簡介：2900英文單詞，英文單詞，16400英文字符，中文英文字符，中文4870字出處出處AYMAN,HASSAAN,MAHMOUD,ETALPLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLJFRONTIERSOFARCHITECTURALRESEARCH,2015,413545PLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLAYMAN，HASSAAN，MAHMOUD，REHAM，OMARABSTRACTTREESAREAMAJORFACTORINDEFININGTHESPATIALQUALITIESOFOUTDOORSPACESTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEINFLUENCEOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONPRODUCEDBYTHEPROPOSEDTREEPLANTINGDESIGNONTHEVISUALFIELDSOFANURBANPARKUSINGSPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXTHEORYASSUMESTHATANURBANAREACANBEREPRESENTEDASAMATRIXOFCONNECTEDSPACESTHEQUANTITATIVEPROPERTIESOFTHISMATRIXINTHEFORMOFSYNTACTICMEASURESCANBEMEASUREDUSINGCOMPUTERSIMULATIONSTHISRESEARCHINVESTIGATESHOWSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESCANHELPASSESSTHEEFFECTOFTREECONFIGURATIONSONTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFASMALLSCALEGARDENINANURBANPARKSUCHTECHNIQUESAREASSUMEDUSEFULINPREDICTINGTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFTHEPROPOSEDSPACEANDINASSESSINGDESIGNALTERNATIVESANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYUSINGTHREEDIFFERENTPLANTINGDESIGNPROPOSALSFORANURBANPARKISCONDUCTEDDATAAREANALYZEDUSINGSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESRESULTSREVEALASIGNIFICANTEFFECTOFPLANTINGCONFIGURATIONSONSYNTACTICMEASURESACROSSTHETHREEPROPOSALSTHISSTUDYSUGGESTSTHATSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESMAYHAVEASIGNIFICANTVALUEINTHEASSESSMENTOFSCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGN,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELKEYWORDSLANDSCAPEDESIGNSPACESYNTAXPLANTINGURBANPARKSCAIRO1INTRODUCTIONTHECURRENTLITERATUREHASINVESTIGATEDTHEINFLUENCEOFLANDSCAPEVEGETATIONONTHEFREQUENCYANDRANGEOFMOVEMENTSHRIVER,1997FOLTêTEANDPIOMBINI,2007CHAMBERLAINANDMEITNER,2013ANDONTHECHOICESOFROUTESINSPECIFICPLACESSUCHASPUBLICGARDENSLOITERONANDBISHOP,2005HOWEVER,THESESTUDIESAREFOCUSEDONPEDESTRIANBEHAVIORINSMALLANDCLOSEDSPACESZACHARIAS,1997MOSKELLANDALLRED,2013ANDINUNKNOWNAREASZACHARIAS,2006GENERALIZINGTHESEOBSERVATIONSINLARGE,FAMILIARENVIRONMENTSISNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHTHEPROCESSESOFSPACEPERCEPTIONTHATAFFECTMOVEMENTRESEARCHONMOVEMENTSINANINTRAURBANENVIRONMENTMUSTINTEGRATEALARGEAMOUNTOFQUALITATIVEDATATOGENERATEUSEFULINPUTSFORURBANPLANNINGR?E,2000STAHLEANDMARCUS,2010,SUCHASLANDSCAPESSUCHAPPROACHWILLHELPINUNDERSTANDINGHOWINDIVIDUALSCHOOSETHEIRROUTINETRIPSINANENVIRONMENTANDHOWSOCIALSTRUCTUREISAFFECTEDBYPEDESTRIANTRIPSVISUALREPRESENTATIONANDSIMULATIONTECHNIQUESARETRADITIONALLYUSEDTOHELPDESIGNERSINTHEDESIGNPROCESSTHESETECHNIQUESHELPINVISUALIZINGDESIGNCONCEPTSANDINEXPLORINGHOWPROPOSEDLAYOUTSMIGHTWORKINREALITYTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEUSEOFIDENTIFYINGTHEVISUALPROPERTIESOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONSINITIATEDBYPLANTINGDESIGNSINALANDSCAPESETTING11AIMOFTHESTUDYTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEEFFECTOFTHEPLANTINGDESIGNOFURBANPARKSBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONSOFASPACESYNTAXMODEL,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELTHISMETHODMAYHAVEANEXTENSIVEVALUEINTHEEVALUATIONPROCESSATTHESCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGNSTAGETHEMAINQUESTIONMOTIVATINGTHISSTUDYISWHETHERAPLANTINGDESIGNMETHODCANBEDEVELOPEDBYUSED“AGENTS”THATNAVIGATETHROUGHVRENVIRONMENTSTORETRIEVEISOVISTS,WHICHREPRESENTTHEMEASURESOFVISIBLESPACETHROUGHOUTCONFIGURATIONSANDTHEASSOCIATEDVISUALFIELDSTHROUGHTHESPACETHATTHEYPRODUCEBENEDIKT,1979A,1979BONTHECONTRARY,BATTYANDJIANG1999DEVELOPEDAPARALLEL“AGENTSYSTEM”TOCONSTRUCTISOVISTSEXTENDINGTHEWORKONISOVISTS,CONROY2001INVESTIGATEDTHEFORMALVISUALPROPERTIESOFPATHSTHATPEOPLETAKEWITHINCONTROLLEDEXPERIMENTSINVRENVIRONMENTSFISHERGEWIRTZMANANDWAGNER2002SUGGESTEDTHATVISIBILITYANALYSISSHOULDCOVERANDQUANTIFYTHETHIRDDIMENSIONASBENEDIKT1979A,1979BMANAGEDTOACHIEVEFORTWODIMENSIONSTHEYPROPOSEDATHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISOFTHE“SPATIALOPENNESS”O(jiān)RISOVISTVOLUMEOFVIEWSFROMFLATSHOWEVER,THEYRESTRICTEDTHEMSELVESTOATWODIMENSIONALISOVISTAREABECAUSEOFINADEQUATECOMPUTINGPROCESSINGCAPACITYTELLER2003SUGGESTEDANINNOVATIVESOLUTIONTOOVERCOMETHEPROBLEMOFCOMPUTATIONALCOMPLEXITYINATHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISHEINVESTIGATEDTHEANGULARAREAOFTHESKYOBSERVABLETHROUGHOUTTHEURBANENVIRONMENTTOANALYZE“SKYOPENING”FROMLOCATIONSTHISMETHODOFFERSASCALEINVARIANTMEASUREOFTHEENVIRONMENT,WHICHTELLERRECOMMENDEDASAPRACTICALWAYTOAVOIDTHESCALEDEPENDENCYOFMANYMEASURESOFISOVISTS,SUCHASAREAORVISUALINTEGRATIONHESUGGESTEDTHATAPARTFROMOFFERINGEXAMPLESOFTYPICALVALUES,THEMETHODISALSOUSEFULFORCLASSIFYINGTOWNSQUARESANDINVESTIGATINGTHEEFFECTOFNEWBUILDINGSONTHEPERCEPTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTARELATEDAPPROACHWASESTABLISHEDBYRATTI2002,WHOMAPPEDTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFPERCEIVEDSKYAREAFROMVARIOUSPOSITIONSTHATGIVEAWEIGHTEDDIRECTIONALMEASUREOFVISUALOPENNESSTURNER2003A,2003BARGUEDTHATALTHOUGHTHESEINNOVATIVETECHNIQUESADDATHREEDIMENSIONALQUALITY,THEYCANNOTBEBROKENDOWNINTOTHERECENTUSESOFVISIBILITYANALYSIS,WHICHCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOCATEGORIES1CLASSIFICATIONAND2ASSESSMENTOFTHEPERCEPTUALQUALITIESOFTHEENVIRONMENTTHEPRESENTSTUDYEXTENDSTHEARGUMENTTHATTHEVISIBILITYANALYSISOFTHEPROPOSEDPLANTINGDESIGNSCOULDDETECTTHESPECIFICEFFECTSOFSPATIALPROPERTIESCAUSEDBYVARIOUSPLANTINGARRANGEMENTSINLANDSCAPEDESIGN23SPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXISARESEARCHPROGRAMTHATSTUDIESTHECORRELATIONBETWEENHUMANSOCIETIESANDSPACEFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHEGENERALTHEORYOFTHESTRUCTUREOFPOPULATEDSPACEINALLITSDIFFERENTFORMSBUILDINGS,SETTLEMENTS,CITIES,ANDLANDSCAPESHILLIER,1996HILLIERANDHANSON,1998BAFNA,2003KOOHSARIETAL,2013SPACESYNTAXISALSODEFINEDASAGRAPHBASEDTHEORYUSEDBYARCHITECTSANDURBANDESIGNERSTOEXAMINEHOWTHESPATIALLAYOUTOFBUILDINGSANDCITIESINFLUENCESTHEECONOMIC,SOCIAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALOUTCOMESOFHUMANMOVEMENTANDSOCIALINTERACTIONDAWSON,2002ITSTECHNIQUESOFFERPRECISEQUANTITATIVEDESCRIPTIONSOFTHEWAYINWHICHTHEBUILTSPACESOFASETTINGAREORGANIZEDHILLIERETAL,1983ACCORDINGTOHILLIERANDHANSON1984,THESOCIALMEANINGOFTHEENVIRONMENTARISESFROMSPATIALCOMPOSITION,ANDTHETOPOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFANENVIRONMENTISAPRIMARYELEMENTBYWHICHASOCIETYCREATESANDESTABLISHESROLESTODEVELOPSOMETYPESOFSOCIALRELATIONSHIPSTHEREFORE,CONSTRUCTEDENVIRONMENTALSPATIALPATTERNSINCORPORATEANDGIVESHAPETOSOCIALPATTERNSSPACESYNTAXISBUILTONTWORECOGNIZEDIDEASTHATATTEMPTTOREFLECTBOTHTHEOBJECTIVITYOFSPACEANDOURINTUITIVEENGAGEMENTHILLIERANDVAUGHAN,2007THEFIRSTIDEAISTHATWESHOULDTHINKOFSPACENOTASTHEBACKGROUNDTOHUMANACTIVITY,ASWETHINKOFITASTHEBACKGROUNDTOOBJECTS,BUTASANESSENTIALASPECTOFEVERYTHINGHUMANBEINGSDOINTHESENSEOFMOVINGTHROUGHSPACEMOVEMENTISESSENTIALLYLINEAR,ANDINTERFACEREQUIRESA“CONVEX”SPACEINWHICHALLPOINTSCANSEEALLOTHERSANDAVARIABLYSHAPED,OFTENSHARP,VISUALFIELDREFERREDTOASAN“ISOVIST”CANBE

簡介：2900英文單詞，英文單詞，16400英文字符，中文英文字符，中文4870字出處出處AYMAN,HASSAAN,MAHMOUD,ETALPLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLJFRONTIERSOFARCHITECTURALRESEARCH,2015,413545PLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLAYMAN，HASSAAN，MAHMOUD，REHAM，OMARABSTRACTTREESAREAMAJORFACTORINDEFININGTHESPATIALQUALITIESOFOUTDOORSPACESTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEINFLUENCEOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONPRODUCEDBYTHEPROPOSEDTREEPLANTINGDESIGNONTHEVISUALFIELDSOFANURBANPARKUSINGSPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXTHEORYASSUMESTHATANURBANAREACANBEREPRESENTEDASAMATRIXOFCONNECTEDSPACESTHEQUANTITATIVEPROPERTIESOFTHISMATRIXINTHEFORMOFSYNTACTICMEASURESCANBEMEASUREDUSINGCOMPUTERSIMULATIONSTHISRESEARCHINVESTIGATESHOWSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESCANHELPASSESSTHEEFFECTOFTREECONFIGURATIONSONTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFASMALLSCALEGARDENINANURBANPARKSUCHTECHNIQUESAREASSUMEDUSEFULINPREDICTINGTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFTHEPROPOSEDSPACEANDINASSESSINGDESIGNALTERNATIVESANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYUSINGTHREEDIFFERENTPLANTINGDESIGNPROPOSALSFORANURBANPARKISCONDUCTEDDATAAREANALYZEDUSINGSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESRESULTSREVEALASIGNIFICANTEFFECTOFPLANTINGCONFIGURATIONSONSYNTACTICMEASURESACROSSTHETHREEPROPOSALSTHISSTUDYSUGGESTSTHATSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESMAYHAVEASIGNIFICANTVALUEINTHEASSESSMENTOFSCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGN,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELKEYWORDSLANDSCAPEDESIGNSPACESYNTAXPLANTINGURBANPARKSCAIRO1INTRODUCTIONTHECURRENTLITERATUREHASINVESTIGATEDTHEINFLUENCEOFLANDSCAPEVEGETATIONONTHEFREQUENCYANDRANGEOFMOVEMENTSHRIVER,1997FOLTêTEANDPIOMBINI,2007CHAMBERLAINANDMEITNER,2013ANDONTHECHOICESOFROUTESINSPECIFICPLACESSUCHASPUBLICGARDENSLOITERONANDBISHOP,2005HOWEVER,THESESTUDIESAREFOCUSEDONPEDESTRIANBEHAVIORINSMALLANDCLOSEDSPACESZACHARIAS,1997MOSKELLANDALLRED,2013ANDINUNKNOWNAREASZACHARIAS,2006GENERALIZINGTHESEOBSERVATIONSINLARGE,FAMILIARENVIRONMENTSISNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHTHEPROCESSESOFSPACEPERCEPTIONTHATAFFECTMOVEMENTRESEARCHONMOVEMENTSINANINTRAURBANENVIRONMENTMUSTINTEGRATEALARGEAMOUNTOFQUALITATIVEDATATOGENERATEUSEFULINPUTSFORURBANPLANNINGR?E,2000STAHLEANDMARCUS,2010,SUCHASLANDSCAPESSUCHAPPROACHWILLHELPINUNDERSTANDINGHOWINDIVIDUALSCHOOSETHEIRROUTINETRIPSINANENVIRONMENTANDHOWSOCIALSTRUCTUREISAFFECTEDBYPEDESTRIANTRIPSVISUALREPRESENTATIONANDSIMULATIONTECHNIQUESARETRADITIONALLYUSEDTOHELPDESIGNERSINTHEDESIGNPROCESSTHESETECHNIQUESHELPINVISUALIZINGDESIGNCONCEPTSANDINEXPLORINGHOWPROPOSEDLAYOUTSMIGHTWORKINREALITYTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEUSEOFIDENTIFYINGTHEVISUALPROPERTIESOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONSINITIATEDBYPLANTINGDESIGNSINALANDSCAPESETTING11AIMOFTHESTUDYTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEEFFECTOFTHEPLANTINGDESIGNOFURBANPARKSBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONSOFASPACESYNTAXMODEL,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELTHISMETHODMAYHAVEANEXTENSIVEVALUEINTHEEVALUATIONPROCESSATTHESCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGNSTAGETHEMAINQUESTIONMOTIVATINGTHISSTUDYISWHETHERAPLANTINGDESIGNMETHODCANBEDEVELOPEDBYUSED“AGENTS”THATNAVIGATETHROUGHVRENVIRONMENTSTORETRIEVEISOVISTS,WHICHREPRESENTTHEMEASURESOFVISIBLESPACETHROUGHOUTCONFIGURATIONSANDTHEASSOCIATEDVISUALFIELDSTHROUGHTHESPACETHATTHEYPRODUCEBENEDIKT,1979A,1979BONTHECONTRARY,BATTYANDJIANG1999DEVELOPEDAPARALLEL“AGENTSYSTEM”TOCONSTRUCTISOVISTSEXTENDINGTHEWORKONISOVISTS,CONROY2001INVESTIGATEDTHEFORMALVISUALPROPERTIESOFPATHSTHATPEOPLETAKEWITHINCONTROLLEDEXPERIMENTSINVRENVIRONMENTSFISHERGEWIRTZMANANDWAGNER2002SUGGESTEDTHATVISIBILITYANALYSISSHOULDCOVERANDQUANTIFYTHETHIRDDIMENSIONASBENEDIKT1979A,1979BMANAGEDTOACHIEVEFORTWODIMENSIONSTHEYPROPOSEDATHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISOFTHE“SPATIALOPENNESS”O(jiān)RISOVISTVOLUMEOFVIEWSFROMFLATSHOWEVER,THEYRESTRICTEDTHEMSELVESTOATWODIMENSIONALISOVISTAREABECAUSEOFINADEQUATECOMPUTINGPROCESSINGCAPACITYTELLER2003SUGGESTEDANINNOVATIVESOLUTIONTOOVERCOMETHEPROBLEMOFCOMPUTATIONALCOMPLEXITYINATHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISHEINVESTIGATEDTHEANGULARAREAOFTHESKYOBSERVABLETHROUGHOUTTHEURBANENVIRONMENTTOANALYZE“SKYOPENING”FROMLOCATIONSTHISMETHODOFFERSASCALEINVARIANTMEASUREOFTHEENVIRONMENT,WHICHTELLERRECOMMENDEDASAPRACTICALWAYTOAVOIDTHESCALEDEPENDENCYOFMANYMEASURESOFISOVISTS,SUCHASAREAORVISUALINTEGRATIONHESUGGESTEDTHATAPARTFROMOFFERINGEXAMPLESOFTYPICALVALUES,THEMETHODISALSOUSEFULFORCLASSIFYINGTOWNSQUARESANDINVESTIGATINGTHEEFFECTOFNEWBUILDINGSONTHEPERCEPTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTARELATEDAPPROACHWASESTABLISHEDBYRATTI2002,WHOMAPPEDTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFPERCEIVEDSKYAREAFROMVARIOUSPOSITIONSTHATGIVEAWEIGHTEDDIRECTIONALMEASUREOFVISUALOPENNESSTURNER2003A,2003BARGUEDTHATALTHOUGHTHESEINNOVATIVETECHNIQUESADDATHREEDIMENSIONALQUALITY,THEYCANNOTBEBROKENDOWNINTOTHERECENTUSESOFVISIBILITYANALYSIS,WHICHCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOCATEGORIES1CLASSIFICATIONAND2ASSESSMENTOFTHEPERCEPTUALQUALITIESOFTHEENVIRONMENTTHEPRESENTSTUDYEXTENDSTHEARGUMENTTHATTHEVISIBILITYANALYSISOFTHEPROPOSEDPLANTINGDESIGNSCOULDDETECTTHESPECIFICEFFECTSOFSPATIALPROPERTIESCAUSEDBYVARIOUSPLANTINGARRANGEMENTSINLANDSCAPEDESIGN23SPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXISARESEARCHPROGRAMTHATSTUDIESTHECORRELATIONBETWEENHUMANSOCIETIESANDSPACEFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHEGENERALTHEORYOFTHESTRUCTUREOFPOPULATEDSPACEINALLITSDIFFERENTFORMSBUILDINGS,SETTLEMENTS,CITIES,ANDLANDSCAPESHILLIER,1996HILLIERANDHANSON,1998BAFNA,2003KOOHSARIETAL,2013SPACESYNTAXISALSODEFINEDASAGRAPHBASEDTHEORYUSEDBYARCHITECTSANDURBANDESIGNERSTOEXAMINEHOWTHESPATIALLAYOUTOFBUILDINGSANDCITIESINFLUENCESTHEECONOMIC,SOCIAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALOUTCOMESOFHUMANMOVEMENTANDSOCIALINTERACTIONDAWSON,2002ITSTECHNIQUESOFFERPRECISEQUANTITATIVEDESCRIPTIONSOFTHEWAYINWHICHTHEBUILTSPACESOFASETTINGAREORGANIZEDHILLIERETAL,1983ACCORDINGTOHILLIERANDHANSON1984,THESOCIALMEANINGOFTHEENVIRONMENTARISESFROMSPATIALCOMPOSITION,ANDTHETOPOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFANENVIRONMENTISAPRIMARYELEMENTBYWHICHASOCIETYCREATESANDESTABLISHESROLESTODEVELOPSOMETYPESOFSOCIALRELATIONSHIPSTHEREFORE,CONSTRUCTEDENVIRONMENTALSPATIALPATTERNSINCORPORATEANDGIVESHAPETOSOCIALPATTERNSSPACESYNTAXISBUILTONTWORECOGNIZEDIDEASTHATATTEMPTTOREFLECTBOTHTHEOBJECTIVITYOFSPACEANDOURINTUITIVEENGAGEMENTHILLIERANDVAUGHAN,2007THEFIRSTIDEAISTHATWESHOULDTHINKOFSPACENOTASTHEBACKGROUNDTOHUMANACTIVITY,ASWETHINKOFITASTHEBACKGROUNDTOOBJECTS,BUTASANESSENTIALASPECTOFEVERYTHINGHUMANBEINGSDOINTHESENSEOFMOVINGTHROUGHSPACEMOVEMENTISESSENTIALLYLINEAR,ANDINTERFACEREQUIRESA“CONVEX”SPACEINWHICHALLPOINTSCANSEEALLOTHERSANDAVARIABLYSHAPED,OFTENSHARP,VISUALFIELDREFERREDTOASAN“ISOVIST”CANBE

簡介：字數英文字數英文25072507單詞，單詞，1379813798字符；中文字符；中文41044104漢字漢字出處出處N?ITAVSKA,ITAVSKA,AMENGOTSDIGITALMENGOTSDIGITALTOOLSTOOLSININLANDSCAPELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREJARCHITECTUREJSCIENTIFICSCIENTIFICJOURNALJOURNALOFOFLATVIALATVIAUNIVERSITYUNIVERSITYOFOFAGRICULTUREAGRICULTURELANDSCAPELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREARCHITECTUREANDANDART2017,11114250ART2017,11114250外文文獻外文文獻DIGITALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREABSTRACTNOWADAYSPROFESSIONALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREAREMORERELATEDTODIGITALTOOLSLANDSCAPEARCHITECTS’HANDPOWEREDTOOLSHAVEBEENREPLACEDBYCOMPUTERSANDDIGITALTOOLSWHERETHETRADITIONALTECHNIQUESARESUPPLEMENTEDWITH3DMODELLINGANDANIMATIONFORLANDSCAPEPLANNINGINDIFFERENTSCALESANDFORDIFFERENTPROJECTSLEVELSTHEMAINAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOUNDERSTANDANDANALYSETHEUSEOFDIGITALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGINLATVIAFORTHECOLLECTIONOFDATAFORTHISSTUDYAQUESTIONNAIREWASDESIGNEDANDSENTTOLATVIANLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPLANNERSTHEQUESTIONSITINCLUDEDWEREONHOWLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPLANNERSUSEDIGITALTOOLSFORTHEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEIRSKETCHESANDIDEASANDONWHATKINDOFDIGITALTOOLSTHEYUSEINDIFFERENTLANDSCAPETYPESANDSCALESRESULTSSHOWEDTHATALLTHESURVEYEDLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSUSEDIGITALTOOLSINTHEIREVERYDAYPROFESSIONALPRACTICE–FORLANDSCAPEDESIGNORASSESSMENTMOSTOFTHEMALSOSTILLUSETHETRADITIONALDRAWINGSBYHANDFORDRAFTSKETCHESANDIDEAS,BUTFORCOMMUNICATIONWITHPUBLIC,PROJECTSANDDESIGNSELABORATEDBYDIGITALTOOLSAREUSEDLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSHAVEEMPHASIZEDTHEGREATPOTENTIALOFDIGITALTOOLSFORENHANCINGCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTANDTHEPOTENTIALUSERDIGITALTOOLSVISUALIZATIONS,ANIMATIONS,3DMODELS,ETCALLOWTHEPOTENTIALUSERTOPARTICIPATEINTHELANDSCAPEPLANNINGPROCESSANDEASILYIMAGINETHELANDSCAPEBEFOREITISCREATEDTODAYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSUSEDIGITALTOOLSTOPRODUCETHEFINALPROJECTPRESENTATIONINPLANNINGANDCOMMUNICATINGABOUTLANDSCAPEPLANNING,CONSERVATION,RENOVATION,ORINSTALLINGISSUESINSEVERALSTUDIESTHEUSEOFDIGITALTOOLSHASBEENPARTICULARLYEMPHASIZEDINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGINORDERTOIMPROVETHEPROJECTPERCEPTIONANDCOMMUNICATIONAMONGLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPROFESSIONALS,RESIDENTS,CLIENTSASWELLASCOLLEAGUESTHEUSEOFTHESEDIGITALTOOLSISDIVERSE,ANDITISADJUSTABLETOTHEPROJECTSOFDIFFERENTSCALESANDCOMPLEXITYINDIFFERENTSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENTILLUSTRATIVE,IMMERSIVE,INTERACTIVE,INTUITIVEANDINTENSIVESO,ONEOFTHEASPECTSISTHECOMMUNICATIONWITHCLIENTSANDRESIDENTSAPARTOFTHISCOMMUNICATIONISTHEEMOTIONALDESIGNWHICHDOESNOTDEPICTTHEREALFUNCTIONOFLANDSCAPEORREALPROPORTIONS,BUTINFLUENCETHECLIENTSANDRESIDENTSTHROUGHARTISTICTOOLSATTHEEMOTIONALLEVELTHEAUTHORSINTHEIRSTUDYCALLTHATKINDOFEMOTIONALDESIGNA“WOWEFFECT”WHICHWORKSNOTONLYINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREBUTALSOINALLTHEDESIGNFIELDSTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDANDITISMOREORIENTEDTOWARDSSELLINGOFTHEPRODUCTOVERALL,THERESULTOFTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECT’SWORK–APROJECTORANINSTALLEDOBJECT–INCLUDESTHEEMOTIONALASPECTOFART