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1、<p><b>  畢業(yè)論文開題報(bào)告</b></p><p><b>  英語</b></p><p>  關(guān)聯(lián)理論對(duì)反諷言語的解讀</p><p>  一、論文選題的背景、意義</p><p>  反諷作為一種智慧詼諧的語言現(xiàn)象存在于生活的各個(gè)角落,在人類日常交往中起著舉足輕重的作用。反

2、諷也一直是語言學(xué)家、哲學(xué)家、心理學(xué)家、修辭學(xué)家的熱門課題,反諷的研究始于古希臘時(shí)期,至今已有兩千多年的歷史,其定義是一個(gè)不斷發(fā)展的過程。古典時(shí)期有三種含義:1.佯裝無知。2.蘇格拉底式的反諷(對(duì)方在他的請教和追問下不自覺露出破綻)3.羅馬式反諷(字面意義與實(shí)指意義不符或相反),19世紀(jì)上半葉德國浪漫主義文學(xué)理論對(duì)反諷的概念進(jìn)行了改造,使其從修辭學(xué)概念擴(kuò)展為一種文學(xué)創(chuàng)作原則。20世紀(jì)到新批評(píng)手里,反諷得到了進(jìn)一步闡發(fā)。布魯克斯對(duì)反諷作了比

3、較詳備的解釋,他把反諷定義為"語境對(duì)一個(gè)陳述語的明顯的歪曲"。這個(gè)時(shí)期的代表人物有蘇格拉底、亞里斯多德、西塞羅、昆蒂廉等。</p><p>  而到了20世紀(jì)六七十年代,人們開始對(duì)古典反諷理論提出質(zhì)疑和批評(píng)。隨著現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)的興起和發(fā)展,對(duì)反諷的研究出現(xiàn)了新視角和新方法。</p><p>  從語用學(xué)角度研究反諷開始于語言學(xué)家格萊斯(Grice),他在1967年的演講稿“

4、邏輯與會(huì)話”中提出了著名的會(huì)話合作原則,認(rèn)為說反諷者違反了合作原則的質(zhì)準(zhǔn)則,隱含與字面意義相反的意義。格萊斯理論假設(shè)的不足是:把反諷僅僅視為對(duì)質(zhì)準(zhǔn)則的違反,實(shí)際上,違反其他準(zhǔn)則也可以產(chǎn)生反諷,不違反任何準(zhǔn)則同意產(chǎn)生反諷。</p><p>  此后,Sperber & Wilson在格萊斯的合作原則進(jìn)行修訂的基礎(chǔ)上,合著出版了《關(guān)聯(lián):交際與認(rèn)知》(1986),標(biāo)志著關(guān)聯(lián)理論的產(chǎn)生。關(guān)聯(lián)理論是一種語用認(rèn)知理論

5、,它在語碼論和交際推理的基礎(chǔ)上提出了明示—推理交際模式(ostensive-inferential communication)。關(guān)聯(lián)性是支配反諷理解過程的認(rèn)知總原則。關(guān)聯(lián)性貫穿反諷理解加工過程的方方面面:共知信息的提取與確認(rèn),觸發(fā)機(jī)制的感知,對(duì)反諷性質(zhì)的判斷,反諷表達(dá)的隱含及態(tài)度與印象的破解,都離不開關(guān)聯(lián)性的導(dǎo)線作用。關(guān)聯(lián)性激活與反諷理解相關(guān)的信息,確定信息的關(guān)聯(lián)程度,幫助形成假設(shè)并確定每一假設(shè)的關(guān)聯(lián)程度,最終引導(dǎo)受話人對(duì)反諷做出正確

6、理解。</p><p>  Sperber & Wilson的關(guān)聯(lián)理論引起了西方語言學(xué)界、認(rèn)知心理學(xué)界、哲學(xué)界的強(qiáng)烈反響。關(guān)聯(lián)理論是一種語用認(rèn)知理論,將語用學(xué)的重點(diǎn)移到了認(rèn)知理論上,給語用學(xué)帶來了新的研究熱點(diǎn)。</p><p>  我國從事語用學(xué)研究的學(xué)者除了注意“說話人意義”之外,也開始注意或已轉(zhuǎn)向“話語理解”方面的研究。從80年代末開始,國內(nèi)外語界的一些學(xué)術(shù)刊物上開始出現(xiàn)了介紹

