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1、StockerMichaelGuttagProfessofEthicsPoliticalPhilosophySyracuseUniversityNewYkReaderinPhilosophyLaTrobeUniversityMelbournePluralConflictingValuesPrintISBN01982405541992SummaryTableofContentsIntroduction1PARTI:CONFLICT1.Di

2、rtyHsdinaryLife92.MalImmality373.DirtyHsConflictsofValuesofDesiresinAristotlesEthics514.MalConflicts:WhatTheyAreWhatTheyShow85PARTII:PLURALITYJUDGEMENT5.CouragetheDoctrineoftheMeanthePossibilityofEvaluativeEmotionalCoher

3、ence1296.PluralityChoice165PARTIII:PLURALITYCONFLICT7.Akrasia:TheUnityoftheGoodCommensurabilityComparability2118.MonismPluralismConflict241PARTIV:MAXIMIZATION9.Maximization:SomeConceptualProblems28110.Maximization:SomeEv

4、aluativeProblems310Bibliography343Indexes351endp.ixIntroductionshowchapterabstractkeywdshidechapterabstractkeywdsMichaelStockerNeitherpluralvaluesnconflictingvaluescanbeunderstoodwithoutunderstingtheother.tounderstethics

5、wemustunderstboth.Theyraiseobviouspressingproblemsinsocialpoliticalthey.Theyalsoraiseimptantproblemswithinonepersononeethicalthey—thelocusofthiswk.Notsurprisinglythentheyhavereceivedaconsiderableamountofattentionrecently

6、—anamountofattentiontheyfullydeserve.SoIwelcomethefactthattheyarenowbeingstudied.ButIdonotwelcomemanyofthethingsclaimedofthem.Herearethreerepresentativeassertionsmadeaboutthemrecently:Pluralityconflictdependonshowafragme

7、ntationofvaluethedisparatetraditionsthathelpmakeupourevaluativewldsensibility.Achoicebetweenpluralvaluesinvolvesaconflictofvalues.Conflictrequiresplurality.requiresplurality.ThisisdiscussedinregardtoweaknessofwillinChapt

8、er7.Chapters910Maximization:SomeConceptualProblemsMaximization:SomeEvaluativeProblemstakeupsomegeneralissuesaboutmaximizationwhichareraisedinearlierchapters.Thesametopicsaretakenupmethanonceinmethanoneway.Alsoeachchapter

9、isintendedtostonitsown.Thusthereissomerepetition.ButassuggestedinthePhilebus(24e)itmaybenecessaryatleastusefultosaysomethingsmethanoncetosecureagreementundersting.IrelyfrequentlyonAristotle.Asnotedthreechaptersaredevoted

10、todiscussionsofhisethicsmalpsychologyasarevarioussectionsofotherchapters.MyreasonsfthishavetodoinlargepartwithhowIcametotheseproblems.AlthoughearlyinmystudiesIwasconvincedbyG.E.MoeW.D.Rossofthepluralityincommensurability

11、ofmalconsiderationsIdidnotconsiderpluralityincommensurabilityproblematic.TwowksonAristotlesethicsanexaminationofagefrequentlymadeagainsthisethicschangedthis.ThefirstwktakenupinChapter5arguesthatbecausecourageinvolvesplur

12、alincommensurablevaluesvictydangertheproperemotionstowardstheseconfidencefeartherearesevereproblemsinseeinghowcouragecaninvolveamean—eitherinonesconcernwiththesevaluesinonesemotions.Sincetheydonotshadeintoeachotherhowcan

13、toomuchoftheonebetoolittleoftheotherhowthencantherebeameanofbetweenthemAsIwillbeconcernedtoarguethisproblemcanbesolvedbyseeinghowincommensurablevaluesemotionscanfuseintocomplexwholesofdisparateincommensurablevaluesemotio

14、nscanthusbeassessedaslyingnotlyinginamean.Thishasdirectapplicationtothemerecentquitegeneralwrythatwherewehaveincommensurablevaluessoundcomparisonssoundjudgementwillbeimpossible—thatthereisnosoundwaytocompareunlikeswithun

15、likes.ThisgeneralwryistakenupinChapter6whichshowsthatvirtuallyallourchoicesconcernpluralincommensurableconsiderationsthatweendp.3arenonethelessabletomakesoundjudgements—byfusingtheseconsiderationsintocomplexwholesofdispa

16、rateincommensurableelements.ThesecondwkonAristotlediscussedinChapter7arguesthatcoherentakrasiaweaknessofwillrequirespluralvalues.ThiswkwasconcernedtoshowhowAristotlespluralismcouldthuseasilyallowfakrasiawhereasthemonismf

17、oundintheProtagasmakesakrasiaconceptuallyimpossible.ThiseasilygeneralizestotheviewmanynowhavetakenupinChapter8thatconflictquitegenerallyrequiresplurality.AstheleadingideacanbeputTherecouldbenoconflictbetweentwooptionsifa

18、soneseestheyhavetheverysameattractivefeatures.Thusconflictrequiresdifference.AsIwillbeconcernedtoshowbothinregardtoAristotlemegenerallythislinkingofconflictpluralitydependsonaseriouslymistakenunderstingofreasonreasonsfac

19、tingoftheroleofaffectivityemotioninaction.Iwillhoweverarguethatthereareverycloseconnectionsbetweenpluralityconflictespeciallyrationalconflict—thatwemayhavetoacterizeeachintermsoftheother.ThegemadeagainstAristotlesethicsi

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