簡介:1英美文學(xué)選讀要點總結(jié)精心整理英美文學(xué)選讀要點總結(jié)精心整理只考只考26位作家位作家英國』英國』CHAPTER1THERENAISSANCEPERIOD(14世紀(jì)至十七世紀(jì)中葉)文藝復(fù)興世紀(jì)至十七世紀(jì)中葉)文藝復(fù)興1HUMANISMISTHEESSENCEOFTHERENAISSANCE人文主義是文藝復(fù)興的核心。2THEGREEKANDROMANCIVILIZATIONWASBASEDONSUCHACONCEPTIONTHATMANISTHEMEASUREOFALLTHINGS人文主義作為文藝復(fù)興的起源是因為古希臘羅馬文明的基礎(chǔ)是以“人”為中心,人是萬物之靈。3RENAISSANCEHUMANISTSFOUNDINTHENCLASSICSAJUSTIFICATIONTOEXALTHUMANNATUREANDCAMETOSEETHATHUMANBEINGSWEREGLORIOUSCREATURESCAPABLEOFINDIVIDUALDEVELOPMENTINTHEDIRECTIONOFPERFECTION,ANDTHATTHEWORLDTHEYINHABITEDWASTHEIRSNOTTODESPISEBUTTOQUESTION,EXPLORE,ANDENJOY人文主義者們卻從古代文化遺產(chǎn)中找到充足的論據(jù),來贊美人性,并開始注意到人類是崇高的生命,人可以不斷發(fā)展完善自己,而且世界是屬于他們的,供他們懷疑,探索以及享受。4THOMASMORE,CHRISTOPHERMARLOWEANDWILLIAMSHAKESPEAREARETHEBESTREPRESENTATIVESOFTHEENGLISHHUMANISTS托馬斯摩爾,克利斯朵夫馬洛和威廉莎士比亞是英國人文主義的代表。5WYATTINTRODUCEDTHEPETRARCHANSONNETINTOENGLAND懷亞特將彼特拉克的十四行詩引進英國。6THEFIRSTPERIODOFTHEENGLISHRENAISSANCEWASONEOFIMITATIONANDASSIMILATION英國文藝復(fù)興初期只是一個學(xué)習(xí)模仿與同化的階段。7THEGOALSOFHUMANISTICPOETRYARESKILLFULHANDLINGOFCONVENTIONS,FORCEOFLANGUAGE,AND,ABOVEALL,THEDEVELOPMENTOFARHETORICALPLANINWHICHMETER,RHYME,SCHEME,IMAGERYANDARGUMENTSHOULDALLBECOMBINEDTOFRAMETHEEMOTIONALTHEMEANDTHROWITINTOHIGHRELIEF人文主義詩歌的主要目標(biāo)是對傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗的熟練運用,語言的力度與氣概,而最重要的是發(fā)展了修辭模式,即將格律,韻腳(式),組織結(jié)構(gòu),意象(比喻,描述)與議論都結(jié)合起來勾畫出情感主題,并將其極為鮮明生動的表現(xiàn)出來。8THEMOSTFAMOUSDRAMATISTSINTHERENAISSANCEENGLANDARECHRISTOPHERMARLOWE,WILLIAMSHAKESPEARE,ANDBENJONSON文藝復(fù)興時期英國最著名的戲劇家有克利斯朵夫馬洛,威廉莎士比亞與本約翰遜。9FRANCISBACON15611626,THEFIRSTIMPORTANTENGLISHESSAYIST費蘭西斯培根是英國歷史上最重要的散文家。IIIWILLIAMSHAKESPEARE威廉威廉莎士比亞莎士比亞17THEFIRSTPERIODOFHISDRAMATICCAREER,HEWROTEFIVEHISTORYPLAYSHENRYVI,PARTSI,II,ANDIII,RICHARDIII,ANDTITUSANDRONICUSANDFOURCOMEDIESTHECOMEDYOFERRORS,THETWOGENTLEMENOFVERONA,THETAMINGOFTHESHREW,ANDLOVE’SLABOUR’SLOST在他戲劇創(chuàng)作生涯的第一個階段,他創(chuàng)作了五部歷史劇亨利六世,理查三世,泰托斯安東尼以及四部喜劇錯誤的戲劇,維洛那二紳士,馴悍記和愛的徒勞。18INTHESECONDPERIOD,HEWROTEFIVEHISTORIESRICHARDII,KINGJOHN,HENRYIV,PARTSIANDII,ANDHENRYVSIXCOMEDIESAMIDSUMMERNIGHT’SDREAM,THEMERCHANTOFVENICE,MUCHADOABOUTNOTHING,ASYOULIKEIT,TWELFTHNIGHT,ANDTHEMERRYWIVESOFWINDSORANDTWOTRAGEDIESROMEOANDJULIETANDJULIUSCAESAR在第二階段,他寫了五部歷史劇理查三世,約翰王,亨利四世,亨利五世以及六部喜劇仲夏夜之夢,威尼斯商人,無事生非,皆大歡喜,第十二夜,溫莎的風(fēng)流娘兒們,還有兩部悲劇羅密歐與朱麗葉和裘利斯凱撒。