7、、引述關(guān)聯(lián)理論的論文,也有部分文章涉及該理論的應(yīng)用研究,如“關(guān)聯(lián)理論—認(rèn)知語用學(xué)基礎(chǔ)”( 何自然、冉永生,1998)、“關(guān)聯(lián)理論的交際觀”(劉紹忠,1997)、“關(guān)聯(lián)理論與反諷理解”(曾衍桃,1998)“反諷話語的認(rèn)知語用研究”(文旭,2004)、“語言使用中的推理”(熊學(xué)亮,2007)等。學(xué)者們普遍認(rèn)為關(guān)聯(lián)理論彌補(bǔ)了會(huì)話含意理論的解釋力不足的情況,解決了明說與暗含的關(guān)系,認(rèn)知主題在話語理解中的地位、作用加強(qiáng)了,語境或語境假設(shè)占有重要位

8、置,提出關(guān)聯(lián)是認(rèn)知的基礎(chǔ),交際的最基本原則,對(duì)推理也予以了重視。</p><p>  關(guān)聯(lián)理論為言語反諷的理解提供了切實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ),用關(guān)聯(lián)理論來理解反諷,能夠更好地理解交際含義和目的。從關(guān)聯(lián)理論的角度來探討反諷言語有助于從認(rèn)知的角度揭示反諷的本質(zhì),進(jìn)而加強(qiáng)了對(duì)反諷言語的辨別與理解,為反諷研究打開了新的視野。</p><p>  二、研究的基本內(nèi)容與擬解決的主要問題 </p>

9、<p>  本文首先對(duì)反諷研究的歷史及現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了簡短的回顧,然后對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)理論的主要觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行介紹。關(guān)聯(lián)理論是斯珀伯和威爾遜在對(duì)格賴斯合作原則進(jìn)行修訂的基礎(chǔ)上提出的有關(guān)交際的語用認(rèn)知理論,提出了明示一推理模式,認(rèn)為交際是一個(gè)涉及信息意圖與交際意圖的明示推理過程。關(guān)聯(lián)性是支配反諷理解過程的認(rèn)知總原則,關(guān)聯(lián)性貫穿反諷理解加工過程的方方面面。最后本文重點(diǎn)闡述了關(guān)聯(lián)理論的反諷觀:一是在關(guān)聯(lián)理論框架下如何理解反諷的本質(zhì);二是如何在關(guān)聯(lián)原則的指

10、引下辨別反諷;三是在關(guān)聯(lián)理論框架下如何理解反諷。從而看出關(guān)聯(lián)理論反語觀的合理性和以及其對(duì)反語本質(zhì)和反語理解機(jī)制的強(qiáng)大解釋力</p><p><b>  英文寫作提綱如下:</b></p><p>  On Irony Utterance From the Perspective of Relevance Theory</p><p>  The

11、sis statement:Irony utterance is a common language phenomenon used in literatray works and our daily life, which has received considerable attention from more and more linguists and psychologists. Sperher and Wilson’s ec

12、hoic mention theory within a Relevance Theory base frame work of irony provide an new way for the research of irony.</p><p>  1. Introduction </p><p>  1.1 A bried review of researches

13、on irony</p><p>  1.2 A general description of irony </p><p>  2. Cognition and verbal irony</p><p>  2.1 Relevence theory</p><p>  2.2 Understanding of implica

14、ture</p><p>  3 Understanding ironic utterances within the framework of relevance theory</p><p>  3.1 The nature of irony within the framework of relevence</p><p>  3.2 The cognitio

15、n of irony from the perspective of relevence theory</p><p>  3.3 The interpretation of irony from the perspective of relevence theory</p><p>  4. conclusion:</p><p>  This paper app

16、roaches comprehension of ironic utterance from the perspective of relevance theory. It explains how to study ironic utterances with the help of relevance theory, and holds that this way of doing can help to grasp the ess

17、ence of ironic utterance, and then better understand ironic utterance.</p><p>  研究的方法和技術(shù)路線</p><p>  關(guān)聯(lián)理論為言語反諷的理解提供了切實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ)。本文通過一系列的例證闡述如何在關(guān)聯(lián)理論框架下分析交際雙方如何通過這一方式來傳達(dá)、理解反諷言語,從而更深入地探索反諷生成和理解的本質(zhì)過程。在關(guān)聯(lián)

18、理論框架下研究反諷,為反諷研究打開了新的視野。</p><p>  技術(shù)路線:通過借閱圖書館書本,以及網(wǎng)上搜索有關(guān)這個(gè)課題的資料,結(jié)合兩者及自己的想法,擬定出該論文。</p><p>  四、論文詳細(xì)工作進(jìn)度和安排</p><p>  2009年11月30日-12月20日 確定論文題目</p><p>  2009年12月2

