簡(jiǎn)介：中考化學(xué)經(jīng)典試題匯編工藝流程題1/9中考化學(xué)經(jīng)典試題匯編中考化學(xué)經(jīng)典試題匯編工藝流程題工藝流程題1（安徽）我國(guó)制堿工業(yè)先驅(qū)侯德榜發(fā)明了“侯氏制堿法”。其模擬流程如下1反應(yīng)①的化學(xué)方程式________________，反應(yīng)②的基本反應(yīng)類型為_(kāi)______。2工業(yè)上用分離液態(tài)空氣的方法制取氫氣，屬于_______變化（填“物理”或“化學(xué)”）。3操作A的名稱是_____，實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行此操作所需的玻璃儀器有燒杯、玻璃棒、______。4寫出NH4CL的一種用途________________。（1）CACO3CAOCO2↑；分解反應(yīng)。（2）物理；（3）過(guò)濾；漏斗。（4）做化肥或氮肥等。2（益陽(yáng)）過(guò)氧化鈣晶體﹝CAO28H2O﹞較穩(wěn)定，呈白色，微溶于水，廣泛應(yīng)用于環(huán)境殺菌、消毒。以貝殼為原料制備CAO2流程如下（1）氣體X是CO2，其名稱是二氧化碳；將過(guò)氧化鈣晶體與溶液分離的方法是過(guò)濾。（2）反應(yīng)Y需控制溫度在05℃，可將反應(yīng)容器放在冰水混合物中，該反應(yīng)是化合反應(yīng)，反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物是CAO28H2O，請(qǐng)寫出化學(xué)方程式CAO2＋H2O2＋7H2O＝CAO28H2O。獲得的過(guò)氧化鈣晶體中常含有CAOH2雜質(zhì)，原因是CAO或CAOH2過(guò)量，且CAOH2微溶。（3）CAO2的相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為72，過(guò)氧化鈣晶體﹝CAO28H2O﹞中H、O元素的質(zhì)量比為1∶10。（4）為測(cè)定制得的過(guò)氧化鈣晶體中CAO28H2O的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)，設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)如下稱取晶體樣品50G，加熱到220℃充分反應(yīng)（方程式為2CAO28H2O2CAO＋O2↑＋16H2O△↑，雜質(zhì)不發(fā)生變化），測(cè)得生成氧氣的質(zhì)量為32G，請(qǐng)計(jì)算樣品中CAO28H2O的質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)（CAO28H2O相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為216），寫出必要的計(jì)算過(guò)程。解設(shè)樣品中CAO28H2O的質(zhì)量為X2CAO28H2O2CAO＋O2↑＋16H2O↑△43232X322332432＝X∴X＝432（G）中考化學(xué)經(jīng)典試題匯編工藝流程題3/9高溫A．操作1中粉碎的目的是增大反應(yīng)物的接觸面積B．操作2中，CUS、NACL和O2在高溫條件下反應(yīng)生產(chǎn)CUCL2和NA2SO4化學(xué)方程式為CUS2NACL2O2CUCL2NA2SO4C．操作3的名稱是過(guò)濾D．流程圖中能循環(huán)利用的物質(zhì)是NACL和NA2SO46（揚(yáng)州）醋酸鈣CAAC2是國(guó)家允許使用的補(bǔ)鈣制劑之一。以蛋殼為原料回收膜并制備醋酸鈣的一種工藝流程如下。⑴寫出煅燒時(shí)的化學(xué)方程式。CO2的任意排放會(huì)引發(fā)的環(huán)境問(wèn)題是。CO2與CH4一定條件下化合生成甲醛（HCHO）,則此反應(yīng)中與最佳質(zhì)量比是。下列做法能減少二氧化碳排放的是。（填序號(hào)）⑵在反應(yīng)I中制備石灰乳，而不是制備澄清石灰水的目的是。寫出熟石灰的一種用途。⑶在反應(yīng)II中醋酸過(guò)量的目的是。寫出反應(yīng)II的化學(xué)方程式。⑷膜分離時(shí)，鹽酸不能過(guò)量的主要原因是。根據(jù)煅燒產(chǎn)生的CO2和蛋殼的主要成分為CACO3,可以確定化學(xué)方程式??23ACOCAOCOC高溫。CO2的任意排放會(huì)引發(fā)溫室效應(yīng)；根據(jù)HCHOCHCO242??一定條件,計(jì)算CO2與CH4的質(zhì)量比是4416114。⑵石灰乳中的CAOH2含量比澄清石灰水中多，更利于提高醋酸鈣的產(chǎn)量；⑶保證與CAOH2完全反應(yīng)，提高醋酸鈣的含量OHACCAHACOHCA22222???⑷加入鹽酸就是為了將蛋殼與膜分開(kāi)，過(guò)量的話會(huì)與CACO3反應(yīng)，會(huì)使制作醋酸鈣的原料量減少。7（揚(yáng)州）含鋅廢渣和各種鋅礦（如菱鋅礦）都有著重要的用途I以含鋅廢渣（主要成分為ZNO,雜質(zhì)為FEO﹑CUO）為原料制備七水硫酸鋅（ZNSO47H2O）的流程如下。

簡(jiǎn)介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多湖北省荊州市公安縣高中化學(xué)第一單元走進(jìn)化學(xué)工業(yè)課題1化工生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的基本問(wèn)題學(xué)案新人教版選修2精彩內(nèi)容。