19SHAKESPEARE’STHIRDPERIODINCLUDESHISGREATESTTRAGEDIESANDHISSOCALLEDDARKCOMEDIESTHETRAGEDIESOFTHISPERIODAREHAMLET,OTHELLO,KINGLEAR,MACBETH,ANTONYANDCLEOPATRA,TROILUSANDCRESSIDA,ANDCORIOLANUSTHETWOCOMEDIESAREALL’SWELLTHATENDSANDMEASUREFORMEASURE第三階段誕生了莎翁最偉大的悲劇和他自稱的黑色喜?。ɑ虮矂。瘎∮泄防滋?,奧賽羅,李爾王麥克白安東尼與克利奧佩特拉特羅伊勒斯與克利西達及克里奧拉那斯。兩部喜劇是終成眷屬和一報還一報。20THELASTPERIODOFSHAKESPEARE’SWORKINCLUDESHISPRINCIPLEROMANTICTRAGICOMEDIESPERICLES,CYMBELINE,THEWINTER’STALEANDTHETEMPESTANDHISTWOPLAYSHENRYVIIIANDTHETWONOBLEKINSMEN最后一個時期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜劇伯里克利辛白林冬天的故事與暴風(fēng)雨。他最后兩部劇是亨利八世與魯克里斯受辱記。21SHAKESPEARE’SSONNETSARETHEONLYDIRECTEXPRESSIONOFTHEPOET’SOWNFEELINGS這些十四行詩都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。33ITSPURPOSEWASTOENLIGHTENTHEWHOLEWORLDWITHTHELIGHTOFMODERNPHILOSOPHICALANDARTISTICIDEAS運動的主旨便是用當(dāng)代哲學(xué)與藝術(shù)思想的晨光啟迪整個世界。4ENLIGHTENERSHELDTHATRATIONALITYORREASONSHOULDBETHEONLY,THEFINALCAUSEOFANYHUMANTHOUGHTANDACTIVITIESTHEYCALLEDFORAREFERENCETOORDER,REASONANDRULES啟蒙者主張理性是任何人思想與行動的唯一緣由。他們大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。5ASAMATTEROFFACT,LITERATUREATTHETIME,HEAVILYDIDACTICANDMORALIZING,BECAMEAVERYPOPULARMEANSOFPUBLICEDUCATION其實,當(dāng)時的文學(xué)作品種充滿了說教與道德理念,就已經(jīng)成為大眾教育的良好工具。6FAMOUSAMONGTHEGREATENLIGHTENERSINENGLANDWERETHOSEGREATWRITERSLIKEJOHNDRYDEN,ALEXANDERPOPE,JOSEPHADDISONANDSIRRICHARDSTEELE,THETWOPIONEERSOFFAMILIARESSAYS,JONATHANSWIFT,DANIELDEFOE,RICHARDBRINSLEYSHERIDAN,HENRYFIELDINGANDSAMUELJOHNSON英國著名的啟蒙主義文學(xué)家有約翰德萊頓,亞歷山大蒲柏,約瑟夫艾迪森與理查斯蒂爾(這兩位是現(xiàn)代散文的先驅(qū)),喬納森斯威夫特,丹尼爾迪福,理查B謝立丹,亨利費爾丁和塞繆爾約翰遜。7INTHEFIELDOFLITERATURE,THEENLIGHTENMENTMOVEMENTBROUGHTABOUTAREVIVALOFINTERESTINTHEOLDCLASSICALWORKS在文學(xué)領(lǐng)域,啟蒙主義運動還使人們重新對古典時代的著作產(chǎn)生興趣。8THEYBELIEVEDTHATTHEARTISTICIDEALSSHOULDBEORDER,LOGIC,RESTRAINEDEMOTIONANDACCURACY,ANDTHATLITERATURESHOULDBEJUDGEDINTERMSOFITSSERVICETOHUMANITY他們認(rèn)為理想的藝術(shù)應(yīng)基于秩序,邏輯,確切及情感控制的基礎(chǔ)上,而文學(xué)作品的價值評判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)該看它是否為人文主義服務(wù)。