關(guān)于erp外文翻譯--基于erp系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵用戶

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　Key user roles on web-based ERP</p><p>　　Jih-Hsin Tang</p><p>　　Information Systems Research 1997：8(3)：240-253</p><p>　　基于ERP系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵用戶</

2、p><p><b>　　瓊.唐</b></p><p>　　信息系統(tǒng)研究 1997：8(3)：240-253</p><p>　　2.1 用戶需求的問題：異構(gòu)和許多 </p><p>　　對于ISD和WIS的發(fā)展，RA通常起到關(guān)鍵的作用。有些學(xué)者認(rèn)為RA是WIS的發(fā)展的重要組成部分，甚至調(diào)用一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，有紀(jì)律的方法（Mur

3、ugesan et al., 2001）。一方面，一些研究人員聲稱，確定為一個(gè)基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的電子商務(wù)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的要求與其應(yīng)用他應(yīng)用程序的過程中是不同的（Hofferetal， 2002）。這些學(xué)者認(rèn)為，聯(lián)合應(yīng)用開發(fā)（JAD）會議可能足夠地有效引出用戶的要求。Holck（2003）聲稱在四個(gè)方面，傳統(tǒng)的軟件開發(fā)和WIS的發(fā)展沒有差異。另一方面，一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為，WIS的發(fā)展和傳統(tǒng)的軟件開發(fā)之間的區(qū)別在于發(fā)展速度和發(fā)展的生命周期的不同（e.g.Fr

4、aternali，1999；Fuccella and Pizzolato，1998； Ginige and Murugesan，2001； Pressman，1998）。例如，Wang and Head第一次與傳統(tǒng)的對比的是用戶和WIS用戶，然后提出了一個(gè)電子零售發(fā)展的概念框架。雖然它是超越目前的研究，解決了傳統(tǒng)的軟件開發(fā)和WIS發(fā)展的差異之間的爭議的范圍和目的，希望澄清一些傳統(tǒng)的軟件和WIS的發(fā)展，用戶需求之間的差異。W</p&

5、gt;<p>　?。?）前未知系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，甚至系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行前未知的早期階段;</p><p><b>　?。?）太異類；</b></p><p>　?。?）可能在WIS上有太多的用戶；</p><p>　　如果用戶不能確定前一個(gè)WIS的發(fā)展，那么RA是非常難以進(jìn)行的。在某些WIS，如內(nèi)聯(lián)網(wǎng)和外聯(lián)網(wǎng)，大多數(shù)用戶可以提前確認(rèn); 因此，RA

6、的傳統(tǒng)方法，如訪談，可以方便地應(yīng)用于調(diào)查和焦點(diǎn)小組。然而，在其他情況下，未來的用戶和他們的需求事前可能不會被承認(rèn)。因此，Yang and Tang (2003)提出，RA分為三個(gè)階段，以獲得更透徹地了解用戶需求。收集用戶代表的需求一直是一個(gè)以用戶為中心設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵部分被應(yīng)用到網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)（Campbell，2001； Sampson， 1998），基本假設(shè)是：</p><p>　　（1）用戶可以在系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的早期階段確定

7、;</p><p>　　（2）用戶代表的是真正的用戶;</p><p>　?。?）一小部分用戶的數(shù)量可以代表整個(gè)用戶群體。</p><p>　　然而，這些基本假設(shè)受到了質(zhì)疑，因?yàn)椋?lt;/p><p>　?。?）早期階段，一些WIS的用戶不能適應(yīng)有針對性的系統(tǒng)開發(fā);</p><p>　　（2）用戶代表參加在網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計(jì)未必是實(shí)

8、際的用戶;</p><p>　?。?）用戶樣本可能無法代表整個(gè)用戶群體。</p><p>　　因此，評估“典型”或“影響力”的網(wǎng)上用戶的要求有很大的價(jià)值，整個(gè)用戶群體的需求得到一個(gè)精確的快照。本研究分類WIS的使用尺寸，首先解決兩個(gè)重大問題WIS的用戶 - 用戶是否太“異類”或“太多” - 并隨后評估“影響力”的關(guān)鍵用戶，根據(jù)不同的WIS的使用尺寸。關(guān)鍵用戶可根據(jù)自己的特定情況下有不同的含

