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1、1本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目外文題目:ClusterTechniquesasaMethodtoAnalyzeIndustrialCompetitiveness出處：處：InernationalAdvancesinEconomicResearch作者：者：MichaelPender原文：文：ClustertechniquesasamethodtoanalyzeindustrialcompetitivenessTura

2、nSubsatIntroductionPtersinfluentialstudyonthecompetitiveadvantageofnationsinspiredamethodologicallyextendedwkonAustriandata.IncontrasttoPtersanalysiscompetitivenessisdeterminedendogenouslybymeansofstatisticalclustertechn

3、iques.Avoidinghis“cutoff“approach“well““badly“perfmingindustriesaretheobjectsofanalysis.Theresultingclustercenterconstitutethetypicalpatternofcompetitivenessfthechosentradeindicatswhiletheclassificationsproducea“map“ofAu

4、strianindustrialexptperfmance.Theresultsfurthershowthat:1)clusteredindustriesgenerallyarerareinthecaseofAustria2)someofthemarelocatedindecliningcrisisshakensects3)competitivenessunderlinestheimptanceoftransnationallinks(

5、asopposedtonarrownationalboundaries)fthefmationofsuccessfulindustries.(JELL10)INTRODUCTIONPters[1990]influentialstudyonthecompetitiveadvantageofnationsinspiredthismethodologicallyextendedwkonAustriandata.Basicallybuildin

6、guponMarshalls[1920]insightsintotheregionalconcentrationofeconomicactivitiesPterstronglyemphasizestheimptanceofindustrialclustersacterizedbythepresenceof3broadconsensusontheappropriateempiricalmeasure[Bellak1992].“Theabi

7、litytoearnsustainablehighincomeswhileatthesametimebeingabletomaintainimproveonsocialenvironmentalstards“[Aiginger1987]maybethebestdefinitionofindustrialcompetitivenessonanabstractlevelbecauseitdemsmeasurementthatgoesbeyo

8、ndthemequantitybasedindicatsliketradespecializationmarketsharesalone.The“abilitytoearnsustainablehighincomes“dependsaswellonqualityindicatsaccdinglyonthelevelofpricesthatcanbeged.Reflectingboththequantitativeaswellasqual

9、itativedimensionsofcompetitivenessfourvariableshavebeenchosentoentertheclusteringalgithminstardizedfmonthebasisofmeanvaluesftheyears199092.Theirunderlyingsymmetricstructureguaranteestheirimplicitequalweightinginthecluste

10、ringprocessasisdisplayedinTable1.Actuallythereisasignificantcrelationbetweentwopairsofvariablesnamelybetweenmarketsharestradespecializationaswellasbetweencomparativepriceadvantagerelativeexptunitvalues.Bothofthemarenobig

11、surprisesinceeachpairshareonecommonfactwhichareexptvaluesexptpricesrespectively.ButnoneofthemcouldbelabeledredundantMASoffersinfmationabouttherelativeimptanceofanindustryonaninternationallevelTSPonthenationallevel.CPAgiv

12、esanalogousinsightsintotheverticalcompositionofpriceswhileRUVdoessohizontally.Afterthesetofvariableshasbeenchosenanoptimizationclustertechniquebasedontheminimizationofwithingroupdispersionisusedtoclassify208productgroups

13、(SITCthreedigit)intoclustersofmaximumhomogeneityaccdingtotheseindicatsoftradeperfmance.Inthisfirststepoftheanalysisthesetofobservationsisdividedbyapredefinednumberofclusters’.Thenclustercentersareestimatedfeachgroupwhich

14、arevectswithmeansofthecrespondingfeachvariable.TheoptimizationcriterionisgivenbythetraceofthematrixofwithingroupdispersionW(ofdimensionsxpvariables)whichconsistsofvectsx~jftenthobservationintheithgrouptheaccdingclusterce

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