基于美國城市化區(qū)域中快速增長的小型企業(yè)分布的產業(yè)結構和資源的影響【外文翻譯】

1、畢業(yè)論文（設計）開題報告畢業(yè)論文（設計）開題報告原文：原文：(題目開始至題目開始至P865P865第二行）第二行）TheEffectsofIndustrialStructureResourcesupontheDistributionofFastgrowingSmallFirmsamongUSUrbanisedAreasDuringthe1980ssmallfirmsstartedupindiverseindustrieseconomis

2、tsarguedthatsmallfirmshadbecomemeimptantjobgeneratsthanlargefirms.SomecommunitiesintheUSgeneratedfarmesmallfirmsthanotherslocaleconomicdevelopmentagenciessoughtwaystoattractsuchfirms.Thispaperfocusesupondifferentialsucce

3、ss.Whydidcertainurbanisedareasgeneratenumerousfastgrowing(butstillsmall)firmsduringthe1980swhileothersgeneratedfewfiIidentifyaspectsofcommunityganizationalstructurethatcanaffecteitherinitialinvestmentinnewfirmssuchfirmss

4、ubsequentsuccessthenexaminetherelationshipsbetweenthesecommunityacteristicsthenumberoffastgrowingsmallfrmswithineachof208USurbanisedareas.Theyresearchfromganisationalsociologyhumanecologyeconomicsgeographytogethersuggest

5、asetofcommunityganisationalacteristicsthatcanaffectinvestmentinsmallfirmsthesuccessofsuchfirms.Thesecommunityacteristicsinclude(a)aspectsofthelocaleconomysuchasitsdiversity(b)thepresenceofganisationsthatcanprovideresourc

6、esfnewganisations.Paststudiesoffirmsstartsinspecificcommunitiesreinfcetheimptanceoflocalresourcesthesestudiessuggestresourcesthatcanbecrucialtosmallfirms.Thispaperfocusesonthedistributionoffirmsthatbusinessmagazinesident

7、iedastopsmallpublicfirmssometimeduringthe1980s.Eachfirmsexperiencedrapidgrowthitwasatleasttemparilysuccessful.Thefirmsshareotheracteristics:smallsizepublicownershipeitherrecentfoundinganewproduct.Inotherrespectsthese“top

8、“firmsarediverse.Theyarenotconcentratedinanygeographicalregion.Mostproductsarenothightech.Some`topfirmsselltoconsumerstheyincludechainsofdriveinrestaurantsdaycarecentresvideorentalstespawnshops.Othersmanufacturediversepr

9、oductsincludingapparelcheeseplasticIdentifyingimptantcommunityresourcesdistinguishingspecificresourcesfrommegeneralresourcesrequiresknowingsomethingaboutthesesmallfastgrowingfirmsasganisations.Pristudieshavefocusedoninde

10、pendentfirmsstartsratherthanon“successful“smallfirms(someconsideredonlyhightechstarts).NohelessthesestudiesprovideaconsistentprofileofsmallfirmsthatIadapttothediversefirmsthatbusinessmagazineshaveidentifiedas“top“smallpu

11、blicfirms.Anewindependentfirmappearswhenanentrepreneurdecidestostrikeoutonhisherown.Thedecisioniswhethernottoinvesttimepersonalmoneyinanewbusinessnotwheretoputthefirm(Kieschnick1979WalkerStper1981Scott1982LloydMason1984)

12、.Entrepreneurssetupwheretheyare.Amongover2500independentstartsinPennsylvaniaMinnesotaReynolds(1988)foundnoentrepreneurmovedintothestatetheregioneventheneighbourhoodtostartthefirm.NewYkstatemanufacturingstartswerejustaslo

13、cal(YoungFrancis1991).Thecommunitysabilitytosustaintheproposedfirmmustbeakeypartoftheinvestmentdecision.Entrepreneursneedextensiveknowledgeofspacefinancesuppliersemployeescustomersregulations.Localbanksprovideearlyoutsid

14、ecapital(Kieschnick1979LloydMason1984)localsuppliersmayextendeasyterms.Surveysofownersfindthattheyconsiderlocalresourcessupplierscustomersthemostimptantsiteacteristics(Birley1985Reynolds1988YoungFrancis1991).YoungFrancis

15、identifyjustoneimptantresourcethatisnotnecessarilylocal:technicalinfmationavailablefromspecialisedjournalsuniversities.Evenamongfmallyindependentfirmsactualconnectionswithotherfirmsvaryinstrength.Somesmallindependentfirm

16、shaveclosetieswithoneolderlargerfirmwhileothersarepartofaclusterofrelatedfirms.Theganisationofproductionincertainindustriescreatesopptunitiesfsmallfirmsthatmakepartsprovideaservicetakeadvantageofabyproductdisposeofwastes

17、fexistinglargerfirms.Inindustrieswithfluctuatingmarketslargefirmsliketohavesmallfirmsthatmakethesameproductnearbytocoverpeakdem.Bothconditionshelptoexplainwhytheentrepreneursfmeremployercantakeactivepartinthestartupcanbe