected areas due to light pollution, there is no documented evidence that temporary sources of

67、light pollution from construction zones have lasting impact on the mortality or viability of species found in theseareas. Absent a formal interview process with residents near the site or with advocacy groups, which was

68、outside the scope of the present project, the following conclusions were drawn about light pollution from the construction site. </p><p>　　The high-mast lighting system (lighting the entire work zone) and th

69、e portable lighting system (lighting about a third of the work zone) produced similar amounts of sky glow. </p><p>　　No complaints were registered in the public domain about light trespass from the semi-per

70、manent high-mast lighting system. </p><p>　　The impacts of temporary lights, of any kind, used for construction in work zones on the local flora and fauna are unknown. </p><p>　　TABLE 3 Poten

71、tial Approach for Identifying Whether High-Mast Lighting is Warranted</p><p>　　Consideration Score: -1 Score: 0 Score: +1</p><p>　　Duration of project Short: 1 to 2

72、 months Medium: 3 to 5 months Long: 6+ months </p><p>　　Availability of space clear zone Limited: Less than 30 feet Medium: 30 to 50 feet High: More than 50 feet </p><p>　　Number of traffi

73、c conflict points High: Urban/suburban location Medium: Rural location Few: Controlled access highway </p><p>　　Type of curves Small: Traversed at low speed (<30 mph) Medium: Traversed at 30 to 40 mph

74、 Large: Traversed at high speed (40+ mph) </p><p>　　Presence of traffic barriers Low: Markings only Medium: Traffic cones and barrels High: Strong lane control and heavy barriers </p><p>　　

75、Environmental considerations High: Very sensitive environmental or residential location Medium: Some residential areas nearby Low: Little or no sensitiv areas nearby </p><p>　　AN APPROACH TO WARRANTING &

76、lt;/p><p>　　The analysis in the present paper demonstrates that the precise lighting layout will depend largely on the specific characteristics of the nighttime work zone location to be lighted. The site in que

77、stion was an interstate highway in urban area. It would therefore be premature to develop specific warrants for the use of semi-permanent high-mast lighting for nighttime work zones in other types of locations. However,

78、through observations made during visits to the site and from the analyses in the p</p><p>　　Duration of the project. The NYSDOT contractor estimated that the high-mast approach to lighting such as that used

79、on I-90 would not be feasible for projects shorter than four months in duration. Certainly, the use of high mast lighting on the present I-90 project, which was seven months in duration, appeared to be successful with th

80、e benefits in terms of improved visibility and increased efficiency of work outweighing the increased expense. </p><p>　　Geometric factors. I-90 is a controlled-access interstate highway with limited conflic

81、t points (entrance or exit ramps) and without narrow-radius curves. These factors could reduce the necessity for a large clear zone in which the presence of lighting poles, particularly high-mast poles, would be undesira

82、ble (e.g., at sharper curves). Certainly as large a clear zone as possible is wanted, but some locations might not have available space for such a zone. </p><p>　　Availability of channelization or traffic

83、barriers. Again, because lighting poles in the high-mast approach will often need to be located relatively close to the roadway, they might not permit a large clear zone. The presence of strongly channelized and barricad

84、ed traffic pattern has the potential to reduce the risk of road runoffs and therefore to potentially reduce the need to keep adjacent zones clear of poles.</p><p>　　Sensitivity of location to light pollution

85、 and light trespass. The high-mast lighting system will result in a similar amount of upward light from the nighttime work zone location, contributing to sky glow, as the portable system. While NYSDOT estimated that the

86、high-mast approach would not provide increase light trespass potential in the I-90 location where this system was installed (9), residential areas adjacent to other proposed locations could possibly experience light tres

87、pass from the high</p><p>　　These issues are summarized in Table 3, which could in the future serve as a prototype warranting procedure for determining the potential benefit of high-mast lighting for nightti

88、me work zones. Obviously, the list of considerations in Table 3 is incomplete and would require further analysis of system performance at a number of additional locations, but the general approach could readily be modifi

89、ed to incorporate new criteria and considerations. As a very preliminary example, a negative score wo</p><p>　　Transportation agencies are encouraged to continue to study the potential benefits of the high-m

90、ast lighting approach, including collection of safety data, as well as economic costs and the performance of the lighting in terms of mitigating glare and shadows for workers and drivers. </p><p>　　ACKNOWLED

91、GMENTS </p><p>　　This work was supported by the New York State Department of Transportation under the direction of David Clements and Rochelle Hosley. The authors thankfully acknowledge Dominick DellaRoco wi

92、th Lancaster Development Inc. for providing valuable information and details about the project, and Jerome Fynaardt and Nick Smith with MUSCO Lighting for providing information about the lighting installation. James E. B

93、ryden of Delmar, NY shared his experience on roadway construction. Christopher Gribbin, Jo</p><p>　　REFERENCES </p><p>　　1. Freyssinier, J. P., J. D. Bullough, and M. S. Rea. Documentation of Se

94、mi-Permanent High-Mast Lighting for Construction. Publication C-05-06. New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, N.Y., 2006. </p><p>　　2. Freyssinier, J. P., J. D. Bullough, and M. S. Rea. Perform

95、ance Evaluation of Semi-Permanent High-Mast </p><p>　　Lighting for Highway Construction Projects. Presented at 87th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2008. </p>&l

96、t;p>　　3. Ellis, R. D., S. Amos, and A. Kumar. Illumination Guidelines for Nighttime Highway Work. Publication NCHRP 498. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.,

97、2003. </p><p>　　4. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

98、, Washington, D.C., 2004. </p><p>　　5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Information on Levels of Environmental Noise Requisite to Protect Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin of Safety. Pub

99、lication 550/9-74-004. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1974. </p><p>　　6. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA Fact Sheet: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Occupational Safet