簡介:專業(yè)外語,吉林大學中日聯(lián)誼醫(yī)院骨科王剛,主要內容,EXAMINATIONOFSPECIFICJOINTSELBOWEXAMINATIONWRISTEXAMINATIONSCIATICAEXAMINATIONHIPSYMPTOMHIPEXAMINATION,,PART1TENNISELBOWP621,肘關節(jié)檢查最后一段,網球肘查體,,,,,,,,,,,,,TENNISELBOW網球肘,ALSOKNOWNASLATERALEPICONDYLITIS(外上髁炎),ISACOMMONCONDITIONCHARACTERIZEDBYPAININTHEREGIONOFTHELATERALEPICONDYLE(外上髁)OFTHEHUMERUS(肱骨)THEPAINRADIATESDOWNTHEEXTENSOR(伸?。㏒URFACEOFTHEFOREARM,,PATIENTSWITHTENNISELBOWOFTENEXPERIENCEPAINWHENATTEMPTINGTOOPENADOORORWHENLIFTINGAGLASSTOTESTFORTENNISELBOW,THEEXAMINERSHOULDFLEXTHEELBOWANDFULLYPRONATE(手掌向下,旋前)THEHANDPAINOVERTHELATERALEPICONDYLEWHILEEXTENDINGTHEELBOWISDIAGNOSTICOFTENNISELBOW,,ANOTHERTESTINVOLVESHAVINGTHEPATIENTCLENCH(緊握)THEFIST,DORSIFLEX(背伸)THEWRIST,ANDEXTENDTHEELBOWPAINISELICITED(引出)BYTRYINGTOFORCETHEDORSIFLEXEDHANDINTOPALMAR(掌側的,掌的)FLEXION,VOCABULARY,TENNISELBOW網球肘LATERALEPICONDYLITIS(外上髁炎)EPICONDYLE(上髁)HUMERUS(肱骨)EXTENSOR(伸?。?VOCABULARY,PRONATE(手掌向下,旋前)SUPINATE(手掌向上,旋后)CLENCH(緊握)DORSIFLEX(背伸)ELICIT(引出)PALMAR(掌側的,掌的),單詞復習,TENNISELBOWLATERALEPICONDYLITISEPICONDYLEHUMERUSEXTENSOR,單詞復習,PRONATESUPINATECLENCHDORSIFLEXELICITPALMAR,PART1詳解,TENNISELBOW網球肘,ALSOKNOWNASLATERALEPICONDYLITIS(外上髁炎),ISACOMMONCONDITIONCHARACTERIZEDBYPAININTHEREGIONOFTHELATERALEPICONDYLE(外上髁)OFTHEHUMERUS(肱骨)THEPAINRADIATESDOWNTHEEXTENSOR(伸?。㏒URFACEOFTHEFOREARM,,PATIENTSWITHTENNISELBOWOFTENEXPERIENCEPAINWHENATTEMPTINGTOOPENADOORORWHENLIFTINGAGLASSTOTESTFORTENNISELBOW,THEEXAMINERSHOULDFLEXTHEELBOWANDFULLYPRONATE(手掌向下,旋前)THEHANDPAINOVERTHELATERALEPICONDYLEWHILEEXTENDINGTHEELBOWISDIAGNOSTICOFTENNISELBOW,,ANOTHERTESTINVOLVESHAVINGTHEPATIENTCLENCH(緊握)THEFIST,DORSIFLEX(背伸)THEWRIST,ANDEXTENDTHEELBOWPAINISELICITED(引出)BYTRYINGTOFORCETHEDORSIFLEXEDHANDINTOPALMAR(掌側的,掌的)FLEXION,,,,PART2CARPALTUNNELSYNDROMEP622腕關節(jié)檢查最后一段,腕管綜合征查體,,,,,,,,,,WHENTHEDIAGNOSISOFCARPALTUNNELSYNDROME腕管綜合征ISSUSPECTED,ASHARPTAPORPRESSUREDIRECTLYOVERTHEMEDIANNERVE(正中神經)MAYREPRODUCE復制,重現(xiàn)THEPARESTHESIAS感覺異常OFCARPALTUNNELSYNDROME,CALLEDTINEL’SSIGN(TINEL征),,ANOTHERUSEFULTESTISFORTHEEXAMINERTOSTRETCHTHEMEDIANNERVEBYEXTENDINGTHEPATIENT’SELBOWANDDORSIFLEXING背屈THEWRISTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPAINORPARESTHESIASSUGGESTSTHEDIAGNOSIS,,ATHIRDTESTENTAILS需要,使必要THEPATIENTHOLDINGBOTHWRISTSINAFULLYPALMARFIXED(固定在掌屈)POSITIONFOR2MINUTESTHEDEVELOPMENTOREXACERBATION(加劇,惡化)OFPARESTHESIAS(感覺異常)ISSUGGESTIVEOFCARPALTUNNELSYNDROME,VOCABULARY,CARPALTUNNELSYNDROME腕管綜合征CARPAL(腕骨的)TUNNEL(隧道)SYNDROME綜合征MEDIANNERVE(正中神經)REPRODUCE復制,重現(xiàn)PARESTHESIA感覺異常,VOCABULARY,TINEL’SSIGN(TINEL征)DORSIFLEX背屈ENTAILS需要,使必要PALMARFIXED(固定在掌屈)EXACERBATION(加劇,惡化)PARESTHESIA(感覺異常),單詞復習,CARPALTUNNELSYNDROMECARPALTUNNELSYNDROMEMEDIANNERVEREPRODUCEPARESTHESIA,單詞復習,TINEL’SSIGNDORSIFLEXENTAILSPALMARFIXEDEXACERBATIONPARESTHESIA,PART2詳解,WHENTHEDIAGNOSISOFCARPALTUNNELSYNDROME腕管綜合征ISSUSPECTED,ASHARPTAPORPRESSUREDIRECTLYOVERTHEMEDIANNERVE(正中神經)MAYREPRODUCETHEPARESTHESIAS感覺異常OFCARPALTUNNELSYNDROME,CALLEDTINEL’SSIGN(TINEL征),,ANOTHERUSEFULTESTISFORTHEEXAMINERTOSTRETCHTHEMEDIANNERVEBYEXTENDINGTHEPATIENT’SELBOWANDDORSIFLEXING背屈THEWRISTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPAINORPARESTHESIASSUGGESTSTHEDIAGNOSIS,,ATHIRDTESTENTAILS需要,使必要THEPATIENTHOLDINGBOTHWRISTSINAFULLYPALMARFIXED(固定在掌屈)POSITIONFOR2MINUTESTHEDEVELOPMENTOREXACERBATION(加劇,惡化)OFPARESTHESIAS(感覺異常)ISSUGGESTIVEOFCARPALTUNNELSYNDROME,注意預防腕管綜合征,,,,,PART3SCIATICAP624,最后一段坐骨神經痛查體,,,,,,,,,,,,PAINFROMENTRAPMENT(神經卡壓)OFTHESCIATICNERVEISCALLEDSCIATICA(坐骨神經痛)PATIENTSWITHSCIATICADESCRIBEPAIN,BURNING,ORACHINGINTHEBUTTOCKSRADIATING(放射)DOWNTHEPOSTERIOR(后方)THIGHTOTHEPOSTEROLATERALASPECTOFTHECALF(小腿)PAINISWORSENEDBYSNEEZING,LAUGHING,ORSTRAINING用力ATSTOOL(大便),,ONEOFTHETESTSFORSCIATICAISTHESTRAIGHTLEGRAISINGTEST直腿抬高試驗THEPATIENTISASKEDTOLIESUPINE(仰臥位)WHILETHEEXAMINERFLEXESTHEEXTENDEDLEGTOTHETRUNK(軀干)ATTHEHIPTHEPRESENCEOFPAINISAPOSITIVETEST,,THEPATIENTISASKEDTOPLANTARFLEX跖屈ANDDORSIFLEX(背屈)THEFOOTTHISSTRETCHESTHESCIATICNERVEEVENMOREIFSCIATICAISPRESENT,THISTESTREPRODUCES復制重現(xiàn)PAININTHELEGTHETESTISILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE2040,VOCABULARY,ENTRAPMENT(神經卡壓)INCRIMINALLAW,ENTRAPMENTISAPRACTICEWHEREBYALAWENFORCEMENTAGENTINDUCESAPERSONTOCOMMITACRIMINALOFFENSETHATTHEPERSONWOULDHAVEOTHERWISEBEENUNLIKELYTOCOMMIT,,,,SCIATICA(坐骨神經痛)RADIATE(放射)POSTERIOR(后方)CALF(小腿),VOCABULARY,STRAIN用力STOOL(大便)STRAIGHTLEGRAISINGTEST直腿抬高試驗SUPINE(仰臥位)PRONE俯臥位TRUNK(軀干),VOCABULARY,PLANTARFLEX跖屈PLANTAR跖側的DORSIFLEX(背屈)DORSAL背側的REPRODUCES復制重現(xiàn),單詞復習,ENTRAPMENTSCIATICARADIATEPOSTERIORCALF,單詞復習,STRAINSTOOLSTRAIGHTLEGRAISINGTESTSUPINEPRONETRUNK,單詞復習,PLANTARFLEXPLANTARDORSIFLEXDORSALREPRODUCES,PART3詳解,PAINFROMENTRAPMENT(神經卡壓)OFTHESCIATICNERVEISCALLEDSCIATICA(坐骨神經痛)PATIENTSWITHSCIATICADESCRIBEPAIN,BURNING,ORACHINGINTHEBUTTOCKSRADIATING(放射)DOWNTHEPOSTERIOR(后方)THIGHTOTHEPOSTEROLATERALASPECTOFTHECALF(小腿)PAINISWORSENEDBYSNEEZING,LAUGHING,ORSTRAINING用力ATSTOOL(大便),,ONEOFTHETESTSFORSCIATICAISTHESTRAIGHTLEGRAISINGTEST直腿抬高試驗THEPATIENTISASKEDTOLIESUPINE(仰臥位)WHILETHEEXAMINERFLEXESTHEEXTENDEDLEGTOTHETRUNK(軀干)ATTHEHIPTHEPRESENCEOFPAINISAPOSITIVETEST,,THEPATIENTISASKEDTOPLANTARFLEX跖屈ANDDORSIFLEX(背屈)THEFOOTTHISSTRETCHESTHESCIATICNERVEEVENMOREIFSCIATICAISPRESENT,THISTESTREPRODUCES復制重現(xiàn)PAININTHELEGTHETESTISILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE2040,,,,,,,,PART4髖關節(jié)癥狀HIPSYMPTOMSP625第二段,,,LIMPGAIT,,,,,,,,HIPSYMPTOMS,THEMAINSYMPTOMSOFHIPDISEASEAREPAIN,STIFFNESS(僵硬),DEFORMITY(畸形),ANDALIMP跛行HIPPAINMAYBELOCALIZEDTOTHEGROIN(腹股溝)ORMAYRADIATE(放射)DOWNTHEMEDIALASPECTOFTHETHIGHSTIFFNESSMAYBERELATEDTOPERIODSOFIMMOBILITY(固定的時