19、1日-2010年1月22日 指導(dǎo)老師下達(dá)任務(wù)書,學(xué)生提交開題報(bào)告,文獻(xiàn)綜述</p><p>  2010年2月底前 提交論文初稿</p><p>  2010年3月底前 初稿、二稿的修改</p><p>  2010年4月底前 三稿的

20、修改</p><p>  2010年5月中旬前 定稿,提交按要求裝訂的論文終稿一式三份</p><p><b>  五、主要參考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>  Hamamoto, Hideki. Irony from a Congnitve Perspective[A]. John Bejamings&l

21、t;/p><p>  Publishing Company. 1998</p><p>  Sperber, Dan and Wilson Deirdre. Relevance: Communication and Cognition [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2001 </p><

22、p>  文旭,A Cognitive-Pragmatic Study in Ironic Utterences[M],北京:中國社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社,2004</p><p>  曾衍桃,Irony in Communication[M],北京:中國社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社,2006</p><p>  何自然、冉永生,關(guān)聯(lián)理論—認(rèn)知語用學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[J],現(xiàn)代外語,1998(3)</p>

23、<p>  姜望琪,當(dāng)代語用學(xué)[M],北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2003</p><p>  劉紹忠,關(guān)聯(lián)理論的交際觀[J],現(xiàn)代外語,1997年第3期</p><p>  唐青葉,語篇語言學(xué)[M],上海,上海大學(xué)出版社,2009</p><p>  王建國,關(guān)聯(lián)理論與翻譯研究[M],北京:中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,2009</p><p>

24、;  熊學(xué)亮,語言使用中的推理[M],上海,上海外語教育出版社,2007</p><p>  曾文雄,語用學(xué)的多維研究[M],杭州,浙江大學(xué)出版社,2009</p><p>  曾衍桃,關(guān)聯(lián)理論與反諷理解[M],長春:東北師范大學(xué)出版社,1998</p><p><b>  畢業(yè)論文文獻(xiàn)綜述</b></p><p>&l

25、t;b>  英語</b></p><p>  關(guān)聯(lián)理論對(duì)反諷言語的解讀</p><p>  一、前言部分(說明寫作的目的,介紹有關(guān)概念,扼要說明有關(guān)主題爭論焦點(diǎn))</p><p>  反諷作為一種智慧詼諧的語言現(xiàn)象存在于生活的各個(gè)角落,在人類日常交往中起著舉足輕重的作用。其最顯著的特征:即言非所指,也就是一個(gè)陳述的實(shí)際內(nèi)涵與它表面意義相互矛盾,通常

26、需要從上下文及語境來了解其用意。</p><p>  曾衍桃(2006)指出反諷交際發(fā)生時(shí),作為接受信息一方的聽話人,會(huì)本能并自發(fā)地把話語與當(dāng)時(shí)情景聯(lián)系起來,得出一個(gè)基本認(rèn)知環(huán)境,隱隱約約地感到該話語在該語境狀態(tài)下暗含某些不同尋常的語用語言特征和語用心理特征,這些特征與共性因素(先前共知的背景信息、信念等)進(jìn)行匹配,結(jié)果明顯感覺到在話語和整個(gè)認(rèn)知環(huán)境之間存在某種有悖聽話人期待的不協(xié)調(diào)、不一致、不相關(guān)、不調(diào)和活矛盾

27、、沖突等不匹配表現(xiàn)。聽話人于是推測這種不匹配不是無緣無故的,而是說話人有意為之,從而斷定該話語不是通常意義的陳述或評(píng)價(jià),進(jìn)而推斷該話語是諷刺性一類話語,傳遞諷刺、挖苦、戲謔、詼諧、嘲弄甚或幽默等態(tài)度。</p><p>  Sperber & Wilson的關(guān)聯(lián)理論引起了西方語言學(xué)界、認(rèn)知心理學(xué)界、哲學(xué)界的強(qiáng)烈反響。關(guān)聯(lián)理論是一種語用認(rèn)知理論,它在語碼論和交際推理的基礎(chǔ)上提出了明示—推理交際模式(osten

28、sive-inferential communication)。唐青葉(2009)對(duì)于明示—推理交際作了如下定義:言語交際對(duì)于說話人和聽話人來說都是互明的,而且說話人意欲通過該交際行為使得交際中的語用預(yù)設(shè)對(duì)聽話人來說顯得明確或更加明確(Sperber & Wilson,1995:63)</p><p>  關(guān)聯(lián)理論的核心內(nèi)容是:每一個(gè)明示的交際行為都應(yīng)該設(shè)想為自身具有最佳關(guān)聯(lián)性,人類的認(rèn)知趨向于具有最大關(guān)