簡(jiǎn)介：1化學(xué)工程與工藝專程與工藝專業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告34、實(shí)習(xí)總結(jié)和感想二．詳細(xì)簡(jiǎn)介。1實(shí)習(xí)單位簡(jiǎn)介公司概況占地666畝，員工近2000人，投資10億，產(chǎn)資5億。主要產(chǎn)品公司是以無(wú)機(jī)化工生產(chǎn)為主，有硫酸H2SO4一車間，硫酸二車間，硫酸三車間，兩鈉（硝酸亞鈉NANO2和硝酸鈉NANO3）車間，磷氨（NH4H2PO4）車間，合成氨車間，有磷酸H3PO4車間和甲醛H2CO車間，共8個(gè)工作車間，其中硫酸H2SO4一車間每年生產(chǎn)18萬(wàn)噸產(chǎn)品，硫酸二車間每年生產(chǎn)30萬(wàn)噸產(chǎn)品，硫酸三車間每年生產(chǎn)12萬(wàn)噸產(chǎn)品，兩鈉（硝酸亞鈉NANO2車間和硝酸鈉NANO3）車間每年生產(chǎn)16萬(wàn)噸產(chǎn)品，，甲醛H2CO車間每年生產(chǎn)3萬(wàn)噸產(chǎn)品，和合成氨車間每年生產(chǎn)20萬(wàn)噸的產(chǎn)品，公司以此規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)滿足了買家的需求。公司正在以“以人為本，自強(qiáng)不息”的生產(chǎn)運(yùn)行理念不斷壯大和發(fā)展。11企業(yè)理念安全生產(chǎn)環(huán)保生產(chǎn)可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)高效生產(chǎn)12段簡(jiǎn)介硫酸○1第一種方法一期間，硫鐵礦FES218萬(wàn)噸/年→12萬(wàn)噸（NH4）H2PO4二期，12萬(wàn)噸/年→8萬(wàn)噸/年（NH4）H2PO4第二種方法硫磺制備硫酸30萬(wàn)噸/年→20萬(wàn)噸（NH4）H2PO4中間產(chǎn)品○2硫酸制備磷酸（濕法生產(chǎn)）08年國(guó)產(chǎn)發(fā)改委規(guī)定實(shí)行新工藝。有機(jī)產(chǎn)品。甲醛3萬(wàn)噸/年○3甲醇AG→甲醛（AG做催化劑）甲醇的爆炸上限工藝。（DCS電腦自動(dòng)控制）硝酸鈉與亞硝酸鈉。“兩鈉”○4一期，前年8萬(wàn)噸/年兩鈉，3萬(wàn)噸/稀硝酸

簡(jiǎn)介：10中文中文3340字畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯譯文題目譯文題目全自動(dòng)生化分析儀常見(jiàn)故障診斷、分析與維修（側(cè)重維修）學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)專業(yè)業(yè)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程方向向醫(yī)療器械指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師2008年12月24日12CLASSIFYINGSUCHDISEASES,ANDUNDERAPPROPRIATECIRCUMSTANCES,RESULTSAREUSEDFORDIAGNOSTICPURPOSESINRECENTYEARS,AUTOMATIONINCLINICALCHEMISTRYHASPROGRESSEDWITHACHANGEFROMRIGIDTOVERYFLEXIBLEINSTRUMENTSAUTOMATIONOFCLINICALINSTRUMENTSHASBROUGHTABOUTAREVOLUTIONINTHEFIELDOFMEDICALINSTRUMENTATIONITHASREDUCEDTHELOADONCLINICALLABORATORIESTOAGREATEXTENTBYREDUCINGTHETIMETAKENINTHETESTANDMINIMIZINGTHEINVOLVEMENTOFLABORATORYSTAFFINSTRUMENTDEVELOPEDISCLASSIFIEDASSEMIAUTOMATEDANALYSER2ANDHASADVANTAGESOFPRECISIONANDACCURACYTHESESYSTEMSAREUSEDINHOSPITALSTOTESTVARIOUSBLOODBIOCHEMICALPARAMETERSALLPRIMARYHEALTHCENTRES,COMMUNITYHEALTHCENTRES,ANDDISTRICTHOSPITALSARETHEPOTENTIALUSERSOFTHISMACHINE2MATERIALSANDMETHODS21THEINSTRUMENTIDESIGNPRINCIPLETHEINSTRUMENTISDESIGNEDUSINGTHEPRINCIPLEOFABSORBANCETRANSMITTANCEPHOTOMETRYACCORDINGTOLAMBERTANDBEER’FIGURE1SCHEMATICOFLAMBERTANDBEER’SLAWFIGURE2RELATIONBETWEENPERCENTTRANSMISSIONANDCONCENTRATIONLAW3,WHENMONOCHROMATICLIGHTISPASSEDTHROUGHCOLOUREDSOLUTION,THEINTENSITYOFTHETRANSMITTEDLIGHTDECREASESEXPONENTIALLYWITHTHEINCREASEINCONCENTRATIONOFTHEABSORBINGSUBSTANCETHEVALUEOFABSORPTIONOFLIGHTENERGYISDEPENDENTONTHENUMBEROFMOLECULESPRESENTINABSORBINGMATERIALANDTHETHICKNESSOFTHEMEDIUMTHUS,INTENSITYOFLIGHTENERGYLEAVINGTHEABSORBINGSUBSTANCEISUSEDASANINDICATIONOFCONCENTRATIONOFTHATPARTICULARSUBSTANCEASSHOWNINFIGURES1AND2,IFI0ISTHEINTENSITYOFINCIDENTLIGHTINCOLOUREDSOLUTIONANDITISTHETRANSMITTEDLIGHT,THENACCORDINGTOTHISLAWITI0EKCT1

簡(jiǎn)介：外文原文中文中文52405240字

簡(jiǎn)介：1沈陽(yáng)理工大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文附錄A34