9THUSAPOLITE,URBANE,WITTY,ANDINTELLECTUALARTDEVELOPED由此一種溫文爾雅,充滿靈性的知識分子文學(xué)藝術(shù)發(fā)展起來。10NEOCLASSICISTSHADSOMEFIXEDLAWSANDRULESFORALMOSTEVERYGENREOFLITERATURE在幾乎所有的文學(xué)形式中,新古典主義者們都設(shè)定了創(chuàng)作的規(guī)矩與條框。11DRAMASHOULDBEWRITTENINTHEHEROICCOUPLETSIAMBICPENTAMETERRHYMEDINTWOLINESTHETHREEUNITIESOFTIME,SPACEANDACTIONSHOULDBESTRICTLYOBSERVEDREGULARITYINCONSTRUCTIONSHOULDBEADHEREDTO,ANDTYPECHARACTERSRATHERTHANINDIVIDUALSSHOULDBEREPRESENTED戲劇必須用英雄體偶?。ㄒ謸P五音步的押韻雙行詩)寫就;時間,地點,事件三要素必須要遵循;寫作的規(guī)矩必須要遵守,而作品中的人物要代表一類人,而不是個性化。12BUTITHADALASTINGWHOLESOMEINFLUENCEUPONENGLISHLITERATURE套話但新古典主義對英國文學(xué)史產(chǎn)生過持久的全面的影響。13THEPOETICTECHNIQUESANDCERTAINCLASSICALGRACESSUCHASORDER,GOODFORM,UNIFIEDSTRUCTURE,CLARITYANDCONCISENESSOFLANGUAGEDEVELOPEDINTHISPERIODHAVEBECOMEAPERMANENTHERITAGE在這一時期出現(xiàn)的詩歌技巧與古典氣質(zhì),如秩序,優(yōu)美的格式,統(tǒng)一的結(jié)構(gòu),簡明的語言都成為永恒的文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)。14THEMIDCENTURYWAS,HOWEVER,PREDOMINATEDBYANEWLYRISINGLITERARYFORMTHEMODERNENGLISHNOVEL,WHICH,CONTRARYTOTHETRADITIONALROMANCEOFARISTOCRATS,GIVESAREALISTICPRESENTATIONOFLIFEOFTHECOMMONENGLISHPEOPLE十八世紀(jì)中葉,還興起一種嶄新的文學(xué)形式英國現(xiàn)代小說,這種文學(xué)與傳統(tǒng)貴族的騎士文學(xué)相反,著重描寫英國普通百姓的生活。15AMONGTHEPIONEERSWEREDANIELDEFOE,SAMUELRICHARDSON,HENRYFIELDING,LAURENCESTERNE,TOBIASGEORGESMOLLETT,ANDOLIVERGOLDSMITH英國現(xiàn)代小說的先驅(qū)有丹尼爾迪福,塞繆爾理查德,亨利費爾丁,勞倫斯斯泰思,托比亞斯斯摩萊特以及奧立弗哥爾斯密。16FROMTHEMIDDLEPARTTOTHEENDOFTHECENTURYTHEREWASALSOANAPPARENTSHIFTOFINTERESTFROMTHECLASSICLITERARYTRADITIONTOORIGINALITYANDIMAGINATION,FROMSOCIETYTOINDIVIDUAL,ANDFROMTHEDIDACTICTOTHECONFESSIONAL,INSPIRATIONALANDPROPHETIC從十八世紀(jì)中葉至十八世紀(jì)末,還出現(xiàn)了古典文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)向獨創(chuàng)性與豐富聯(lián)想性的轉(zhuǎn)移,社會描寫向個性描寫的轉(zhuǎn)移,說教向懺悔,鼓勵及預(yù)示的轉(zhuǎn)移。17GOTHICNOVELSMOSTLYSTORIESOFMYSTERYANDHORROR哥特式小說主要講述恐怖神秘的故事。18JONATHANSWIFT’SAMODESTPROPOSALBEINGGENERALLYREGARDEDASTHEBESTMODELOFSATIRE,NOTONLYOFTHEPERIODBUTALSOINTHEWHOLEENGLISHLITERARYHISTORY喬納森斯威夫特的一個小小的建議被公認(rèn)為英國文學(xué)史上諷刺作品的經(jīng)典。IIIDANIELDEFOE丹尼爾丹尼爾
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