29、聯(lián)性。從這個(gè)角度出發(fā)關(guān)聯(lián)性是個(gè)常理,是制約人類交際的基本因素,關(guān)聯(lián)性有兩個(gè)因素相關(guān):一個(gè)是語境認(rèn)知因素,即語境效果,另一個(gè)是推理過程中付出的認(rèn)知努力。關(guān)聯(lián)理論認(rèn)為,說話人會(huì)最大限度的表述話語,而這樣做的意圖是讓聽話人在理解話語時(shí)付出最小的代價(jià),而聯(lián)系兩者的紐帶,正是話語中的關(guān)聯(lián)性。而關(guān)聯(lián)性程度取決于投入與產(chǎn)出之間的比率,這里的產(chǎn)出是指語境蘊(yùn)含的輸了,投入是指推導(dǎo)這些語境蘊(yùn)含所需的處理努力。</p><p>  關(guān)

30、聯(lián)理論為言語反諷的理解提供了切實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ),用關(guān)聯(lián)理論來理解反諷,能夠更好地理解交際含義和目的。從關(guān)聯(lián)理論的角度來探討反諷言語有助于我們更好地把握反諷言語的本質(zhì) ,進(jìn)而加強(qiáng)對(duì)反諷言語的理解。</p><p>  二、主題部分(闡明有關(guān)主題的歷史背景、現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展方向,以及對(duì)這些問題的評(píng)述)</p><p>  反諷一詞來源于古希臘,其定義是一個(gè)不斷發(fā)展的過程。古典時(shí)期有三種含義:1.佯裝無知

31、。2.蘇格拉底式的反諷(對(duì)方在他的請教和追問下不自覺露出破綻)3.羅馬式反諷(字面意義與實(shí)指意義不符或相反),19世紀(jì)上半葉德國浪漫主義文學(xué)理論對(duì)反諷的概念進(jìn)行了改造,使其從修辭學(xué)概念擴(kuò)展為一種文學(xué)創(chuàng)作原則。20世紀(jì)到新批評(píng)手里,反諷得到了進(jìn)一步闡發(fā)。布魯克斯對(duì)反諷作了比較詳備的解釋,他把反諷定義為"語境對(duì)一個(gè)陳述語的明顯的歪曲"。這個(gè)時(shí)期的代表人物有蘇格拉底、亞里斯多德、西塞羅、昆蒂廉等。</p>&

32、lt;p>  20世紀(jì)六七十年代,人們開始對(duì)古典反諷理論提出質(zhì)疑和批評(píng)。隨著現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)的興起和發(fā)展,對(duì)反諷的研究出現(xiàn)了新視角和新方法?,F(xiàn)代語言學(xué)的各個(gè)分支學(xué)科語用學(xué)、語義學(xué)、心理語言學(xué)都對(duì)該語言現(xiàn)象做了比較廣泛的研究。</p><p>  從語義學(xué)角度研究反諷的一個(gè)主要特點(diǎn)是不考慮交際環(huán)境、交際主題等主、客觀因素,著重分析孤立語句的語義結(jié)構(gòu)特征,主要代表人物是邁爾斯、羅伊以及一些言語行為理論者。語義學(xué)方法對(duì)

33、分析反諷起到了一些幫助作用,但不能解決反諷的全部問題。反諷由于其對(duì)語境的依賴性,超越了話語邊界,以言語行為模式及其他語義模式把它孤立起來進(jìn)行分析是行不通的。</p><p>  從語用學(xué)角度研究反諷開始于語言學(xué)家格萊斯(Grice),他在1967年的演講稿“邏輯與會(huì)話”中提出了著名的會(huì)話合作原則,認(rèn)為說反諷者違反了合作原則的質(zhì)準(zhǔn)則,隱含與字面意義相反的意義。格萊斯理論假設(shè)的不足是:把反諷僅僅視為對(duì)質(zhì)準(zhǔn)則的違反,實(shí)

34、際上,違反其他準(zhǔn)則也可以產(chǎn)生反諷,不違反任何準(zhǔn)則同意產(chǎn)生反諷。</p><p>  曾文雄(2009)Sperber & Wilson在格萊斯的合作原則進(jìn)行修訂的基礎(chǔ)上,合著出版了《關(guān)聯(lián):交際與認(rèn)知》(1986),標(biāo)志著關(guān)聯(lián)理論的產(chǎn)生。此書于1995年出了第二版。在《關(guān)聯(lián):交際與認(rèn)知》第一版中,他們區(qū)分了最大關(guān)聯(lián)性和最佳關(guān)聯(lián)性。最大關(guān)聯(lián)性就是話語理解時(shí)付出盡可能小的努力而獲得最大的語境效果;而最佳關(guān)聯(lián)性就

35、是話語理解時(shí)付出有效努力之后獲得的足夠的語境效果。人類認(rèn)知往往與最大關(guān)聯(lián)性相吻合,因而,交際只期待產(chǎn)生一個(gè)最佳關(guān)聯(lián)性。他們歸納出了以上兩條原則,但當(dāng)時(shí)只突出了第二條,并稱之為一條關(guān)聯(lián)原則。這引起了人們的誤解。人們往往忽略了最大關(guān)聯(lián)性與最佳關(guān)聯(lián)性之間的差異,并以為他們只主張最大關(guān)聯(lián)性這一條單一的原則。因此,在第二版中,Sperber & Wilson把該原則改為第二關(guān)聯(lián)原則,即關(guān)聯(lián)的交際原則,另外還增加了一條原則——第一條原則,即

36、關(guān)聯(lián)的認(rèn)知原則:</p><p>  關(guān)聯(lián)的第一(或認(rèn)知)原則:人類認(rèn)知常常與最大關(guān)聯(lián)性相吻合。</p><p>  關(guān)聯(lián)的第二(或交際)原則:每一個(gè)明示的交際行為都應(yīng)設(shè)想為它本身具有最佳關(guān)聯(lián)性。</p><p>  此外,他們在1982年觀點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步提出,語境不是給定的,而是擇定的。不是先有語境,再根據(jù)語境去判斷一種信息的關(guān)聯(lián)性。相反,給定的是關(guān)聯(lián)性。人們

37、先假的正在處理的信息是有關(guān)聯(lián)的(否則他們不會(huì)費(fèi)神去處理它),然后設(shè)法選擇一種能夠使其關(guān)聯(lián)性最大化的語境。關(guān)聯(lián)性程度取決于投入與產(chǎn)出之間的比率,這里的產(chǎn)出是指語境蘊(yùn)含的輸了,投入是指推導(dǎo)這些語境蘊(yùn)含所需的處理努力。語境效果的產(chǎn)生,一般可分為三種情況:1,新信息加強(qiáng)了現(xiàn)時(shí)的語境假設(shè):2,新信息與現(xiàn)時(shí)的語境假設(shè)出現(xiàn)矛盾或抵觸;3,新信息與現(xiàn)時(shí)的語境假設(shè)相結(jié)合產(chǎn)生了語境隱含。姜望琪(2003)</p><p>  Spe

38、rber & Wilson在《關(guān)聯(lián)性:交際與認(rèn)知》中提出的關(guān)聯(lián)理論將語用學(xué)的重點(diǎn)移到了認(rèn)知理論上,給語用學(xué)帶來了新的研究熱點(diǎn)。</p><p>  我國從事語用學(xué)研究的學(xué)者除了注意“說話人意義”之外,也開始注意或已轉(zhuǎn)向“話語理解”方面的研究。從80年代末開始,國內(nèi)外語界的一些學(xué)術(shù)刊物上開始出現(xiàn)了介紹、引述關(guān)聯(lián)理論的論文,也有部分文章涉及該理論的應(yīng)用研究,如“關(guān)聯(lián)理論—認(rèn)知語用學(xué)基礎(chǔ)”( 何自然、冉永生,1

39、998)、“關(guān)聯(lián)理論的交際觀”(劉紹忠,1997)、“關(guān)聯(lián)理論與反諷理解”(曾衍桃,1998)“反諷話語的認(rèn)知語用研究”(文旭,2004)、“語言使用中的推理”(熊學(xué)亮,2007)、“關(guān)聯(lián)理論與翻譯研究”(王建國,2009)等。學(xué)者們普遍認(rèn)為關(guān)聯(lián)理論彌補(bǔ)了會(huì)話含意理論的解釋力不足的情況,解決了明說與暗含的關(guān)系,認(rèn)知主題在話語理解中的地位、作用加強(qiáng)了,語境或語境假設(shè)占有重要位置,提出關(guān)聯(lián)是認(rèn)知的基礎(chǔ),交際的最基本原則,對(duì)推理也予以了重視。

40、</p><p>  三、總結(jié)部分(將全文主題進(jìn)行扼要總結(jié),提出自己的見解并對(duì)進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展方向做出預(yù)測)</p><p>  本文首先對(duì)反語研究的歷史及現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了簡短的回顧,然后對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)理論的主要觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行介紹。關(guān)聯(lián)性是支配反諷理解過程的認(rèn)知總原則,關(guān)聯(lián)性貫穿反諷理解加工過程的方方面面:共知信息的提取與確認(rèn),觸發(fā)機(jī)制的感知,對(duì)反諷性質(zhì)的判斷,反諷表達(dá)的隱含及態(tài)度與印象的破解,都離不開關(guān)聯(lián)性的導(dǎo)