,THEREFOREITALWAYSINVOLVESASUBJECTIVEEVALUATIONEXACTLYWHATLANDSCAPEELEMENTSORPROJECTPARTSMUSTTHECLIENTSANDRESIDENTSMOSTOFTENEVALUATEORREADFROMTHEDESIGNSMADEBYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSDOESTHEUSEOFVERSATILEDIGITALTOOLSMAKEITEASIERANDWITHHIGHERQUALITATYTOPERCEIVETHELANDSCAPEELEMENTSCOMMUNICATIONHASALWAYSBEENACKNOWLEDGEDTOBEONEOFTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTASPECTSINTHEPROCESSOFLANDSCAPEDESIGNTHECOMMUNICATIONPROCESSMAINLYTAKESPLACEBETWEENTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTANDTHECLIENTS,ASWELLASBETWEENTWOPROFESSIONALSITISESSENTIALWHENAPROJECTISBEINGPREPAREDFORREALCONSTRUCTIONMOSTOFTENINLANDSCAPECHARACTERISATIONSUCHELEMENTSASTERRAIN,BUILDINGORARCHITECTURALOBJECTS,VEGETATION,ROADS,SURFACING,WATERELEMENTSAREUSED,WHICHOVERALLCHARACTERISETHEVERSATILEESSENCEOFTHELANDSCAPEINITSELEMENTSBUTALSO,SUCHFACTORSASTHEACCESSIBILITYOFTHELANDSCAPE,ITSSCALE,COLOUR,TEXTUREANDTHE

簡介：SCIENTIFICJOURNALOFLATVIAUNIVERSITYOFAGRICULTURELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDART,VOLUME11,NUMBER1142DIGITALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTURENATALIJA?ITAVSKA,ARTūRSMENGOTS,LATVIAUNIVERSITYOFAGRICULTUREABSTRACTNOWADAYSPROFESSIONALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREAREMORERELATEDTODIGITALTOOLSLANDSCAPEARCHITECTS’HANDPOWEREDTOOLSHAVEBEENREPLACEDBYCOMPUTERSANDDIGITALTOOLSWHERETHETRADITIONALTECHNIQUESARESUPPLEMENTEDWITH3DMODELLINGANDANIMATIONFORLANDSCAPEPLANNINGINDIFFERENTSCALESANDFORDIFFERENTPROJECTSLEVELSTHEMAINAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOUNDERSTANDANDANALYSETHEUSEOFDIGITALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGINLATVIAFORTHECOLLECTIONOFDATAFORTHISSTUDYAQUESTIONNAIREWASDESIGNEDANDSENTTOLATVIANLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPLANNERSTHEQUESTIONSITINCLUDEDWEREONHOWLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPLANNERSUSEDIGITALTOOLSFORTHEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEIRSKETCHESANDIDEASANDONWHATKINDOFDIGITALTOOLSTHEYUSEINDIFFERENTLANDSCAPETYPESANDSCALESRESULTSSHOWEDTHATALLTHESURVEYEDLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSUSEDIGITALTOOLSINTHEIREVERYDAYPROFESSIONALPRACTICE–FORLANDSCAPEDESIGNORASSESSMENTMOSTOFTHEMALSOSTILLUSETHETRADITIONALDRAWINGSBYHANDFORDRAFTSKETCHESANDIDEAS,BUTFORCOMMUNICATIONWITHPUBLIC,PROJECTSANDDESIGNSELABORATEDBYDIGITALTOOLSAREUSEDLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSHAVEEMPHASIZEDTHEGREATPOTENTIALOFDIGITALTOOLSFORENHANCINGCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTANDTHEPOTENTIALUSERDIGITALTOOLSVISUALIZATIONS,ANIMATIONS,3DMODELS,ETCALLOWTHEPOTENTIALUSERTOPARTICIPATEINTHELANDSCAPEPLANNINGPROCESSANDEASILYIMAGINETHELANDSCAPEBEFOREITISCREATEDTODAYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSUSEDIGITALTOOLSTOPRODUCETHEFINALPROJECTPRESENTATIONIMAGESVISUALIZATIONSINTHELANDSCAPEPLANNINGPROCESSESFORSELLINGOFTHEPROJECTHOWEVER,WEBELIEVETHATINFUTURETHEREISAPOTENTIALFORUSINGDIGITALTOOLSMOREASACOMMUNICATIONTOOL,WHICHCANHELPINCONTACTINGCLIENTSATVARIOUSLEVELSOFTHEPROJECTIMPLEMENTATION,ESPECIALLYINTHEEARLYSTAGESOFTHEDESIGNKEYWORDSDIGITALTOOLS,VISUALCOMMUNICATION,LANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREINTRODUCTIONTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECT’SDAILYWORKISASSOCIATEDWITHLANDSCAPINGPROJECTSOFVARYINGSCALES,SPECIFICSANDLEVELS,LANDSCAPERESEARCHORLANDSCAPEMANAGEMENTPLANNINGTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTSPROFESSIONISCOMPARATIVELYNEW–DATINGBACKALITTLEOVERAHUNDREDYEARSAGO,WHENIN1863THEBOARDOFCENTRALPARKCOMMISSIONINNEWYORKCITYAPPROVEDALANDSCAPEARCHITECTSPOSITIONSINCETHEN,THISNEWPROFESSIONHADOFFICIALLYGAINEDMORESTABILITYANDRECOGNITIONINITSDEVELOPMENTINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREARTSANDPROFESSIONALKNOWLEDGEINTHEFIELDOFLANDSCAPEPLANNINGASWELLASSOCIAL,ECOLOGICALANDMENTALASPECTSARECLOSELYINTERTWINEDTHERESULTSOFDAYTODAYLANDSCAPEARCHITECT’SWORKAREOFTENSUBJECTTOPUBLICCRITICISMANDPERCEPTION,THUSINFLUENCINGTHEIVOLVEMENTOFTHERESIDENTSINTHEISSUESOFLANDSCAPECONSERVATION,PLANNING,DESIGNANDINSTALLATION1HOWDOINFORMATIONTRANSFERANDCOMMUNICATIONTAKEPLACEWHATTOOLSCANALANDSCAPEARCHITECTUSETOMOREEFFECTIVELYPREPAREQUALITYINFORMATION,SIMULTANEOUSLYMAKINGITEASIERFORTHERESIDENTSANDCLIENTSTOPERCEIVETHEIDEASNOWADAYSMOREANDMOREDIGITALTOOLSAREBEINGUSEDINTHEFIELDOFLANDSCAPEARCHITECTURE,WHICH,ONTHEONEHANDFACILITATESTHEPRESENTATIONOFTHERESULTSOFTHEREMOTELANDSCAPEARCHITECTSWORK,BUTONTHEOTHERHANDREDUCESTHEPOSSIBILITYOFUSINGTRADITIONALDRAWINGMETHODSWITHOUTADDITIONALPROCESSINGANDALSOLEAVESNOROOMFORDIRECTCOMMUNICATIONDIGITALTOOLSALLOWTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTSTOUSENEWAPPROACHESANDMETHODSINPLANNINGANDCOMMUNICATINGABOUTLANDSCAPEPLANNING,CONSERVATION,RENOVATION,ORINSTALLINGISSUES2INSEVERALSTUDIESTHEUSEOFDIGITALTOOLSHASBEENPARTICULARLYEMPHASIZEDINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGINORDERTOIMPROVETHEPROJECTPERCEPTIONANDCOMMUNICATIONAMONGLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPROFESSIONALS,RESIDENTS,CLIENTSASWELLASCOLLEAGUES3456THEUSEOFTHESEDIGITALTOOLSISDIVERSE,ANDITISADJUSTABLETOTHEPROJECTSOFDIFFERENTSCALESANDCOMPLEXITYINDIFFERENTSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENTILLUSTRATIVE,IMMERSIVE,INTERACTIVE,INTUITIVEANDINTENSIVE7SO,ONEOFTHEASPECTSISTHECOMMUNICATIONWITHCLIENTSANDRESIDENTSAPARTOFTHISCOMMUNICATIONISTHEEMOTIONALDESIGNWHICHDOESNOTDEPICTTHEREALFUNCTIONOFLANDSCAPEORREALPROPORTIONS,BUTINFLUENCETHECLIENTSANDRESIDENTSTHROUGHARTISTICTOOLSATTHEEMOTIONALLEVELTHEAUTHORSINTHEIRSTUDYCALLTHATKINDOFEMOTIONALDESIGNA“WOWEFFECT”WHICHWORKSNOTONLYINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREBUTALSOINALLTHEDESIGNFIELDSTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDANDITISMOREORIENTEDTOWARDSSELLINGOFTHEPRODUCT8OVERALL,THERESULTOFTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECT’SWORK–APROJECTORANINSTALLEDOBJECT–INCLUDESTHEEMOTIONALASPECTOFART,THEREFOREITALWAYSINVOLVESASUBJECTIVEEVALUATIONEXACTLYWHATLANDSCAPEELEMENTSORPROJECTPARTSMUSTTHECLIENTSANDRESIDENTSMOSTOFTENEVALUATEORREADFROMTHEDESIGNSMADEBYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSDOESTHEUSEOFVERSATILEDIGITALTOOLSMAKEITEASIERANDWITHHIGHERQUALITATYTOPERCEIVETHELANDSCAPEELEMENTSCOMMUNICATIONHASALWAYSBEENACKNOWLEDGEDTOBEONEOFTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTASPECTSINTHEPROCESSOFLANDSCAPEDESIGNDOI1022616/JLANDARCHART20171105SCIENTIFICJOURNALOFLATVIAUNIVERSITYOFAGRICULTURELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDART,VOLUME11,NUMBER1144FIG1THESTAGESOFTHEEVALUATIONPROCESSOFTHEPERCEPTIONASPECTSOFVISUALISATIONTYPESCREATEDBYTHEAUTHORS,2017THEVISUALMATERIALSWEREPREPAREDFORTRADITIONSQUAREOFTHETOWNOFPLAVINAS,INLATVIADURINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHETECHNICALPROJECTINJANUARY/FEBRUARYO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簡介：HOSTEDBYWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/FOARAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMRESEARCHARTICLEPLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLAYMANHASSAANMAHMOUDA,N,REHAMHOMARBADEPARTMENTOFARCHITECTURE,FACULTYOFENGINEERING,CAIROUNIVERSITY,GIZA12211,EGYPTBTHECANADIANINTERNATIONALCOLLEGE,EGYPTRECEIVED27FEBRUARY2014RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM31AUGUST2014ACCEPTED1SEPTEMBER2014KEYWORDSLANDSCAPEDESIGNSPACESYNTAXPLANTINGURBANPARKSCAIROABSTRACTTREESAREAMAJORFACTORINDEFININGTHESPATIALQUALITIESOFOUTDOORSPACESTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEINFLUENCEOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONPRODUCEDBYTHEPROPOSEDTREEPLANTINGDESIGNONTHEVISUALFIELDSOFANURBANPARKUSINGSPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXTHEORYASSUMESTHATANURBANAREACANBEREPRESENTEDASAMATRIXOFCONNECTEDSPACESTHEQUANTITATIVEPROPERTIESOFTHISMATRIXINTHEFORMOFSYNTACTICMEASURESCANBEMEASUREDUSINGCOMPUTERSIMULATIONSTHISRESEARCHINVESTIGATESHOWSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESCANHELPASSESSTHEEFFECTOFTREECONFIGURATIONSONTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFASMALLSCALEGARDENINANURBANPARKSUCHTECHNIQUESAREASSUMEDUSEFULINPREDICTINGTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFTHEPROPOSEDSPACEANDINASSESSINGDESIGNALTERNATIVESANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYUSINGTHREEDIFFERENTPLANTINGDESIGNPROPOSALSFORANURBANPARKISCONDUCTEDDATAAREANALYZEDUSINGSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESRESULTSREVEALASIGNIFICANTEFFECTOFPLANTINGCONFIGURATIONSONSYNTACTICMEASURESACROSSTHETHREEPROPOSALSTHISSTUDYSUGGESTSTHATSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESMAYHAVEASIGNIFICANTVALUEINTHEASSESSMENTOFSCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGN,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELFOLTêTEANDPIOMBINI,2007CHAMBERLAINANDMEITNER,2013ANDONTHECHOICESOFROUTESINSPECIFICPLACESSUCHASPUBLICGARDENSLOITERONANDBISHOP,2005HOWEVER,THESESTUDIESAREFOCUSEDONPEDESTRIANBEHAVIORINSMALLANDCLOSEDSPACESZACHARIAS,1997MOSKELLANDALLRED,2013ANDINUNKNOWNAREASZACHARIAS,2006GENERALIZINGTHESEOBSERVATIONSINLARGE,FAMILIARENVIRONMENTSISNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHTHEPROCESSESOFSPACEPERCEPTIONTHATAFFECTMOVEMENTRESEARCHHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JFOAR20140900120952635/HILLIERANDHANSON,1998BAFNA,2003KOOHSARIETAL,2013SPACESYNTAXISALSODEFINEDASAGRAPHBASEDTHEORYUSEDBYARCHITECTSANDURBANDESIGNERSTOEXAMINEHOWTHESPATIALLAYOUTOFBUILDINGSANDCITIESINFLUENCESTHEECONOMIC,SOCIAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALOUTCOMESOFHUMANMOVEMENTANDSOCIALINTERACTIONDAWSON,2002ITSTECHNIQUESOFFERPRECISEQUANTITATIVEDESCRIPTIONSOFTHEWAYINWHICHTHEBUILTSPACESOFASETTINGAREORGANIZEDHILLIERETAL,1983ACCORDINGTOHILLIERANDHANSON1984,THESOCIALMEANINGOFTHEENVIRONMENTARISESFROMSPATIALCOMPOSITION,ANDTHETOPOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFANENVIRONMENTISAPRIMARYELEMENTBYWHICHASOCIETYCREATESANDESTABLISHESROLESTODEVELOPSOMETYPESOFSOCIALRELATIONSHIPSTHEREFORE,CONSTRUCTEDENVIRONMENTALSPATIALPATTERNSINCORPORATEANDGIVESHAPETOSOCIALPATTERNSSPACESYNTAXISBUILTONTWORECOGNIZEDIDEASTHATATTEMPTTOREFLECTBOTHTHEOBJECTIVITYOFSPACEANDOURINTUITIVEENGAGEMENTHILLIERANDVAUGHAN,2007THEFIRSTIDEAISTHATWESHOULDTHINKOFSPACENOTASTHEBACKGROUNDTOHUMANACTIVITY,ASWETHINKOFITASTHEBACKGROUNDTOOBJECTS,BUTASANESSENTIALASPECTOFEVERYTHINGHUMANBEINGSDOINTHESENSEOFMOVINGTHROUGHSPACEMOVEMENTISESSENTIALLYLINEAR,ANDINTERFACEREQUIRESA“CONVEX”SPACEINWHICHALLPOINTSCANSEEALLOTHERSANDAVARIABLYSHAPED,OFTENSHARP,VISUALFIELDREFERREDTOASAN“ISOVIST”CANBESEENFROMANYPOINTINSPACEBENEDIKT,1979A,1979BTHESECONDIDEA,CALLED“CONFIGURATIONOFSPACE,”INDICATESTHATHUMANSPACEISNOTONLYABOUTTHECHARACTERISTICSOFINDIVIDUALSPACESBUTALSOABOUTTHEINTERRELATIONSBETWEENTHEMANYSPACESTHATMAKEUPTHESPATIALLAYOUTOFABUILDINGORACITYTHECURRENTSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEEFFECTOFTHESPATIALCONFIGURATIONOFTREESONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFDESIGNPROPOSALSFORURBANPARKSUSINGSPACESYNTAXTHEORYTHERESULTSOFTHISWORKCOULDBEUSEDTOGENERATEASTRATEGICDESIGNFRAMEWORKBASEDONADETAILEDANALYSISOFSPATIALCONFIGURATION24SPACESYNTAXMETHODSAFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLEWITHINSPACESYNTAXTHEORYISTHATSOCIALSTRUCTUREISFUNDAMENTALLYSPATIALAND,INVERSELY,THECONFIGURATIONOFPOPULATEDSPACEHASAPRIMARILYSOCIALLOGICTHISPRINCIPLEISVERYIMPORTANTINLANDSCAPEDESIGN,WHICHSEEKSTOCREATEANOUTDOORENVIRONMENTFORPEOPLETOACCOMMODATETHEIRSOCIALINTERACTIONCONVERTINGTHELANDSCAPESPACETOADISCRETECONFIGURATIONISHELPFULBECAUSEDIFFERENTLABELSCANBEAPPLIEDTOITSINDIVIDUALPARTSTHESEPARTSCANTHENBEALLOCATEDTODIFFERENTGROUPS,PEOPLE,ORACTIVITIESVARIOUSRULESOFBEHAVIORANDCONVENTIONSCANBERELATEDTOVARIOUSPARTSOFTHELANDSCAPESPACEINDIVIDUALPARTSOFALANDSCAPESPACECANCARRYASPECIFICSYMBOLICORCULTURALVALUETHISPOINTOFVIEWWOULDUSUALLYIMPLYTHATTHEPLANNEDLANDSCAPESPACEIMPROVESTHEREADABILITYOFEXISTINGSOCIALSTRUCTURESSPACESYNTAXTHEORYREJECTSTHESTRAIGHTFORWARDSPACEASFORMANDSOCIETYASCONTENTDISTINCTIONHILLIERANDHANSON,1984THEFUNDAMENTALCONCEPTSOFSPACESYNTAXINCLUDE“INTEGRATION”AND“CONNECTIVITY”241INTEGRATIONTHE“INTEGRATION”O(jiān)FSPACEISAFUNCTIONOFTHEMEANNUMBEROFLINESANDCHANGESINDIRECTIONREQUIREDTOGOFROMTHATSPACETOALLOTHERSPACESINTHESPATIALSYSTEMINTEGRATIONISACCORDINGLYABOUT“SYNTACTIC”ANDNOT“METRIC”ACCESSIBILITY,ANDTHEEXPRESSION“DEPTH”RATHERTHAN“DISTANCE”ISUSEDTOILLUSTRATEHOWFARAGIVENSPACEISFROMANOTHERSPACEALLLINESINASPATIALLAYOUTHAVECERTAINDEPTHVALUESFROMEVERYOTHERLINETHEINTEGRATIONVALUEOFALINEISAMATHEMATICALWAYOFEXPRESSINGTHEDEPTHOFALINEFROMALLOTHERLINESINTHESYSTEMTHESEVALUESSIGNIFICANTLYDIFFERFROMONELINETOTHENEXTBUTAREONEOFTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTPROPERTIESOFARCHITECTURAL,URBAN,ANDLANDSCAPESPATIALCONFIGURATIONSHILLIERANDHANSON,1984,1998HILLIER,1996ACCORDINGTOORTEGAANDEANEETAL2005,ASPACEIS“INTEGRATED”WHENTHEOTHERSPACESHAVEARELATIVESHALLOWNESSINRELATIONTOITASPACEIS“SEGREGATED”WHENTHEOTHERSPACESHAVEARELATIVEDEPTHINRELATIONTOIT242CONNECTIVITYTHECONNECTIVITYOFANODECANBEDEFINEDASTHENUMBEROFOTHERNODESDIRECTLYCONNECTEDTOITCONNECTIVITY,PATHLENGTH,ANDCLUSTERINGCOEFFICIENTARETHREEKEYMEASURESFORATOPOLOGICALANALYSISOFAGIVENSPACETHEYCONSTITUTEESSENTIALMEASURESFOREXPLORINGSMALLWORLDANDSCALEFREEPROPERTIESSOMESTUDIESHAVEPOINTEDOUTTHATINTEGRATIONISCLOSELYRELATEDTOHUMANSPATIALBEHAVIORACONSISTENTRELATIONSHIPHASBEENFOUNDTOEXISTBETWEENTHESPATIALINTEGRATIONMEASUREOFANURBANSPACEANDTHEOBSERVEDHUMANMOVEMENTTHATFLOWSINITHILLIERETAL,1993A,1993BKIMANDPENN2005REPORTEDACONSISTENTRELATIONSHIPBETWEENSPATIALCOGNITIONANDSYNTACTICINTEGRATIONINURBANAREASAPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTRATEINANOUTDOORSPACECANBEPREDICTEDWITHOTHERSYNTACTICRESULTSFROMSPACESYNTAXANALYSISSEVERALSTUDIESHAVEBEENCONDUCTED37PLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKS

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簡介：點擊查看更多[雙語翻譯]--園林景觀建筑設計外文翻譯---民族、文化及公園設計： 城市公園案例研究精彩內容。

簡介：點擊查看更多園林碎枝機設計【農業(yè)機械】【12張cad圖紙】【優(yōu)秀】精彩內容。

簡介：園林景觀設計施工合同甲方棗莊市電力公司乙方XXXX綠地建設有限責任公司甲方因工程需要將在臺兒莊古城賓館項目的景觀工程委托給乙方進行設計，為有利雙方的友好合作，先簽訂以下合同一、甲方將臺兒莊古城賓館景觀工程項目委托給乙方進行設計；二、甲方應向乙方提供現場平面圖、標高圖、地下管線圖及整體鳥瞰圖；三、乙方應派出專業(yè)的設計人員到現場實地察看，并在10天內向甲方做出方案匯報，方案一旦確定，乙方確保在30日內提交施工圖供甲方審核；四、該工程的景觀設計費用為人民幣玖萬元，方案確定后，甲方向乙方先支付設計費用人民幣伍萬元。如該工程甲方交給乙方施工并雙方能夠達成施工協議，乙方免收該工程設計費用，已付的伍萬元設計費從乙方的工程款中扣除（如甲乙雙方不能達成施工協議，甲方應向乙方付清剩余的設計費用人民幣肆萬元）。乙方應向甲方提供必要的設計服務，直至工程竣工驗收簽字；五、雙方未盡事宜，可以再協商解決；六、合同一旦簽訂，即具有法律效應，任何一方違約將賠償對方所有經濟損失；七、如發(fā)生經濟糾紛，雙方協調不妥，將上訴人民法院2協助甲方編制硬景、軟景工程進度安排。3乙方應按設計周期要求提交下列詳細的硬景設計文件，供施工之用。包括1）硬質景觀詳圖和施工圖（包括各園林小品的立面圖、剖面圖，重點鋪裝圖，詳細的園景節(jié)點大樣圖），景觀配置指引圖及定位圖。A總平面圖；B鋪裝設計圖；C土方工程和斜坡等D標高設計圖；E局部的平面圖和剖面圖；F燈具照明圖；G噴泉水景相應的水電設備圖；2）軟景施工圖包括以下內容A喬木和灌木布置圖；B草地和地被植物；C土方工程和斜坡等；D景觀用給、排水平面、系統(tǒng)圖；E景觀配電平面圖及系統(tǒng)圖；F特殊的移植規(guī)范和圖則；G其他如小品參考圖片、具體尺寸、及部分供應商名稱甲方簽章乙方簽章年月日年月日

簡介：點擊查看更多園林景觀供電·照明設計施工手冊 [田建林 著] 2012年精彩內容。

簡介：目錄第一章第一章編制說明編制說明第一節(jié)編制原則第二節(jié)編制依據第二章第二章工程目標工程目標第三章第三章工程概況及特點工程概況及特點第一節(jié)工程概況第二節(jié)工程特點第四章第四章施工部署施工部署第五章第五章主要分項工程施工方法主要分項工程施工方法第一節(jié)園林綠化工程第二節(jié)鋪裝工程第三節(jié)園路工程（瀝青混凝土道路）第四節(jié)園林景觀建筑施工第五節(jié)園林電氣施工第六節(jié)園林給排水工程施工第六章第六章施工總平面布置及平面管理施工總平面布置及平面管理第一節(jié)施工總平面布置第二節(jié)施工平面管理第三節(jié)施工安全管理措施第七章第七章勞動力計劃及主要施工機械計劃勞動力計劃及主要施工機械計劃第一節(jié)勞動力安排計劃第二節(jié)主要施工機械設備進場計劃第三節(jié)農忙、節(jié)假日施工安排及勞動力保證措施第八章第八章施工進度計劃及保障措施施工進度計劃及保障措施第一章第一章編制說明編制說明第一節(jié)第一節(jié)編制原則編制原則本施工組織設計是根據招標人提供的設計圖紙、招標文件和現場考察結果，根據現行國家規(guī)范、標準，結合我公司多年來的施工經驗，針對本工程的具體情況和要求，經多次研究論證和方案比較，提出了我方中標將如何組織施工的總體框架構想。本方案主要從“主要施工方案”、“技術措施”、“質量保證體系及措施”、“施工進度計劃及保證措施”、“勞動力安排及主要機械設備配備計劃”、“文明安全施工措施”等幾大方面提出構想，宗旨是能為招標人更好地服務。如我公司中標，將在施工中進一步深化完善。為實現本工程“優(yōu)質、快速、安全、低耗”的施工目標，我們將“用我們的智慧和行動，實現對用戶的承諾”。目前，我公司已作好了相應的技術、資源準備，一旦我公司中標，即可開赴施工現場，立刻展開施工。第二節(jié)第二節(jié)編制依據編制依據1工程招標文件、現場實地考察情況以及招標人提供的工程全部施工圖紙和其他文獻資料等。2國家和行業(yè)頒布的有關法律、規(guī)范和標準。主要法律法規(guī)表主要法律法規(guī)表表11序號類別法規(guī)名稱編號1國家中華人民共和國建筑法2國家中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護法3國家中華人民共和國水污染防治法4國家中華人民共和國固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法5國家中華人民共和國環(huán)境噪聲污染防治法6國家中華人民共和國大氣污染防治法7國家中華人民共和國水法8國家中華人民共和國節(jié)約能源法9國家中華人民共和國消防法10國家建設工程安全生產管理條例

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簡介：ICSP江蘇省風景園林協會團體標準T/江蘇省風景園林規(guī)劃與設計收費標準江蘇省風景園林規(guī)劃與設計收費標準（征求意見稿）發(fā)布實施江蘇省風景園林協會江蘇省勘察設計行業(yè)協會發(fā)布CHSLA江蘇省風景園林協會公告第號江蘇省風景園林協會關于發(fā)布江蘇省團體標準江蘇省風景園林規(guī)劃與設計收費標準的公告現批準江蘇省風景園林規(guī)劃與設計收費標準為江蘇省團體標準，編號為T/,自201年月1日起實施。本標準由我協會組織出版社出版發(fā)行。江蘇省風景園林協會年月日

簡介：園林學習網園林學習網〓〓BBSYLSTUDYCOM〓施工組織設計施工組織設計一、編制依據及原則一、編制依據及原則21編制說明22編制依據23編制原則2二、施工準備工作和工序銜接二、施工準備工作和工序銜接31技術準備32物資準備53勞動組織準備64施工的場外準備75工序銜接7三、綠化工程施工方案三、綠化工程施工方案81場地準備82種植前土壤處理83苗木準備94苗木種植115大樹移植136草坪的種植137三葉草的播種15四、施工進度計劃四、施工進度計劃171施工總進度計劃說明172工期進度計劃17五確保工期的總體措施確保工期的總體措施181施工組織保障措施182合理的施工方案183搞好各種資源的供應194嚴格的管理與控制195機械、水、電等設施的施工保證20六、施工技術和安全措施六、施工技術和安全措施211確保安全生產的技術組織措施212確保工程質量的技術組織措施22七、其他施工措施七、其他施工措施261確保文明施工的技術組織措施262雨季施工技術措施273綠化成活保證措施284養(yǎng)護分月作業(yè)計劃及養(yǎng)護管理措施291園林學習網園林學習網〓〓BBSYLSTUDYCOM〓在制定施工方案中，充分發(fā)揮我公司設計、施工的優(yōu)勢和專業(yè)化、機械化聯合作業(yè)的特點，堅持科學組織、合理安排、均衡生產，確保高速度、高質量、高效益的完成本工程的建設。33根據項目施工方法中的施工原則組織工程的施工通過與貴方、監(jiān)理等單位的合作，綜合運作人員、機械、物資、資金和信息，實現質量和造價的最佳組合。二、施工準備工作和工序銜接二、施工準備工作和工序銜接工程項目施工準備工作按其性質及內容通常包括技術準備、物資準備、勞動組織準備、施工現場準備和施工場外準備。1技術準備技術準備技術準備是施工準備的核心。由于任何技術的差錯或隱患都可能引起人身安全和質量事故，造成生命、財產和經濟的巨大損失。因此必須認真地做好技術準備工作。具體有如下內容11熟悉、審查施工圖紙和有關的設計資料111熟悉建設單位和設計單位提供的初步設計或擴大初步設計（技術設計）、施工圖設計、園林總平面設計、種植設計和城市規(guī)劃等相關資料文件。設計、施工驗收規(guī)范和有關技術規(guī)定。112審查設計圖紙是否完整、齊全，以及設計圖紙和資料是否符合國家有關工程建設的設計，施工方面的方針和政策。113審查設計圖紙與說明書在內容上是否一致，以及設計圖紙與其各組成部分之間有無矛盾和錯誤。114審查設備安裝圖紙與其相配合的土建施工圖紙在坐標、標高上是否一致。115審查設計圖紙中的工程復雜、施工難度大小和管理水平能否滿足工期和質量要求并采取可行的技術措施加以保證。116工程所用的主要材料尤其是植物材料、設備的數量、規(guī)格、來源和3