間段),ANEARLYSYMPTOMOFHIPDISEASEISDIFFICULTYPUTTINGONSHOESTHISREQUIRESEXTERNALROTATION(外旋)OFTHEHIP,WHICHISTHEFIRSTMOTIONTOBELOSTWITHDEGENERATIVE(退變性的)DISEASEOFTHEHIPTHISISFOLLOWEDBYLOSSOFABDUCTION(外展)ANDADDUCTION(內收)HIPFLEXION(屈曲)ISTHELASTMOVEMENTLOST,VOCABULARY,STIFFNESS(僵硬)DEFORMITY(畸形)LIMP跛行GROIN(腹股溝)RADIATE(放射),VOCABULARY,PERIODSOFIMMOBILITY(固定的時間段)EXTERNALROTATION(外旋)DEGENERATIVE(退變性的)ABDUCTION(外展)ADDUCTION(內收)FLEXION(屈曲),單詞復習,STIFFNESSDEFORMITYLIMPGROINRADIATE,單詞復習,PERIODSOFIMMOBILITYEXTERNALROTATIONDEGENERATIVEABDUCTIONADDUCTIONFLEXION,HIPSYMPTOMSPART4詳解,THEMAINSYMPTOMSOFHIPDISEASEAREPAIN,STIFFNESS(僵硬),DEFORMITY(畸形),ANDALIMP跛行HIPPAINMAYBELOCALIZEDTOTHEGROIN(腹股溝)ORMAYRADIATE(放射)DOWNTHEMEDIALASPECTOFTHETHIGHSTIFFNESSMAYBERELATEDTOPERIODSOFIMMOBILITY(固定的時間段),,ANEARLYSYMPTOMOFHIPDISEASEISDIFFICULTYPUTTINGONSHOESTHISREQUIRESEXTERNALROTATION(外旋)OFTHEHIP,WHICHISTHEFIRSTMOTIONTOBELOSTWITHDEGENERATIVE(退變性的)DISEASEOFTHEHIPTHISISFOLLOWEDBYLOSSOFABDUCTION(外展)ANDADDUCTION(內收)HIPFLEXION(屈曲)ISTHELASTMOVEMENTLOST,,,,PART5HIPEXAMINATION,,,,,,,,,,,HIPEXAMINATION,THEEXAMINATIONOFTHEHIPISPERFORMEDWITHTHEPATIENTSTANDINGANDLYINGONTHEBACKINSPECTION(望診)OFTHEHIPSANDGAIT(步態(tài))HASALREADYBEENDESCRIBEDTHETRENDELENBURGTESTINDICATES(提示,預示)ADISORDER(混亂,失調)BETWEENTHEPELVIS(骨盆)ANDTHEFEMUR(股骨)THEPATIENTISASKEDTOSTANDONTHE“GOOD”LEG,ASILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE2042A,,THEEXAMINERSHOULDNOTETHATTHEPELVISONTHEOPPOSITESIDEELEVATES(提高,提升),DEMONSTRATING(展示,演示,說明)THATTHEGLUTEUSMEDIUS臀中肌ISWORKINGEFFICIENTLY(有效地)WHENTHEPATIENTISASKEDTOSTANDONTHE“BAD”LEG,ASSHOWNINFIGURE2042B,THEPELVISONTHEOPPOSITESIDEFALLSTHISISTERMEDAPOSITIVETRENDELENBURGTEST,,ASKTHEPATIENTTOLIEONHISORHERBACKTHEHIPISACUTELY(強烈地,劇烈地,極度地)FLEXEDONTHEABDOMEN(腹部)TOFLATTENTHELUMBAR(腰椎的)SPINE(脊柱)FLEXION(屈曲)OFTHEOPPOSITETHIGHSUGGESTSAFLEXIONDEFORMITY(屈曲畸形)OFTHATHIPFIGURE2043ILLUSTRATESTHETECHNIQUE,,LEGLENGTHMEASUREMENTSAREUSEFULINEVALUATINGHIPDISORDERS(混亂,失調,疾患)THEDISTANCEBETWEENTHEANTEROSUPERIORILIACSPINE(髂前上棘)ANDTHETIPOFTHEMEDIAL(內側的)MALLEOLUS踝ISMEASUREDONEACHSIDEANDCOMPAREDADIFFERENCEINLEGLENGTHMAYBECAUSEDBYHIPJOINTDISORDERS,ASINDICATED,LOSSOFROTATION(旋轉)OFTHEHIPISANEARLYFINDINGINHIPDISEASETOTESTTHISMOVEMENT,ASKTHEPATIENTTOLIEONHISORHERBACKFLEXTHEHIPANDKNEETO90°ANDROTATETHEANKLEINWARD(向內)FOREXTERNALROTATION(外旋),ASILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE2044A,ANDOUTWARD(向外)FORINTERNALROTATION(內旋),ASSHOWNINFIGURE2044BRESTRICTION(限制)OFTHISMOTIONISASENSITIVESIGNOFDEGENERATIVE(退變的)HIPDISEASE,VOCABULARY,INSPECTION(望診)GAIT(步態(tài))INDICATES(提示,預示)DISORDER(混亂,失調)PELVIS(骨盆)FEMUR(股骨),,ELEVATES(提高,提升)DEMONSTRATE(展示,演示,說明)GLUTEUSMEDIUS臀中肌GLUTEUS(臀?。㎝EDIUS(中間的)EFFICIENTLY(有效地),,ACUTELY(強烈地,劇烈地,極度地)ABDOMEN(腹部)LUMBAR(腰椎的)SPINE(脊柱)FLEXION(屈曲)FLEXIONDEFORMITY(屈曲畸形),,DISORDERS(混亂,失調,疾患)ANTEROSUPERIORILIACSPINE(髂前上棘)ANTEROSUPERIOR前上的ILIAC(髂骨的)SPINE(棘,脊柱)MEDIAL(內側的)MALLEOLUS踝,,ROTATION(旋轉)INWARD(向內)EXTERNALROTATION(外旋)OUTWARD(向外)INTERNALROTATION(內旋)RESTRICTION(限制)DEGENERATIVE(退變的),單詞復習,INSPECTIONGAITINDICATESDISORDERPELVISFEMUR,單詞復習,ELEVATESDEMONSTRATEGLUTEUSMEDIUSGLUTEUSMEDIUSEFFICIENTLY,單詞復習,ACUTELYABDOMENLUMBARSPINEFLEXIONFLEXIONDEFORMITY,單詞復習,DISORDERSANTEROSUPERIORILIACSPINEANTEROSUPERIORILIACSPINEMEDIALMALLEOLUS,單詞復習,ROTATIONINWARDEXTERNALROTATIONOUTWARDINTERNALROTATIONRESTRICTIONDEGENERATIVE,HIPEXAMINATIONPART5詳解,THEEXAMINATIONOFTHEHIPISPERFORMEDWITHTHEPATIENTSTANDINGANDLYINGONTHEBACKINSPECTION(望診)OFTHEHIPSANDGAIT(步態(tài))HASALREADYBEENDESCRIBEDTHETRENDELENBURGTESTINDICATES(提示,預示)ADISORDER(混亂,失調)BETWEENTHEPELVIS(骨盆)ANDTHEFEMUR(股骨)THEPATIENTISASKEDTOSTANDONTHE“GOOD”LEG,ASILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE2042A,,,,THEEXAMINERSHOULDNOTETHATTHEPELVISONTHEOPPOSITESIDEELEVATES(提高,提升),DEMONSTRATING(展示,演示,說明)THATTHEGLUTEUSMEDIUS臀中肌ISWORKINGEFFICIENTLY(有效地)WHENTHEPATIENTISASKEDTOSTANDONTHE“BAD”LEG,ASSHOWNINFIGURE2042B,THEPELVISONTHEOPPOSITESIDEFALLSTHISISTERMEDAPOSITIVETRENDELENBURGTEST,,,,ASKTHEPATIENTTOLIEONHISORHERBACKTHEHIPISACUTELY(強烈地,劇烈地,極度地)FLEXEDONTHEABDOMEN(腹部)TOFLATTENTHELUMBAR(腰椎的)SPINE(脊柱)FLEXION(屈曲)OFTHEOPPOSITETHIGHSUGGESTSAFLEXIONDEFORMITY(屈曲畸形)OFTHATHIPFIGURE2043ILLUSTRATESTHETECHNIQUE,,,,LEGLENGTHMEASUREMENTSAREUSEFULINEVALUATINGHIPDISORDERS(混亂,失調,疾患)THEDISTANCEBETWEENTHEANTEROSUPERIORILIACSPINE(髂前上棘)ANDTHETIPOFTHEMEDIAL(內側的)MALLEOLUS踝ISMEASUREDONEACHSIDEANDCOMPAREDADIFFERENCEINLEGLENGTHMAYBECAUSEDBYHIPJOINTDISORDERS,,ASINDICATED,LOSSOFROTATION(旋轉)OFTHEHIPISANEARLYFINDINGINHIPDISEASETOTESTTHISMOVEMENT,ASKTHEPATIENTTOLIEONHISORHERBACKFLEXTHEHIPANDKNEETO90°ANDROTATETHEANKLEINWARD(向內)FOREXTERNALROTATION(外旋),ASILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE2044A,ANDOUTWARD(向外)FORINTERNALROTATION(內旋),ASSHOWNINFIGURE2044BRESTRICTION(限制)OFTHISMOTIONISASENSITIVESIGNOFDEGENERATIVE(退變的)HIPDISEASE,,,,,
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上傳時間:2024-01-04
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簡介:2024/1/19,1,藥學知識王思斯TEL13982201915,1藥物(DRUG)是影響機體生理機能及生化過程的化學物質,用以防治、診斷疾病。也包括避孕藥及保健藥。,一、緒論,一、基本概念,2食物、藥物、毒物關系,有些是藥食同源,如海帶、苦瓜等;藥物與毒物間僅存在量的差異。,3、藥物效應動力學(PHARMACODYNAMICS)(藥效學)研究藥物對機體的作用,包括藥物的作用、機制、臨床應用及不良反應4、藥物代謝動力學(PHARMACOKINETICS)(藥動學)研究機體對藥物作用,包括藥物的吸收、分布、轉化及排泄的過程,特別是血藥濃度隨時間變化的規(guī)律。,2024/1/19,5,二、新藥開發(fā)與研究,1、新藥指未在我國上市銷售過的藥品。已上市的藥品改變劑型、改變給藥途徑或制成新的復方制劑也屬于新藥。,2024/1/19,6,2、新藥研究過程三個階段1藥物臨床前研究包括藥物的合成工藝、提取方法、理化性質、純度、處方篩選、劑型選擇、制劑工藝、質量控制、穩(wěn)定性;藥理、毒理、動物藥動學等研究。,2臨床研究觀察藥物的療效和不良反應。Ⅰ期自愿者2030例,找出安全劑量;Ⅱ期隨機雙盲法對照臨床試驗(100例);Ⅲ期選擇特異體征病人300例。3上市后藥物監(jiān)測,社會性考查分析。,2024/1/19,7,1、防治作用凡符合用藥目的并產生防治效果的作用,預防作用提前用藥以防止疾病或癥狀發(fā)生的作用。