41、線作用。最后本文重點(diǎn)闡述了關(guān)聯(lián)理論的反語觀:一是在關(guān)聯(lián)理論框架下如何理解反語的本質(zhì);二是如何在關(guān)聯(lián)原則的指引下辨別反語;三是在關(guān)聯(lián)理論框架下如何理解反語。本文旨在通過一系列的例證來闡述如何在關(guān)聯(lián)理論框架下分析交際雙方如何通過這一方式來傳達(dá)、理解反諷言語,從而更深入地探索反諷生成和理解的本質(zhì)過程,并證明關(guān)聯(lián)理論反諷觀的合理性和以及其對(duì)反諷本質(zhì)和反諷理解機(jī)制的強(qiáng)大解釋力。</p><p><b>  四、參

42、考文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>  Hamamoto, Hideki. Irony from a Congnitve Perspective[A]. John Bejamings</p><p>  Publishing Company. 1998</p><p>  Sperber, Dan and Wilson Deirdre. Relevance:

43、 Communication and Cognition [M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2001 </p><p>  文旭,A Cognitive-Pragmatic Study in Ironic Utterences[M],北京:中國社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社,2004</p><p>  曾衍桃,Irony

44、 in Communication[M],北京:中國社會(huì)科學(xué)出版社,2006</p><p>  何自然、冉永生,關(guān)聯(lián)理論—認(rèn)知語用學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[J],現(xiàn)代外語,1998(3)</p><p>  姜望琪,當(dāng)代語用學(xué)[M],北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2003</p><p>  劉紹忠,關(guān)聯(lián)理論的交際觀[J],現(xiàn)代外語,1997年第3期</p><p>

45、;  唐青葉,語篇語言學(xué)[M],上海,上海大學(xué)出版社,2009</p><p>  王建國,關(guān)聯(lián)理論與翻譯研究[M],北京:中國對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,2009</p><p>  熊學(xué)亮,語言使用中的推理[M],上海,上海外語教育出版社,2007</p><p>  曾文雄,語用學(xué)的多維研究[M],杭州,浙江大學(xué)出版社,2009</p><p>

46、  曾衍桃,關(guān)聯(lián)理論與反諷理解[M],長春:東北師范大學(xué)出版社,1998</p><p><b>  (20_ _屆)</b></p><p><b>  本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p>  On Verbal Irony from the Perspective of Relevance Theory</p&

47、gt;<p>  關(guān)聯(lián)理論對(duì)反諷言語的解讀</p><p>  英語 </p><p><b>  摘要</b></p><p>  在日常言語交流和書面文體中,人們經(jīng)常使用反諷,反諷是言語交際中一種常見的語言現(xiàn)象。然而比之于對(duì)隱喻、幽默的研究,人們對(duì)

48、反諷的研究卻少之又少。反諷可以分為三類:言語反諷, 情景反諷和戲劇反諷。本文將言語反諷作為研究的對(duì)象,嘗試用斯泊伯和威爾遜(Sperber&Wilson)的關(guān)聯(lián)理論(Relevance Theory)來分析和解釋反諷這一語用現(xiàn)象。關(guān)聯(lián)理論摒棄了傳統(tǒng)的交際代碼模式,提出了明示一推理模式,認(rèn)為交際是一個(gè)涉及信息意圖與交際意圖的明示推理過程;關(guān)聯(lián)原則包括關(guān)聯(lián)的認(rèn)知原則(即:人類認(rèn)知傾向于同最大關(guān)聯(lián)相吻合)和關(guān)聯(lián)的交際原則(即:每一個(gè)明示的交際

49、行為都應(yīng)設(shè)想為它本身具有最佳關(guān)聯(lián)性)。接著通過一系列的例證來揭示反諷其本質(zhì),并闡述如何在關(guān)聯(lián)理論框架下辨別和理解反諷。得出較之于傳統(tǒng)的反諷研究,關(guān)聯(lián)理論反諷觀的合理性以及其對(duì)反諷本質(zhì)和反諷理解機(jī)制的強(qiáng)大解釋力。</p><p>  關(guān)鍵詞:反諷;關(guān)聯(lián)理論;本質(zhì);識(shí)別;闡釋</p><p><b>  Abstract</b></p><p> 

50、 In our speech and writing, people often use irony. Irony is a kind of linguistic phenomenon commonly seen in our daily communication. However, compared with the studies on metaphor or humor, the study on irony is far fr

51、om enough. Irony can be generally divided into three types: verbal irony, situational irony, dramatic irony. This thesis takes verbal irony as the focus of research and tries to make a pragmatic study on irony from the p

52、erspective of relevance theory, which was put forwarded by Sp</p><p>  Key word: irony; relevance theory; nature; recognition; interpretation</p><p><b>  Content</b></p><p

53、>  Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….…II</p><p>  1. Introduction……………………………………………………..………………..……...1</p><p>  2. Irony Cognition and Relevance Theory………………………………………………..2</p>&l

54、t;p>  2.1 Mutuality: the precondition for ironic communication………………….......…....…..3</p><p>  2.2 Main points of relevance theory…………...................................................................4&l

55、t;/p><p>  2.2.1 Ostensive-inferential communication…………………………..................…....4</p><p>  2.2.2 The principle of relevance.………………………………….………………….5</p><p>  3. Irony within the fr

56、amework of relevance theory……………………………….……..6</p><p>  3.1 The nature of irony from the perspective of RT…………………………....…….......6</p><p>  3.1.1 Irony as interpretative use………………………………………..………..

57、…....6</p><p>  3.1.2 Irony as echoic use……………………………………….………………....….7</p><p>  3.2 The recognition of irony from the perspective of RT…………………………......….8</p><p>  3.3 The interpret

58、ation of irony from the perspective of RT…………………...…….…..10</p><p>  4. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………11</p><p>  Bibliography.………………………………………………………………………………13</p><p>  Ac

59、knowledgements………………………………………………………………………..14</p><p>  Introduction</p><p>  Irony is a kind of linguistic phenomenon which was frequently used in our daily communication. Each of us may have su

60、ch kind of experience as making or hearing an ironic utterance in our daily communication. For example, your friend plans to meet you at 3:00 pm, but you arrived at 3:30pm, your friend might complain: “you are so punctua

61、l!” In this circumstance the speaker is making an ironic utterance and trying to ridicule the hearer. Indeed, irony is such a ubiquitous phenomenon that it has bee</p><p>  In rhetoric, verbal irony is treat

62、ed as a rhetoric device which the literal meaning of the words conveys or suggests an opposite meaning called figurative meaning. In another word, an ironic utterance has two meanings: the literal meaning and the figurat

63、ive meaning. In the course of irony communication, the hearer chooses the figurative meaning and rejects the literal meaning. Generally, in classical rhetoric, irony is seen as a kind of speech figures, which makes the c

64、ontext more pleasant and c</p><p>  (1). A mother asked her son to clean up his messy room, but he was busy playing computer games. After a while, the mother discovered that his room was still messy, and sai

65、d to her son: You are so diligent!</p><p>  Here the figurative meaning of “diligent” is lazy from the perspective of traditional rhetoric. This example shows that irony is a wonderful rhetorical device to m

66、ake our speech and writing more vivid and effective. However, rhetorical approach has many limitations: First it fails to explain what exactly the opposite meaning is. Second it doesn’t give a mechanism for deriving the

67、figurative meaning of an utterance. Third it doesn’t illustrate why the hearer prefers the figurative meaning to the </p><p>  Under Grice’s approach, irony is a case of violating the Cooperative Principle (

68、CP), which consists of four categories: the maxim of quality, the maxim of quantity, the maxim of relevance and the maxim of manner. Grice, who first introduce the study of irony in the field of pragmatics, “treats irony

69、 as a special kind of conversational implicature and believes that a word means something because the speaker intends it to do so.”(Grice, 1975) Thus, ironic utterances would conversationally implicat</p><p>

70、;  (2) A says to B: “What a good job you have done!”</p><p>  Suppose in (2), B has just broken a precious vase. Obviously this utterance violates the Maxim of quality. So the intended meaning of this uttera

71、nce is “What a mess you have done.”</p><p>  However, Grice’s theory of irony has its deficiencies: First utterances that follow all four maxims or violate other maxims can also be ironic. Second it has limi

72、ted explanatory power. Let’s see the following examples:</p><p>  (3) Before liberation, there were a lot of taxes to be charged. After liberation, there are a lot of meetings to be held. (Zeng Yantao, 2006)

73、</p><p>  Apparently the utterance (3) follows the four maxims of CP for the speaker’s utterance is precise, unambiguous and efficient, but it is still ironic. </p><p>  In Allusional pretense t

74、heory, Clark and Gerrig claim that a speaker who pretends “to be an injudicious person speaking to an uninitiated audience; the speaker intends the addressee of the irony to discover the pretense and thereby see his or h

75、er attitude" (qtd. in Ma Chunrong, 2007). </p><p>  (4): (Suppose Ann hates raining day) </p><p>  In a raining season, she says: “See, what a lovely day it is: rain, rain, rain.” </p>

76、;<p>  According to the allusional pretense theory, Ann is turning a blind eye to the fact. In such raining weather, the speaker couldn’t make the utterance on her own behalf, she intends the addressee to discover

77、 the pretence that she is ridiculing the person who would accept it.</p><p>  However, it still has some problems. First, it fails to explain the fact that hearers interpret ironic utterances without recogni

78、zing their violations. Secondly, the notion of allusion is not clear enough to make a distinction between irony and non-irony. Thirdly, it does not address the function of ironic cues in interpreting irony</p><

79、;p>  From the account above we can see that although the previous approaches have more or less contributed to the study of irony, there still have some flaws or deficiencies. So next we’ll try to study irony by applyi

80、ng Sperber &Wilson’s relevance theory, which has a stronger explanatory power than the previous approaches.</p><p>  2. Ironic Cognition and Relevance Theory</p><p>  In this part, we are go

81、ing to discuss the role and status of mutuality in the process of recognizing ironic communication. With the help of the cognitive environments, the hearer is able to recognize whether the utterance made by the speaker i

82、s irony or not. This provides a precondition for ironic communication. Then it is to discuss the main factors that governing the whole process of ironic recognition and how these factors govern the process of the recogni

83、tion of ironic utterances.</p><p>  2.1 Mutuality:The Precondition for Ironic Communication</p><p>  Stalnaker states that “Communication, whether linguistic or not, normally takes place agains

84、t a background of beliefs or assumptions which are shared by the speaker and his audience. The more common ground we can take for granted, the more efficient our communication will be. And unless we could reasonably trea

85、t some facts in this way, we probably could not communicate at all.”(qtd. in Zeng Yantao, 2006) In other words, mutuality is viewed as the cognitive precondition in the process of understa</p><p>  Here mutu

86、ality refers to the shared background knowledge between the speaker and the audience, which including the knowledge of participants’ relation, the knowledge of some social conventions and the awareness of some communicat

87、ive principles. The speaker who makes an ironic utterance may assume that the hearer share some assumptions about what is likely to be ironic and can pick out the enough relevant contextual information in the processing

88、of irony understanding. The hearer also believes th</p><p>  (5) It is an unsavory meal, isn’t it?</p><p>  Under this circumstance, Tony was being ironic to Kate, but not to Zack. Without knowi

89、ng that they enjoyed the food, Zack could not be a party to Tony’s irony, because as far as he could tell, Tony was completely serious. The interpretation is based on their former common ground that none of them liked Ch

90、inese food. </p><p>  The example above shows that perception of irony lies in what is mutuality to whom. A hearer or reader may not make judgments accurately if not supplied with the right information. The

91、importance of mutuality in the process of understanding irony is commonly acknowledged. In the relevance theory, shared background knowledge forms the basis of Sperber & Wilson’s relevance principle. In order to unde

92、rstand an utterance, there must be one and only one interpretation consistent with the principle of</p><p>  2.2 Main points of relevance theory</p><p>  The relevance theory assumes that the es

93、sence of communicative activity is cognitive activity and relevance theory is an inferential theory of communication and it aims to explain how the audience infers the communicator’s intended meaning. The theory provides

94、 a link between the communication and cognition. This chapter will give a general introduction to relevance theory.</p><p>  2.2.1 Ostensive-inferential communication</p><p>  As to the study of

95、 human communication process, there are two communication models--the code model and inference model. According to the code model, communication is achieved by a process of encoding carried out by the communicator and de

96、coding by the audience. In Sperber and Wilson’s view, the code model focuses on the explicit communication, while the inference model is mainly about the implicit communication. Sperber & Wilson found neither of the

97、two models is satisfactory enough. Thus they d</p><p>  “The communicator produces a stimulus which makes it mutually manifest to communicator and audience that the communicator intends, by means of this sti

98、mulus, to make it manifest or more manifest to the audience a set of assumptions” (Sperber & Wilson, 2001). </p><p>  Based on this definition, communication is an ostensive-inferential process consistin

99、g of informative and communicative intention. Ostension and inference are one and the same process seen from two different points of view. Ostension means that the communicator’s task is to make his informative intention

100、 mutually manifest. Inference means that the audience’s task is to infer the communicator’s communicative intention from the evidence. In another word, the communicator intentionally gives the ev</p><p>  In

101、 order to have a successful communication, the communicator must draw the audience's attention. So an act of ostension must draw the audiences’ attention. The principal significance of ostensive communication is that

102、 it conveys a guarantee of relevance. People automatically pay attention to ostensive stimulus, because they are accustomed to turn their attention to what seems most relevant to them. Since processing information requir

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