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文40354035字畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院學(xué)院系化工學(xué)院專業(yè)業(yè)化學(xué)工程與工藝姓名名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)外文出處外文出處JOURNALOFSOLGELSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)該同學(xué)翻譯忠于原文，語(yǔ)句比較連貫，意思基本表達(dá)清楚，是一篇合格的外文文獻(xiàn)譯文。簽名2013年3月15日用外文寫附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文抗反射聚乙烯醇縮丁醛/二氧化硅混合物涂膜的制備與表征PVB防潮性與疏水性的效應(yīng)摘要摘要本文旨在介紹一種以硅酸乙酯為前驅(qū)物，聚乙烯醇縮丁醛為改良劑，通過(guò)溶膠凝膠催化方法制得的一種新型的改性抗反射涂膜。而AR涂膜和二氧化硅溶膠通過(guò)傅里葉變換紅外吸收光譜、粒子尺寸分析、透射電子顯微鏡、可編程流變儀、紫外可見(jiàn)分光光度法、概率測(cè)量法、原子力顯微鏡以及接觸角測(cè)量法進(jìn)行表征。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，加入4﹪的PVB會(huì)大大增加AR涂膜的防潮性。用4﹪的PVB改性的AR涂膜在BK7基片中的光透射率近乎100﹪。對(duì)于未改性的AR涂膜與4﹪PVB改性的AR涂膜其水的接觸角分別為51°和53°。也就是說(shuō)，改性后的涂膜沒(méi)有明顯的疏水性。將改性后的涂膜暴露在潮濕的環(huán)境中，其透射率最大值幾乎不變，而未改性的涂膜在兩周內(nèi)其透射率從998﹪急劇下降到965﹪。PVB改性AR涂膜具有良好的防潮性的原因可能是AR涂膜表面的PVB的吸附作用。關(guān)鍵字關(guān)鍵字抗反射涂層聚乙烯醇縮丁醛防潮性疏水性1引言引言從1980年開(kāi)始的制備有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)復(fù)合材料開(kāi)始，溶膠凝膠技術(shù)就引起了人們的廣泛興趣。由于它具有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，諸如良好的均勻性，低粗糙度，良好的沉積性，產(chǎn)量高，而且在膠片中還有良好的微結(jié)構(gòu)可控制性，溶膠凝膠法在玻璃界已經(jīng)廣泛的用于制備抗反射涂膜（AR涂膜），比如機(jī)動(dòng)車窗，太陽(yáng)能電池，激光系統(tǒng)。對(duì)于AR涂膜，透射率是其最重要的性質(zhì)之一。然而，對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的純凈二氧化硅涂膜材料，由于其在潮濕環(huán)境下的吸水性，使其透射率大大降低。這個(gè)問(wèn)題使得這些涂膜不能很好的應(yīng)用到潮濕的環(huán)境中。通常，防潮性隨著涂膜表面的疏水基團(tuán)的增加而增加。近年來(lái)，科研工作者對(duì)如何制備AR涂膜做了大量的研究。最有效的方式就是將有機(jī)分子或者聚合物支撐疏水基團(tuán)作為改性劑嫁接到二氧化硅

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文5460字本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯（2013屆）題目學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師專業(yè)班級(jí)專業(yè)班級(jí)所在學(xué)院所在學(xué)院化學(xué)工程與材料學(xué)院化學(xué)工程與材料學(xué)院提交日期提交日期2率密度。因此這對(duì)于發(fā)展電極提高電化學(xué)性能的改性方法是非常重要的。石墨氈電極的各種改性方法已經(jīng)在研究,其中包括金屬電鍍18、19,熱激活20和酸處理12、21、22。電化學(xué)氧化技術(shù)對(duì)于碳基材料的表面處理是一種有效的方法。這是因?yàn)樗梢蕴峁┰S多類型的表面含氧官能團(tuán)和增加表面粗糙度與此同時(shí),這技術(shù)的控制也相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單,可以在溫和條件下進(jìn)行23。然而,全釩氧化液流電池的石墨氈電極的電化學(xué)氧化已經(jīng)很少報(bào)道。李等人只報(bào)道了,相對(duì)于未處理的石墨氈電極全釩氧化液流電池的活性已經(jīng)得到改良。在目前的文章中，VOVO??22/氧化還原反應(yīng)中的經(jīng)過(guò)電化學(xué)氧化的石墨氈（被氧化的石墨氈）的激活正被詳細(xì)研究。被氧化的石墨氈的表面形態(tài)、潤(rùn)濕性、表面含氧官能團(tuán)和電化學(xué)性質(zhì)在電化學(xué)氧化程度上呈現(xiàn)正常變化。這些結(jié)果有助于理解石墨氈的電化學(xué)氧化機(jī)理,這研究也為確定全釩氧化液流電池電極活化的最佳工藝參數(shù)提供了有用的理論指導(dǎo)。2．實(shí)驗(yàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)2121材料5毫米厚的聚丙烯腈基石墨氈樣本由上海七杰有限有限公司提供。994從沈陽(yáng)的海中天精細(xì)化工廠購(gòu)買，濃硫酸質(zhì)量分OHVOSO424?數(shù)98來(lái)自廣州東香港化工廠。22樣品制備聚丙烯腈基石墨氈在電化學(xué)氧化前先切成15厘米15厘米大小,然后所有的樣品都用蒸餾水徹底清洗然后在70?C下48H烘干。石墨氈板作為陽(yáng)極,石墨板作為陰極。電化學(xué)氧化在1M硫酸溶液中發(fā)生。石墨氈電極15厘米15厘米用作陽(yáng)極是由在兩個(gè)聚氯乙烯板片之間壓一塊石墨氈做成,其中一個(gè)聚氯乙烯板片有10厘米10厘米的孔,石墨氈通過(guò)孔與電解液想通。另一邊的石墨氈與石墨片電流收集器連接。石墨氈樣品在100MACM?2的電流密度下對(duì)不同的氧化時(shí)段進(jìn)行電氧化。發(fā)生氧化的石墨氈被拿出來(lái)用蒸餾水清洗干凈,然后在70?C下48H烘干。23特性