,治療作用藥物針對治療疾病的需要所發(fā)生的作用。,三、藥物作用的兩重性防治作用與不良反應,2024/1/19,8,1、歷史上嚴重藥物不良反應事件1877年氯仿麻醉意外致死1937美國使用乙二醇作磺胺藥的溶劑造成100多人死亡1959年反應停事件1960年氯碘喹所致的亞急性脊髓視N炎(SMON事件),不良反應,2、我國于1989年正式成立國家藥品不良反應監(jiān)測中心。制訂了相應法規(guī),如新藥藥理、毒理研究指南等。,2024/1/19,9,3、不良反應的種類,不符合用藥目的,并為病人帶來不適或痛苦的反應,稱之。,藥源性疾病是由于藥物所引起的、較嚴重、較難恢復的不良反應。,不良反應包括副反應、毒性反應、變態(tài)反應、后遺效應、繼發(fā)反應、特異質反應、“三致”反應、藥物依賴性等。,四、藥物量效關系,一、量效關系藥理效應與劑量在一定范圍內成正比關系。,(一)藥物劑量1無效量不出現(xiàn)效應的劑量2最小有效量(閾劑量)剛引起效應的劑量最大有效量(MAXIMALEFFECTIVEDOSE)藥物產生最大效應所需使用的劑量。極量(MAXIMUMDOSE)國家藥典規(guī)定對某些藥物允許使用的最高劑量5治療量(常用量)比閾劑量大,比極量小的劑量6最小中毒量剛引起中毒的劑量7致死量(LETHALDOSE)導致死亡的劑量,2024/1/19,11,2024/1/19,12,五、藥物的作用機制,一、藥物作用的受體機制,(三)受體的概念1.受體(RECEPTOR)能與配體特異性結合并能傳遞信息和引起效應的大分子物質(主要為糖蛋白或脂蛋白,也可以是核酸或酶的一部分)。,2受點受體某個部位的構象具有高度選擇性,能正確識別并特異地結合某些立體特異性配體,這種特異的結合部位稱為受點。,3配體(LIGAND)能與受體特異性結合的物質稱配體。是指內源性遞質、激素、自身活性物質或結構特異的藥物。,2024/1/19,13,與受體結合的藥物,根據(jù)其結合后產生的反應,可分為三種類型,(1)激動劑(興奮藥)既有較強的親和力,又有較強的內在活性藥物。,(2)部分激動藥既有較強的親和力,內在活性弱的藥物。具有激動藥和拮抗藥雙重特性。,(3)拮抗劑(阻滯藥)有較強的親和力,而無內在活性藥物。,2024/1/19,14,六、藥動學的基本概念,藥量時間關系血藥濃度隨時間變化的過程。一、時間藥物濃度曲線以時間作用橫坐標,血藥濃度作縱坐標,繪制出一條反映血藥濃度隨時間動態(tài)變化的曲線。,2024/1/19,15,圖38血管外單次用藥的時間藥物濃度曲線圖,2024/1/19,16,2024/1/19,17,二、藥動學的主要參數(shù),(一)藥峰時間(TMAX)和藥峰濃度(CMAX)藥峰時間是指用藥以后,血藥濃度達到峰值所需的時間。藥峰濃度是指用藥后所能達到的最高血藥濃度。,(二)時量曲線下面積AUC)是指由坐標橫軸與時藥濃度曲線圍成的面積。它代表一段時間內,血液中的藥物的相對累積量,也是研究藥物制劑的一個重要指標。,2024/1/19,18,(三)生物利用度(F)是指血管外給藥時,藥物吸收進入血液循環(huán)的相對數(shù)量。通常用吸收百分率表示,即給藥量與吸收進入體循環(huán)的藥量的比值。FA/D100A為吸收進入體循環(huán)的藥量,D為服藥劑量,1)絕對生物利用度血管外給藥的AUC與靜注定量藥物后AUC之比。作為藥動學計算用。,2)相對生物利用度當藥物的劑型不同,其吸收率不同,故可以某一制劑為標準,與受試藥相比較。F試藥AUC/標準藥AUC。為評價藥制劑的質量指標。,2024/1/19,19,(四)半衰期(HALFLIFE,T1/2),1定義指血漿中藥物濃度下降一半所需的時間,用T1/2表示。T1/20693/K一般是指消除半衰期。T1/2是反映藥物在體內消除的一個重要的藥動學參數(shù)。2臨床指導意義(1)確定給藥的間隔時間;(2)預測按T1/2的間隔連續(xù)給藥,血藥濃度達到穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)所需時間為5個T1/2;(3)預測病人治愈停藥后血中藥物基本消除的時間為5個T1/2,2024/1/19,20,謝謝大家,
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