9、義。例如，在一個(gè)商業(yè)網(wǎng)站，關(guān)鍵用戶可能是非常重要的客戶，如那些有助于該公司的大部分收入。關(guān)鍵用戶是指在這項(xiàng)研究中，作為有影響力的用戶可能顯著的影響其他用戶在WIS的使用。例如，關(guān)鍵用戶可影響購買決策的，在尋求或建議網(wǎng)上的人際關(guān)系的建立和維護(hù)信息的方法之一，或在他們在線娛樂自己的方式。</p><p>　　2.2 WIS的使用尺寸　</p><p>　　與傳統(tǒng)的是用戶相比，WIS的用戶更加多

10、樣化和異質(zhì)性; 此外，用戶總?cè)藬?shù)可以預(yù)計(jì)將增長到臨界質(zhì)量為歐共體成功（Hagel and Armstrong，1997）。因此，在進(jìn)一步討論之前，分清正確的用戶和他們的角色是至關(guān)重要的。本研究采用來自Isakowitz的WIS分類方法等，并提出了一些初步的用戶要求的尺寸，這是最從幾個(gè)最近的研究（Armstrong and Hagel，1996； Korgaonkar and Wolin，1999；Schneiderman，1997）的合

11、成。由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用與各種用戶的動機(jī)想關(guān)聯(lián)，因此，它不可能枚舉所有用戶的需求。然而，WIS的用戶最重要的動機(jī)有以下幾種：</p><p><b>　?。?）信息的采集;</b></p><p><b>　　（2）溝通；</b></p><p>　?。?）探索（如網(wǎng)上沖浪）;</p><p>　　（4）收

12、購的商業(yè)貨物（Rodgers and Sheldon，2002）。</p><p>　　探索與嬉戲相關(guān)聯(lián)，所以一些研究人員認(rèn)為，嬉鬧對WWW的使用有顯著的影（Atkinson and Kydd，1997）。因此，本研究采用WIS的使用作為一個(gè)維度嬉鬧或娛樂。作為討論的起點(diǎn)，用戶的特點(diǎn)和不同的方式在他們的陪同下要求的應(yīng)用程序下面列出。如表一所示，在企業(yè)內(nèi)部網(wǎng)用戶amajority是在一個(gè)組織的雇員，因此，用戶可確定

13、系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的早期階段之前。一般來說，比較的otherWIS用戶，企業(yè)內(nèi)部網(wǎng)用戶的增長速度低，由于一個(gè)事實(shí)，即它的增長是依賴于組織的整體人力電源增長率。為網(wǎng)絡(luò)的存在和歐共體，大多數(shù)用戶是誰也無法具體確定事先一般，其身份往往只能推斷，從他們?nèi)绾芜x擇在線注冊自己的客戶。因此，而市場調(diào)研，確定細(xì)分市場，找出潛在的客戶，真正的客戶可以不知道，直到該網(wǎng)站實(shí)際上是打開業(yè)務(wù)。一個(gè)成功的企業(yè)的關(guān)鍵條件之一是，當(dāng)客戶和參觀者預(yù)計(jì)將在一個(gè)較高的速度增長，以形成

14、一個(gè)臨界質(zhì)量（Hagel and Armstrong，1997）。外聯(lián)網(wǎng)主要創(chuàng)建B2B交易，因此，用戶無論是在內(nèi)部或組織外。因此，有關(guān)組織內(nèi)大多數(shù)用戶可以提前確定，一些業(yè)務(wù)合作伙伴的用戶可以bereached之前系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的早期階段。</p><p>　　2.3找出關(guān)鍵用戶面臨的困難　　</p><p>　　確定關(guān)鍵用戶特別重要的是WIS的需求獲取，因?yàn)橛脩舨荒艽_定在一個(gè)新網(wǎng)站的發(fā)展(Rah