簡(jiǎn)介：SURFACEANDCOATINGSTECHNOLOGY1482001171–17802578972/01/SEEFRONTMATTER?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS02578972?01013366ELECTRODEPOSITIONANDSLIDINGWEARRESISTANCEOFNICKELCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAININGMICRONANDSUBMICRONSICPARTICLESIGARCIA,JFRANSAER,JPCELISA,B,AAKATHOLIEKEUNIVERSITEITLEUVEN,DEPARTMENTMTM,KASTEELPARKARENBERG44,B3001LEUVEN,BELGIUMANATIONALCENTERFORMETALLURGICALRESEARCHCENIMCSIC,DEPARTMENTOFCORROSIONANDPROTECTION,AVGREGORIODELAMO8,28040MADRID,BSPAINRECEIVED1MARCH2001ACCEPTED21JUNE2001ABSTRACTSICPARTICLESOFTHREEDIFFERENTSIZES,NAMELY5,07AND03MM,WERECODEPOSITEDWITHNICKELFROMWATTS’SOLUTIONSITWASFOUNDTHATFORAGIVENNUMBERDENSITYOFPARTICLESINTHEPLATINGSOLUTION,THENUMBERDENSITYOFPARTICLESINTHECOATINGINCREASESWITHDECREASINGPARTICLESIZETHEFRICTIONANDWEARBEHAVIOROFTHESECOMPOSITECOATINGSWASEVALUATEDINUNIANDBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSAGAINSTCORUNDUMBALLSTHEBESTSLIDINGWEARRESISTANCEWASOBTAINEDWITHNI–SICCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAINING4–5VOLSUBMICRONSICPARTICLES?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSELECTRODEPOSITIONCOMPOSITESWEARNICKELSIC1INTRODUCTIONELECTRODEPOSITEDCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONSISTOFAMETALORALLOYMATRIXCONTAININGADISPERSIONOFSECONDPHASEPARTICLESW1–3XTHESEPARTICLESCANBEHARDOXIDEORCARBIDEPARTICLES,SUCHASALO,SIC,TIO,WC,SIO2322ORDIAMOND,ASOLIDLUBRICANT,SUCHASPTFE,GRAPHITEORMOS,OREVENLIQUIDCONTAININGMICROCAPSULESW4XTO2IMPROVEWEARRESISTANCEANDYORTOREDUCEFRICTIONELECTROPLATEDCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAININGMICRONSIZEDPARTICLESAREUSEDASWEARRESISTANTCOATINGSW5–7X,EGNICKEL–SICINCARENGINESW1,8–10XWITHTHEINCREASINGAVAILABILITYOFNANOPARTICLES,THEREISAGROWINGINTERESTINTHEELECTROLYTICANDELECTROLESSCODEPOSITIONOFNANOPARTICLESW11XTHEMAJORCHALLENGESOFTHECODEPOSITIONOFNANOPARTICLESSEEMTOBETHECODEPOSITIONOFASUFFICIENTNUMBEROFPARTICLES,ANDAVOIDINGTHEAGGLOMERATIONOFPARTICLESSUSPENDEDINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONSCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELQ3415538900FAXQ3415347425EMAILADDRESSIGARCIACENIMCSICESIGARCIAINTHISWORK,THEELECTROLYTICCODEPOSITIONOFMICRONANDSUBMICRONSICPARTICLESFROMNICKELWATTS’SOLUTIONS,ANDTHESLIDINGWEARRESISTANCEOFSUCHNICKELCOMPOSITECOATINGSAREINVESTIGATEDTHEEFFECTOFPARTICLESIZEANDNUMBEROFPARTICLESSUSPENDEDINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONONTHENUMBEROFCODEPOSITEDPARTICLESISREPORTEDTHECODEPOSITIONRESULTSANDAMODELBASEDONTHENUMBERDENSITYOFPARTICLESCODEPOSITEDAREDISCUSSEDTHEEFFECTOFPARTICLESIZEONTHECODEPOSITIONPROCESSOFMICRONANDSUBMICRONSIZEDNONBROWNIANPARTICLESISCLARIFIEDTHEEFFECTOFCODEPOSITEDSUBMICRONPARTICLESONTHEWEARRESISTANCEOFCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSISDISCUSSED2EXPERIMENTALTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONUSEDWASASTANDARDNICKELWATTS’SOLUTIONTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONANDTHEPLATINGPARAMETERSAREGIVENINTABLE1SICPARTICLESWITHAMEANDIAMETEROF03BSC21C,PERFORMANCECERAMICS,JAPAN,07BS07,ELEKTROSCHMELZWERKKEMPTEN,GERMANYAND5MME110?4000,NORTON,NORWAYWEREUSEDALLPARTICLESWEREUSEDASRECEIVED173IGARCIAETAL/SURFACEANDCOATINGSTECHNOLOGY1482001171–178FIG2VOLUMETRICWEARFACTORUNDERUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGONCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSCONTAININGDIFFERENTVOLSICPARTICLESOFTHREEDIFFERENTSIZESDATAFORPUREELECTROLYTICNICKELAREALSOGIVENEDNICKELREFERENCEFIG3VOLUMETRICWEARFACTORUNDERBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGONCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSCONTAININGDIFFERENTVOLSICPARTICLESOFTHREEDIFFERENTSIZESDATAFORPUREELECTROLYTICNICKELAREALSOGIVENEDNICKELREFERENCEPOSITIONISOBTAINEDWITH07MMPARTICLESQUITEUNEXPECTEDLYW13X,THE03MMSICPARTICLESCODEPOSITMORETHANTHE07MMPARTICLESAPOSSIBLEREASONCOULDBETHEDIFFERENCEINTHESURFACECONDITIONOFTHESESICPARTICLESOBTAINEDFROMDIFFERENTPRODUCERSANOTHERREASONCOULDBETHEAGGLOMERATIONOFTHE03MMPARTICLESINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONTHEWEARTRACKSONTHECOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSAFTERUNIANDBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSHAVEABLACKAPPEARANCE,ANDSHOWSCRATCHESPARALLELTOTHEDIRECTIONOFMOTIONSUCHSCRATCHESARETYPICALFORABRASIVEWEARFORALLNI–SICCOMPOSITECOATINGSTESTED,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONISAPPROXIMATELY05DURINGTHEFIRSTFEWSLIDINGCYCLESAFTERTHERUNNINGINPHASE,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONOFNICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING07OR03MMSICPARTICLESISAPPROXIMATELY029THATCOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONISLOWERTHANTHEVALUEOF034OBSERVEDONNICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING5MMSICPARTICLESATACOMPARABLEVOLUMEPERCENTOFCODEPOSITEDPARTICLESONTHEOTHERHAND,FOREACHSICPARTICLESIZEINVESTIGATED,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONINCREASESWITHINCREASINGVOLUMEPERCENTOFSICPARTICLESINTHECOATINGS,FROMAPPROXIMATELY034TO047INTHECASEOF5MMSICPARTICLES,ANDFROM028TO030INTHECASEOF07MMPARTICLESTHEWEARLOSSONNI–SICCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAININGSICPARTICLESOFDIFFERENTSIZES,AFTERSLIDINGAGAINSTCORUNDUMBALLSINUNIANDBIDIRECTIONALWEARTESTS,ISSHOWNINFIGS2AND3,RESPECTIVELYTHEVOLUMETRICWEARLOSSONPURENICKELCOATINGSANDCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSINUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGWEARTESTSISAPPROXIMATELYTWOORDERSOFMAGNITUDELOWERTHANTHATNOTEDINBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSTHISISCONSISTENTWITHSLIDINGWEARDATAOBTAINEDONHARDCERAMICCOATINGS,SUCHASTIN,SHOWINGAMUCHLOWERWEARRATEUNDERUNITHANUNDERBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTCONDITIONSW14XHOWEVER,UNDERUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDING,COMPOSITENICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING5MMSICPARTICLESEXHIBITALOWERWEARRESISTANCEWITHINCREASINGAMOUNTSOFSICTHANPURENICKELCOATINGSREFERREDTOASEDNICKELREFERENCEINFIG2ONTHECONTRARY,COMPOSITENICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING03OR07MMSICPARTICLESWEARLESSINUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGWEARTESTSTHANPURENICKEL,ANDTHEBESTRESULTSAREOBTAINEDWITHAPPROXIMATELY4VOLOF07MMSICPARTICLESUNDERBIDIRECTIONALSLIDING,THEVOLUMETRICWEARLOSSONALLTHECOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSTESTEDISLOWERTHANTHEWEARMEASUREDONPURENICKELCOATINGSELECTRODEPOSITEDUNDERSIMILARPLATINGCONDITIONSFIG2THELOWESTVOLUMETRICWEARLOSSINBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSISREACHED

簡(jiǎn)介：ARSENICINTHEENVIRONMENTBIOLOGYANDCHEMISTRYPROSUNBHATTACHARYAA,?,ALANHWELCHB,KENNETHGSTOLLENWERKC,MIKEJMCLAUGHLIND,JOCHENBUNDSCHUHE,GPANAULLAHFAKTHINTERNATIONALGROUNDWATERARSENICRESEARCHGROUP,DEPARTMENTOFLANDANDWATERRESOURCESENGINEERING,ROYALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYKTH,SE10044STOCKHOLM,SWEDENBNEVADAWATERSCIENCECENTER,UNITEDSTATESGEOLOGICALSURVEY,2730NDEERRUNROAD,CARSONCITY,NV89701USACUNITEDSTATESGEOLOGICALSURVEY,MS413,BOX25046,FEDERALCENTER,DENVER,CO80225,USADCSIROLANDANDWATER/UNIVERSITYOFADELAIDE,PMB2,GLENOSMOND,SA5064,AUSTRALIAEINTERNATIONALTECHNICALCOOPERATIONPROGRAMMECIMGTZ/BA,GERMANY,INSTITUTOCOSTARRICENSEDEELECTRICIDADICE,PYSA,APARTADOPOSTAL10032,1000SANJOSE,COSTARICAFCIMMYT,BANGLADESH,POBOX6057GULSHAN,DHAKA1212,BANGLADESHRECEIVED6FEBRUARY2007RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM25FEBRUARY2007ACCEPTED27FEBRUARY2007AVAILABLEONLINE16APRIL2007ABSTRACTARSENICASDISTRIBUTIONANDTOXICOLOGYINTHEENVIRONMENTISASERIOUSISSUE,WITHMILLIONSOFINDIVIDUALSWORLDWIDEBEINGAFFECTEDBYASTOXICOSISSOURCESOFASCONTAMINATIONAREBOTHNATURALANDANTHROPOGENICANDTHESCALEOFCONTAMINATIONRANGESFROMLOCALTOREGIONALTHEREAREMANYAREASOFRESEARCHTHATAREBEINGACTIVELYPURSUEDTOADDRESSTHEASCONTAMINATIONPROBLEMTHESEINCLUDENEWMETHODSOFSCREENINGFORASINTHEFIELD,DETERMININGTHEEPIDEMIOLOGYOFASINHUMANS,ANDIDENTIFYINGTHERISKOFASUPTAKEINAGRICULTUREREMEDIATIONOFASAFFECTEDWATERSUPPLIESISIMPORTANTANDRESEARCHINCLUDESASSESSINGNATURALREMEDIATIONPOTENTIALASWELLASPHYTOREMEDIATIONANOTHERAREAOFACTIVERESEARCHISONTHEMICROBIALLYMEDIATEDBIOGEOCHEMICALINTERACTIONSOFASINTHEENVIRONMENTIN2005,ACONFERENCEWASCONVENEDTOBRINGTOGETHERSCIENTISTSINVOLVEDINMANYOFTHEDIFFERENTAREASOFASRESEARCHINTHISPAPER,WEPRESENTASYNTHESISOFTHEASISSUESINTHELIGHTOFLONGSTANDINGRESEARCHANDWITHREGARDSTOTHENEWFINDINGSPRESENTEDATTHISCONFERENCETHISCONTRIBUTIONPROVIDESABACKDROPTOTHEISSUESRAISEDATTHECONFERENCETOGETHERWITHANOVERVIEWOFCONTEMPORARYANDHISTORICALISSUESOFASCONTAMINATIONANDHEALTHIMPACTSCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2007PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSARSENICCONTAMINATIONPOLLUTIONGROUNDWATERTUBEWELLSCREENINGFIELDTESTKITHEALTHSAFEAQUIFERSAGRICULTURESOILSMININGENVIRONMENTPHYTOREMEDIATIONSORPTIONREMEDIATION1INTRODUCTION11LOCATIONANDSCALEOFPROBLEMARSENICASHASBEENDETECTEDINGROUNDWATERINSEVERALCOUNTRIESOFTHEWORLD,WITHCONCENTRATIONLEVELSEXCEEDINGTHEWHODRINKINGWATERGUIDELINEVALUEOF10ΜG/LWHO,2001ASWELLASTHENATIONALREGULATORYSTANDARDSEG50ΜG/LININDIAANDBANGLADESH,AHMEDETAL,2004MUKHERJEEETAL,2006ARSENICINGROUNDWATERISOFTENASSOCIATEDWITHGEOLOGICSOURCES,BUTINSOMELOCATIONSANTHROPOGENICINPUTSCANBEEXTREMELYIMPORTANTINGESTIONOFGEOGENICASFROMGROUNDWATERSOURCESISMANIFESTEDASCHRONICHEALTHDISORDERSINMOSTOFTHEAFFECTEDREGIONSOFTHEWORLDBGSFAX4684110775EMAILADDRESSPROSUNKTHSEPBHATTACHARYA00489697/SEEFRONTMATTERCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2007PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JSCITOTENV200702037MMAIIIISMORETOXICTHANASIIIANDASVVIZPETRICKETAL,2000,200114AGRICULTURETHEADVERSEEFFECTSOFASINGROUNDWATERUSEDFORIRRIGATIONWATERONCROPSANDAQUATICECOSYSTEMSISALSOOFMAJORCONCERNINADDITIONTOPOTENTIALHUMANHEALTHIMPACTSCAUSEDBYINGESTIONOFFOODCONTAININGAS,THEPOTENTIALFORREDUCEDCROPYIELDDUETOITSBUILDUPINTHESOILISANACTIVEAREAOFRESEARCHTHEFATEOFASINAGRICULTURALSOILSISOFTENLESSWELLSTUDIEDCOMPAREDTOGROUNDWATER,ANDINGENERALHASBEENSTUDIEDINTHECONTEXTOFASUPTAKEBYDIFFERENTPLANTSHUQETAL,2001,2006DASETAL,2004ALRMALLIETAL,2005CORRELLETAL,2006NAIDUETAL,2006CROPQUALITYANDTHEEFFECTOFASONCROPQUALITYANDYIELDISBECOMINGAMAJORWORLDWIDECONCERN,PARTICULARLYFORRICEWHICHFORMSTHESTAPLEFORMANYSOUTHASIANCOUNTRIESWHEREGROUNDWATERISWIDELYUSEDFORIRRIGATIONMEHARGANDRAHMAN,2003INARECENTSTUDYITWASREPORTEDTHATIRRIGATIONHASINCREASEDINBANGLADESHSINCE1970,WHILESINCE1980,THEAREAUNDERGROUNDWATERIRRIGATIONFORTHECULTIVATIONOFBORORICEHASINCREASEDBYALMOSTANORDEROFMAGNITUDEHARVEYETAL,2005BASEDONAVAILABLEINFORMATIONONTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFASCONCENTRATIONINGROUNDWATERBGSANDDPHE,2001ANDTHEAREAUNDERSHALLOWTUBEWELLIRRIGATIONBADC,2005,SAHA2006ESTIMATEDTHATAPPROXIMATELY1000METRICTONSOFASISCYCLEDWITHIRRIGATIONWATERDURINGTHEDRYSEASONOFEACHYEARRICEYIELDHASBEENREPORTEDTODECREASEBY10ATACONCENTRATIONOF25MG/KGASINSOILXIONGETAL,1987AGREENHOUSESTUDYBYABEDINETAL2002REVEALEDREDUCEDYIELDOFALOCALVARIETYOFRICEBR11IRRIGATEDWITHWATERHAVINGASCONCENTRATIONSINTHERANGEOF02TO8MG/LTHEACCUMULATIONOFASINRICEFIELDSOILSANDITSINTRODUCTIONINTOTHEFOODCHAINTHROUGHUPTAKEBYTHERICEPLANTISOFMAJORCONCERNDUXBURYETAL,200315ANTHROPOGENICARSENICLARGEQUANTITIESOFASARERELEASEDINTOTHEENVIRONMENTTHROUGHINDUSTRIALACTIVITIES,WHICHCANBEDISPERSEDWIDELYANDASSUCHPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHECONTAMINATIONOFSOILS,WATERS,ANDAIRNRIAGU,1989JACKSANDBHATTACHARYA,1998JUILLOTETAL,1999MATSCHULLAT,2000PACYNAANDPACYNA,2001ELEVATEDCONCENTRATIONSOFASINSOILSOCCURONLYLOCALLY,BUTINAREASOFFORMERINDUSTRIALAREASITMAYCAUSEENVIRONMENTALCONCERNNRIAGU,1994SMITHETAL,1998KABATAPENDIASANDPENDIAS,2001ALTHOUGHMANYMINERALSCONTAINASCOMPOUNDS,THEANTHROPOGENICCONTRIBUTIONTOTHEENVIRONMENTINTHEPASTACCOUNTEDFOR82,000METRICTONS/YEARWORLDWIDENRIAGUANDPACYNA,1988INORGANICASCOMPOUNDSSUCHASCALCIUMARSENATE,LEADARSENATE,SODIUMARSENATEANDMANYOTHERSWEREUSEDBYFARMERSASINSECTICIDES/PESTICIDESFORDEBARKINGTREES,INCATTLEANDSHEEPDIPSTOCONTROLTICKS,FLEAS,LICEANDALSOINAQUATICWEEDCONTROLWATERSOLUBLEPREPARATIVES,SUCHASCHROMATEDCOPPERARSENATECCAANDOTHERASBASEDCHEMICALSUSEDASWOODPRESERVATIVESDURINGTHEPASTHAVELEADTOWIDESPREADMETALCONTAMINATIONINSOILSAROUNDTHEWOODPRESERVATIONFACILITIESBHATTACHARYAETAL,2002CHOWEVER,THEUSEOFINORGANICASCOMPOUNDSINAGRICULTUREHASGRADUALLYDISAPPEAREDSINCETHE1960SDUETOGREATERUNDERSTANDINGOFASTOXICITYANDAWARENESSREGARDINGFOODSAFETYANDENVIRONMENTALCONTAMINATIONVAUGHAN,1993SANOKETAL,1995SMITHETAL,1998INADDITION,DURINGMANUFACTURINGOFASCONTAININGPESTICIDESANDHERBICIDES,RELEASEOFWASTEANDASLADENLIQUIDSNEARTHEMANUFACTURINGAREASMAYCONTAMINATESOILANDWATERBODIESMAHIMAIRAJAETAL,2005THEREARESEVERAL“HOTSPOTS”AROUNDTHEWORLDWHERESOILSHAVEVERYHIGHCONCENTRATIONSOFASCAUSEDBYNATURALGEOCHEMICALENRICHMENTANDLONGLASTINGOREMININGANDPROCESSINGFOREXAMPLE,INPOLAND,MINESPOILS,SLAGDUMPSANDTAILINGS,THATREMAINEDINTHEAREASOFASMANUFACTURINGANDINDUSTRIALPROCESSES,ALSOCONTAINEXTREMELYHIGHCONCENTRATIONSOFASKARCZEWSKAETAL,2004,2005THEREISAWIDESPREADCONCERNREGARDINGBIOAVAILABILITYOFASINTHETERRESTRIALENVIRONMENTININDUSTRIALIZEDREGIONSOFTHEWORLDTHEMAJORITYOFINCIDENCESOFSOILASPOLLUTIONCOULDBETRACEDBACKTOAPERIODPRIORTOEXTENSIVESTATUTORYCONTROLSOVERASEMISSIONSMEHARGETAL,1994FOREXAMPLE,ENGLANDWASONEOFTHECRADLESOFTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONINTHE19THCENTURYTHATHASLEFTBEHINDANEXTENSIVELEGACYOFASCONTAMINATEDSITESASPARTOFTHELANDOCEANINTERACTIONSTUDYLOISTHEASCONCENTRATIONSINTHERIVERSOFNORTHEASTERNENGLANDREVEALASENRICHMENTWITHINTHEURBANANDINDUSTRIALLYAFFECTEDRIVERSNEALANDROBSON,2000NEALANDDAVIES,2003THESTUDYREVEALEDTHATTHECONCENTRATIONOFDISSOLVEDASINTHERURALAREASAVERAGEDBETWEEN06AND09MG/L,WHILEFORTHERIVERSINFLUENCEDBYINDUSTRIALDISCHARGESTHEAVERAGEBETWEEN32AND56MG/L,WHILESUSPENDEDPARTICULATEASISMUCHLOWERAVERAGE01TO02MG/LFORTHERURALAND02TO08MG/LFORTHEINDUSTRIALRIVERSHOWEVER,FORTHEINDUSTRIALIZEDRIVERSDISSOLVEDASCONCENTRATIONSCANBEASHIGHAS256MG/L111PBHATTACHARYAETAL/SCIENCEOFTHETOTALENVIRONMENT3792007109–120

簡(jiǎn)介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程外文翻譯--設(shè)計(jì)和開(kāi)發(fā)以微控制器為基礎(chǔ)的測(cè)量不同血液生化參數(shù)的微控制器化學(xué)分析儀精彩內(nèi)容。

簡(jiǎn)介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多化學(xué)工程與工藝外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯---砷在環(huán)境中的生化特性精彩內(nèi)容。

簡(jiǎn)介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多化學(xué)工程與工藝外文翻譯--含微米和亞微米sic顆粒的復(fù)合鍍鎳層的電沉積和滑動(dòng)耐磨性精彩內(nèi)容。

簡(jiǎn)介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多化學(xué)工程與工藝 外文翻譯--pvb防潮性與疏水性的效應(yīng)精彩內(nèi)容。

簡(jiǎn)介：點(diǎn)擊查看更多化學(xué)工程外文翻譯--石墨氈電極的電化學(xué)活化在 氧化還原耦中的應(yīng)用精彩內(nèi)容。