簡介:ENGLISHLITERATUREIINTRODUCTIONENGLISHLITERATURE,LITERATUREPRODUCEDINENGLAND,FROMTHEINTRODUCTIONOFOLDENGLISHBYTHEANGLOSAXONSINTHE5THCENTURYTOTHEPRESENTTHEWORKSOFTHOSEIRISHANDSCOTTISHAUTHORSWHOARECLOSELYIDENTIFIEDWITHENGLISHLIFEANDLETTERSAREALSOCONSIDEREDPARTOFENGLISHLITERATUREIIOLDENGLISH,ORANGLOSAXON,ERATHISPERIODEXTENDSFROMABOUT450TO1066,THEYEAROFTHENORMANFRENCHCONQUESTOFENGLANDTHEGERMANICTRIBESFROMEUROPEWHOOVERRANENGLANDINTHE5THCENTURY,AFTERTHEROMANWITHDRAWAL,BROUGHTWITHTHEMTHEOLDENGLISH,ORANGLOSAXON,LANGUAGE,WHICHISTHEBASISOFMODERNENGLISHSEEENGLISHLANGUAGETHEYBROUGHTALSOASPECIFICPOETICTRADITION,THEFORMALCHARACTEROFWHICHREMAINEDSURPRISINGLYCONSTANTUNTILTHETERMINATIONOFTHEIRRULEBYTHENORMANFRENCHINVADERSSIXCENTURIESLATERAPOETRYMUCHOFOLDENGLISHPOETRYWASPROBABLYINTENDEDTOBECHANTED,WITHHARPACCOMPANIMENT,BYTHEANGLOSAXONSCOP,ORBARDOFTENBOLDANDSTRONG,BUTALSOMOURNFULANDELEGIACINSPIRIT,THISPOETRYEMPHASIZESTHESORROWANDULTIMATEFUTILITYOFLIFEANDTHEHELPLESSNESSOFHUMANSBEFORETHEPOWEROFFATEALMOSTALLTHISPOETRYISCOMPOSEDWITHOUTRHYME,INACHARACTERISTICLINE,ORVERSE,OFFOURSTRESSEDSYLLABLESALTERNATINGWITHANINDETERMINATENUMBEROFUNSTRESSEDONESSEEVERSIFICATIONTHISLINESTRIKESSTRANGELYONEARSHABITUATEDTOTHEUSUALMODERNPATTERN,INWHICHTHERHYTHMICALUNIT,ORFOOT,THEORETICALLYCONSISTSOFACONSTANTNUMBEREITHERONEORTWOOFUNACCENTEDSYLLABLESTHATALWAYSPRECEDEORFOLLOWANYSTRESSEDSYLLABLEANOTHERUNFAMILIARBUTEQUALLYSTRIKINGFEATUREINTHEFORMALCHARACTEROFOLDENGLISHPOETRYISSTRUCTURALALLITERATION,ORTHEUSEOFSYLLABLESBEGINNINGWITHSIMILARSOUNDSINTWOORTHREEOFTHESTRESSESINEACHLINEALLTHESEQUALITIESOFFORMANDSPIRITAREEXEMPLIFIEDINTHEEPICPOEMBEOWULF,WRITTENSOMETIMEBETWEENTHE8THCENTURYANDTHELATE10THCENTURYBEGINNINGANDENDINGWITHTHEFUNERALOFAGREATKING,ANDCOMPOSEDAGAINSTABACKGROUNDOFIMPENDINGDISASTER,ITDESCRIBESTHEEXPLOITSOFASCANDINAVIANCULTURALHERO,BEOWULF,INDESTROYINGTHEMONSTERGRENDEL,GRENDELSMOTHER,ANDAFIREBREATHINGDRAGONINTHESESEQUENCESBEOWULFISSHOWNNOTONLYASAGLORIOUSHEROBUTASASAVIOROFTHEPEOPLETHEOLDGERMANICVIRTUEOFMUTUALLOYALTYBETWEENLEADERANDFOLLOWERSISEVOKEDEFFECTIVELYANDTOUCHINGLYINTHEAGEDBEOWULFSSACRIFICEOFHISLIFEANDINTHEREPROACHESHEAPEDONTHERETAINERSWHODESERTHIMINTHISCLIMACTICBATTLETHEEXTRAORDINARYARTISTRYWITHWHICHFRAGMENTSOFOTHERHEROICTALESAREINCORPORATEDTOILLUMINETHEMAINACTION,ANDWITHWHICHTHEWHOLEPLOTISREDUCEDTOSYMMETRY,HASONLYRECENTLYBEENFULLYRECOGNIZEDANOTHERFEATUREOFBEOWULFISTHEWEAKENINGOFTHESENSEOFTHEULTIMATEPOWEROFARBITRARYFATETHEINJECTIONOFTHECHRISTIANIDEAOFDEPENDENCEONAJUSTGODISEVIDENTTHATFEATUREISTYPICALOFOTHEROLDENGLISHLITERATURE,FORALMOSTALLOFWHATSURVIVESWASPRESERVEDBYMONASTICCOPYISTSMOSTOFITWASACTUALLYCOMPOSEDBYRELIGIOUSWRITERSAFTERTHEEARLYCONVERSIONOFTHEPEOPLEFROMTHEIRFAITHINTHEOLDERGERMANICDIVINITIESSACREDLEGENDANDSTORYWEREREDUCEDTOVERSEINPOEMSRESEMBLINGBEOWULFINFORMATFIRSTSUCHVERSEWASRENDEREDINTHESOMEWHATSIMPLE,STARKSTYLEOFTHEPOEMSOFCAEDMON,AHUMBLEMANOFTHELATE7THCENTURYWHOWASDESCRIBEDBYTHEHISTORIANANDTHEOLOGIANSAINTBEDETHEVENERABLEASHAVINGRECEIVEDTHEGIFTOFSONGFROMGODLATERTHESAMETYPEOFSUBJECTMATTERWASASECONDANDSHORTERALLITERATIVEVISIONPOEM,THEPEARL,WRITTENINNORTHWESTENGLANDINABOUT1370,ISSIMILARLYDOCTRINAL,BUTITSTONEISECSTATIC,ANDITISFARMOREDELIBERATELYARTISTICAPPARENTLYANELEGYFORTHEDEATHOFASMALLGIRLALTHOUGHWIDELYVARYINGRELIGIOUSALLEGORICALINTERPRETATIONSHAVEBEENSUGGESTEDFORIT,THEPOEMDESCRIBESTHEEXALTEDSTATEOFCHILDLIKEINNOCENCEINHEAVENANDTHENEEDFORALLSOULSTOBECOMEASCHILDRENTOENTERTHEPEARLYGATESOFTHENEWJERUSALEMTHEWORKENDSWITHANIMPRESSIVEVISIONOFHEAVEN,FROMWHICHTHEDREAMERAWAKESINGENERAL,POETRYANDPROSEEXPRESSINGAMYSTICALLONGINGFOR,ANDUNIONWITH,THEDEITYISACOMMONFEATUREOFTHELATEMIDDLEAGES,PARTICULARLYINNORTHERNENGLANDBTALESOFCHIVALRYANDADVENTUREATHIRDALLITERATIVEPOEM,SUPPOSEDLYBYTHESAMEANONYMOUSAUTHORWHOWROTETHEPEARL,ISSIRGAWAINANDTHEGREENKNIGHTLATE1300S,AROMANCE,ORTALE,OFKNIGHTLYADVENTUREANDLOVE,OFTHEGENERALMEDIEVALTYPEINTRODUCEDBYTHEFRENCHMOSTENGLISHROMANCESWEREDRAWN,ASTHISONEAPPARENTLYWAS,FROMFRENCHSOURCESMOSTOFTHESESOURCESARECONCERNEDWITHTHEKNIGHTSOFKINGARTHURSEEARTHURIANLEGENDANDSEEMTOGOBACKINTURNTOCELTICTALESOFGREATANTIQUITYINSIRGAWAIN,AGAINSTABACKGROUNDOFCHIVALRICGALLANTRY,THETALEISTOLDOFTHEKNIGHTSRESISTANCETOTHEBLANDISHMENTSOFANOTHERMANSBEAUTIFULWIFECCHAUCERTWOOTHERIMPORTANT,NONALLITERATIVEVERSEROMANCESFORMPARTOFTHEWORKOFGEOFFREYCHAUCERTHESEARETHEPSYCHOLOGICALLYPENETRATINGTROILUSANDCRISEYDE1385,ATALEOFTHEFATALCOURSEOFANOBLELOVE,LAIDINHOMERICTROYANDBASEDONILFILOSTRATO,AROMANCEBYTHE14THCENTURYITALIANAUTHORGIOVANNIBOCCACCIOANDTHEKNIGHTSTALE1382LATERINCLUDEDINCHAUCERSCANTERBURYTALES,ALSOBASEDONBOCCACCIOIMMERSEDINCOURTLIFEANDCHARGEDWITHVARIOUSGOVERNMENTALDUTIESTHATCARRIEDHIMASFARASITALY,CHAUCERYETFOUNDTIMETOTRANSLATEFRENCHANDLATINWORKS,TOWRITEUNDERFRENCHINFLUENCESEVERALSECULARVISIONPOEMSOFASEMIALLEGORICALNATURETHEBOOKOFTHEDUCHESS,THEHOUSEOFFAME,THEPARLIAMENTOFFOWLSAND,ABOVEALL,TOCOMPOSETHECANTERBURYTALESPROBABLYAFTER1387THISLATTERWORKCONSISTSOF24STORIESORPARTSOFSTORIESMOSTLYINVERSEINALMOSTALLTHEMEDIEVALGENRESRECOUNTEDBYCHAUCERTHROUGHTHEMOUTHSA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上傳時間:2024-03-16
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