15、ardja, 1999),可能是要考慮太多，或可能是太多樣化進(jìn)行分析。以往的研究提出的焦點(diǎn)團(tuán)體的方式，重點(diǎn)放在用戶要求的數(shù)量(Abelsetal，1998),導(dǎo)出用戶要求（Artz，1996年），為Web應(yīng)用程序或可用性的方法（Campbell，2001）。然而，據(jù)我們所知，沒有先前的研究已確定的少數(shù)重要用戶，這是作為“關(guān)鍵用戶”在研究確定采用的方法闡述。借用社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析（SNA）的在線用戶的角度，仔細(xì)研究這項(xiàng)研究的關(guān)鍵用戶和他們的要求

16、之間的關(guān)系。我們采取了這種方法為以下幾個(gè)原因：首先，大部分的需求獲取方法主要側(cè)重于尋求信息或一般的導(dǎo)航分析。運(yùn)用SNA的數(shù)據(jù)，其他條件，如通訊，社會，情感支持的需求，也可確定。確定管理者可以幫助征求他們的意見，這可能提高社會/通信的功能，接口或其他設(shè)計(jì)品質(zhì)的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。其次，有時(shí)一個(gè)WIS用戶是相當(dāng)分歧。這是不容易進(jìn)行與很多用戶的需求分析不提其他人可能是“潛在用戶”。只有有限數(shù)量的用戶，通常介乎五十五的用戶，可靠性試驗(yàn)的寶貴（Campbe

17、ll，2001；Nielsen，19</p><p>　　2.1 User requirements questions: heterogeneous and many</p><p>　　RA is usually a critical stage for both ISD and WIS development. Some scholars consider RA is a cruci

18、al component for WIS development and even call for a systematic and disciplined approach (Murugesan et al., 2001). On the one hand, some researchers claim that determining systems requirements for an internet-based EC ap

19、plication is not different from the process of doing so for other applications (Hoffer et al., 2002). These scholars have suggested that a joint application development (JAD) sess</p><p>　　(1) unknown before

20、 the early stage of system development or even unknown before system operation；</p><p>　　(2) too heterogeneous；</p><p>　　(3) perhaps too many users on the WIS.</p><p>　　If users can

21、not be identified prior to the development of a WIS, then RA is extremely difficult to conduct. In some WIS, such as in intranets and extranets, most users can be recognized in advance; therefore, traditional RA methods

22、such as interviews, surveys and focus groups can be easily applied. However, in other cases, future users and their needs may not be recognized beforehand. Thus, Yang and Tang (2003a) proposed dividing RA into three stag

23、es in order to gain a more thorough understandin</p><p>　　(1) users can be identified at the early stage of system development;</p><p>　　(2) user representatives are real users; and</p>&

24、lt;p>　　(3) a small number of users can represent the entire user population. </p><p>　　However, these fundamental assumptions have been questioned because:</p><p>　　(1) some WIS users cannot

25、 be targeted appropriately before the early stage of system development;</p><p>　　(2) user representatives who participate in the web design may not be the actual users; </p><p>　　(3) a sample

26、of users may not represent the entire user population.</p><p>　　Accordingly, there is great value in assessing the requirement of “typical” or “influential” online users to get an accurate snapshot of the ne

27、eds of the entire user Population. The present study classifies WIS usage dimensions by first addressing the two major questions of WIS users – whether or not users are “too heterogeneous” or are “too many” – and subsequ

28、ently assesses the “influential” key users according to various WIS usage dimensions. Key users may have different meanings according to </p><p>　　in their methods of information seeking or getting advice, i

29、n the establishment and maintenance of online interpersonal relationship with one-another, or in the way that they entertain themselves online.</p><p>　　2.2 The WIS usage dimensions</p><p>　　Co

30、mpared with traditional IS users, WIS users are more diverse and heterogeneous; moreover their overall number of users can be expected to grow to a critical mass for EC success (Hagel and Armstrong, 1997). Therefore, it

31、is crucial to classify properly users and their roles before further discussion. The present study adopts WIS classifications from Isakowitz et al. (1998), and suggests some tentative user requirements dimensions, which

32、are most synthesized from several recent studies (Armstron</p><p>　　(1) the acquisition of information;</p><p>　　(2) communication;</p><p>　　(3) exploration (e.g. surfing); and</

33、p><p>　　(4) the acquisition of commercial goods (Rodgers and Sheldon, 2002).</p><p>　　Exploration is related with play, and some researchers contend that playfulness has a significant effect on www

34、 usage (Atkinson and Kydd, 1997). Therefore, this study adopts playfulness or entertainment as a dimension for WIS use. As a starting point for discussion, the user characteristics and their accompanied requirements in d

35、ifferent WIS applications are listed below.</p><p>　　As shown in Table I, amajority of users in intranets are employees in an organization; thus users could be identified prior to the early stage of system d

36、evelopment. Generally speaking, in comparison to the otherWIS users, the intranet-user growth rate is low due to the fact that its growth is dependent upon the organizational overall human-power growth rate. As for web p

37、resence and EC, most users are customers who cannot be specifically identified beforehand in general and whose identities can </p><p>　　increase in number as rapidly as can its consumers. One of the most imp

38、ortant user requirements is “information” gathering and sharing; therefore, information content, the user’s navigation processes and data filtering capabilities are prime system concerns. For users within an organization

39、, how to create, gain access to and distribute knowledge is a prodigious challenge. Knowledge management is no longer a slogan, but rather a practical and integral part of knowledge management systems (Alavi a</p>

40、<p>　　place but also for users’ personal purposes. Meeting communication requirements may range from simple communication facilities, such as e-mail or electronic forums to sophisticated community-building faciliti

41、es. Through an investigation of several communities, Preece (1998) suggested that online communities should provide users with a climate of trust, equality and empathy; furthermore, these aspects should be combined in th

42、e design stage. Stanoevska-Slabeva (2002) emphasized specifically the so</p><p>　　intranets or web presence are not for transaction purposes, there is no need to include this dimension for analysis in this t

43、ype of situations. With the exception of studies conducted on e-commerce sites or virtual communities, “playfulness” or “fantasies” are two topics that have received scant attention in the literature (Armstrong and Hagel

44、, 1996). Recent empirical studies have confirmed that playfulness, or enjoyment, is a key dimension of web design quality (Liu et al., 2001; Van der Heijde</p><p>　　2.3 The problem of finding key users</p

45、><p>　　Identifying key users is especially important for WIS requirements elicitation because users cannot be identified during a new web site development (Rahardja, 1999), might be too many to be taken care of

46、, or may be too diverse to be analyzed. A number of previous studies proposed to place emphasis on user requirements by means of focus groups (Abels et al., 1998), derived user requirements (Artz, 1996), or usability met

47、hods (Campbell, 2001) for web applications. However, to the best of our knowl</p><p>　　a requirement analysis with a great many users not to mention others who might be “potential users”. Only a limited numb

48、er of users, usually ranging from five to fifteen users, are valuable for reliability tests (Campbell, 2001; Nielsen, 1993). The same rule holds true for RA. Thirdly, the users themselves are the important resources for

49、a WIS, not only for their contributions to the site’s content but also for their potential purchasing power. Web users are valuable in that their comments and r</p><p>　　Fourthly, SNA is useful in identifyin

50、g information-related roles such as gatekeepers, opinion leaders and boundary spanners in an organization. It can be used to understand the patterns of collaboration of online community members, and key community members

51、 can be spotted, accordingly. Therefore, a system’s SNA may be useful for locating appropriate users during system analysis and improving ISD (Loughman et al., 2000). SNA a social science method that is extremely popular