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簡介：4800英文單詞，英文單詞，28000英文字符，中文英文字符，中文9100字文獻出處文獻出處WATTSLK,WAGNERJ,VELASQUEZB,ETALCYBERBULLYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONALITERATUREREVIEWJCOMPUTERSINHUMANBEHAVIOR,2017,69268274CYBERBULLYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONALITERATUREREVIEWLYNETTEKWATTS,JESSYCAWAGNER,BENITOVELASQUEZ,PHYLLISIBEHRENSABSTRACTWITHTHEMOREPERVASIVEUSEOFTECHNOLOGY,THEPREVALENCEOFCYBERBULLYINGHASINCREASEDUNIVERSITIESANDCOLLEGESHAVEIMPLEMENTEDMOREWAYSTOREACHSTUDENTSOVERTHEINTERNETANDBYOTHERELECTRONICMEANSCONSEQUENTLY,ITISIMPORTANTTOINVESTIGATETHEPREVALENCEOFCYBERBULLYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONTHISLITERATUREREVIEWWASCREATEDTORAISEAWARENESSOFTHISCONTINUINGTRENDOFCYBERBULLYINGAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSCYBERBULLYINGISDEFINEDASINTENTTOCONSISTENTLYHARASSANOTHERINDIVIDUALTOCAUSEHARMVIAANYELECTRONICMETHOD,INCLUDINGSOCIALMEDIA,ANDINCLUDESDEFAMATION,PUBLICDISCLOSUREOFPRIVATEFACTS,ANDINTENTIONALEMOTIONALDISTRESSANEXHAUSTIVESEARCHOFCURRENTLITERATUREWASCONDUCTEDUSINGAVARIETYOFDATABASESINCLUDINGACADEMICSEARCHCOMPLETE,EDUCATIONSOURCE,EJOURNALS,ERIC,PSYCARTICLES,PSYCHOLOGYANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCESCOLLECTION,ANDPSYCINFOGOOGLE,GOOGLESCHOLAR,ANDREFERENCELISTSFROMKEYSTUDIESWEREALSOUSEDTOGATHERRELEVANTSTUDIESFORINCLUSIONINTHISREVIEWARTICLESWEREUSEDTODEFINECYBERBULLYING,BUILDAHISTORICALBASEOFCYBERBULLYINGAMONGADOLESCENTS,EXAMINEFACTORSINVOLVEDINCYBERBULLYING,DESCRIBEEFFECTSOFCYBERBULLYING,ANDEXAMINETHISTRENDAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSSTRATEGIESSUCHASREPORTING,MONITORINGONLINEINTERACTIONS,ANDLEGALACTIONSTOADDRESSCYBERBULLYINGINALLAREASOFEDUCATIONWEREINCLUDEDFUTURERESEARCHSHOULDINVESTIGATEIFEDUCATIONALPROGRAMSLEADTODECREASEDCYBERBULLYING,INCREASEDRATESOFREPORTING,ANDHOWCYBERBULLYINGMAYCHANGESOCIALMEDIAETIQUETTEKEYWORDSHIGHEREDUCATIONCYBERBULLYINGCYBERBULLYINGPREVALENCECYBERBULLYINGAWARENESSSOCIALMEDIACYBERBULLYING1INTRODUCTIONTHEINTERNETCANHAVEANIMPACTONUSERSSOCIALLYANDPSYCHOLOGICALLYBESSIERE,PRESSMAN,KIESLER,KRAUTETAL,1998,2002MOREINDIVIDUALSAREUSINGTHEINTERNETFORSOCIALCOMMUNICATIONWITHEMAIL,INSTANTMESSAGING,CHATROOMS,ANDGAMINGALONGWITHGENERALINFORMATIONRETRIEVAL,HEALTHRESOURCES,ANDENTERTAINMENTBESSIEREETAL,2010KRAUTETAL,2002WHILETHEUSEOFTHEINTERNETHASITSBENEFITS,THEREHASBEENMUCHSPECULATIONASTOWHETHERTHEINTERNETMAYALSOBEHARMFULTOONESSOCIALANDPSYCHOLOGICALWELLBEINGTHEARGUMENTHASBEENPRESENTEDTHEINTERNETCOULDCAUSEUSERSTOBECOMESOCIALLYINEPTANDISOLATED,WHEREASOTHERSBELIEVETHEINCREASEDINTERACTIONCOULDIMPROVESOCIALRELATIONSHIPSKRAUTETAL,1998UNFORTUNATELY,THEUSEOFTHEINTERNETTOPERPETRATECYBERBULLYINGMAYPRESENTASTRONGERARGUMENTFORTHEDETRIMENTALEFFECTSOFTHETECHNOLOGYBULLYINGISAMAJORPROBLEMINTODAYSSOCIETYANDOCCURSATMANYDIFFERENTAGESANDINMANYDIFFERENTFORMSWITHTHEINCREASEINTHEUSEOFTECHNOLOGY,ADISTURBINGTRENDWORLDWIDEISCYBERBULLYING,WHEREINDIVIDUALSCANHARASSOTHERSONLINETHROUGHEMAILS,TEXTMESSAGING,ANDSOCIALMEDIAWEBSITES24HADAY,SEVENDAYSAWEEKTHEANONYMITYCYBERBULLYINGPROVIDESGIVESBULLIESASENSEOFPOWERANDCONTROLTHATOTHERWISEMIGHTNOTBEPRESENTIFTHEYWEREFACETOFACEWITHTHEIRVICTIMSALSO,THEPREVALENCEOFTHISTOPICINCURRENTNEWSANDMEDIACANBEEMPOWERINGTOANINDIVIDUALBECAUSEOFGAINEDPUBLICITY,EVENIFHEORSHEISTHEONLYONEAWAREWITHTHEINTENTOFHARMING,EMBARRASSING,ORDAMAGINGTHEOTHERINDIVIDUALBEALEBERAN,RINALDI,BICKHAM,BHAT,2008MASON,2008PATCHINAKBULUT,SAHIN,FINN,2004MACDONALDHOWEVER,CYBERBULLYINGVIASOCIALNETWORKINGSITESSUCHASFACEBOOK,TWITTER,ANDYOUTUBEAPPEARSTOBEGAININGINPOPULARITYBECAUSEOFTHEABILITYOFTHEMASSESTOWITNESSAND/ORPARTICIPATEINTHEATTACKSBRACKFESTLLENHART,MADDEN,PURCELL,ZICKUHR,MACDONALDRAFFERTYWHITTAKERSHEEXPLAINEDWITHOUTTHESEELEMENTS,ITISDIFFICULTTOLABELASINGLEMALICIOUSACTASBULLYING/CYBERBULLYING4HISTORICALPERSPECTIVEHISTORICALLY,STUDIESREGARDINGCYBERBULLYINGHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDAMONGYOUNGADOLESCENTSWITHFEWERSTUDIESOCCURRINGATTHECOLLEGELEVELTHISREVIEWISGEAREDTOWARDCYBERBULLYINGINCIDENCESAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSHOWEVER,AHISTORICALCONTEXTCANNOTBEOVERLOOKEDASCYBERBULLYINGFIRSTWASREPORTEDANDSTUDIEDINADOLESCENTSTHEPERCENTAGEOFCYBERBULLYINGAMONGADOLESCENTSISASTONISHINGPATCHINANDHINDUJA2006CONDUCTEDASTUDYAMONG384YOUTHSANDREPORTED11OFPARTICIPANTSWERECYBERBULLIES,APPROXIMATELY29WERECYBERVICTIMS,ANDALMOST50WEREWITNESSESTOCYBERBULLYINGTHATSAMEYEAR,HOWEVER,LI2007CONDUCTEDASTUDYAMONG461JUNIORHIGHCANADIANANDCHINESESTUDENTSANDDISCOVERED556OFMALESAND545OFFEMALESKNEWSOMEONEWHOHADBEENCYBERBULLIEDSHEWENTONTOREPORTAPPROXIMATELY30OFHERRESPONDENTSHADBEENCYBERBULLIED,ANDAPPROXIMATELY18HADENGAGEDINCYBERBULLYINGMOREALARMINGTHANTHETRENDOFCYBERBULLYINGISTHELACKOFREPORTINGITLI2007NOTEDONLY35OFRESPONDENTSREPORTEDBEINGCYBERBULLIEDTOADULTSIN2008,UNITEDPRESSINTERNATIONAL

簡介：3500英文單詞，英文單詞，19萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文5400字文獻出處文獻出處GUGULOTHUR,SOMANCHINS,BANOTHHB,ETALAREVIEWONSOLARPOWEREDAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMJPROCEDIAEARTH1INTRODUCTIONASAKINDOFRENEWABLEENERGY,SOLARENERGYISPAIDMOREANDMOREATTENTIONINTHEWORLDSOLARSYSTEMCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOCATEGORIESTHOSEARETHERMALSYSTEMSWHICHCONVERTSOLARENERGYTOTHERMALENERGYANDPHOTOVOLTAICSYSTEMSWHICHCONVERTSOLARENERGYTOELECTRICALBUILDINGSOFTHREEORFEWERSTORIESABOVEGRADEDMANUFACTURINGBUILDINGS,WHICHMANUFACTUREANDSTOREPRODUCTSFOREXAMPLESMEDICINESETHETRANSPORTATIONSECTORSLIKEAUTOMOBILES,AIRCRAFT,RAILROADCARS,BUSESANDCRUISINGSHIPSETCAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMSAREMAINLYFORTHEOCCUPANT’SHEALTHANDCOMFORTTHEYAREOFTENCALLEDCOMFORTAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMS12PRINCIPLEOFAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMFIGURE1SHOWSTHEWINDOWMOUNTEDAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMTHECABINETISDIVIDEDINTOINDOORANDOUTDOORCOMPARTMENTSWHICHARESEPARATEDBYINSULATEDWALLTOREDUCETHEHEATTRANSFERTHEDXCOILANDINDOORFANAREINTHEINDOORCOMPARTMENTTHEOUTDOORCOMPARTMENTCONTAINSTHECOMPRESSORS,CONDENSERS,OUTDOORFAN,CAPILLARYTUBEANDFANMOTORTHEFANMOTOROFTENHASADOUBLEENDEDSHAFTWHICHDRIVESBOTHFANSATATIMEFIG1WINDOWMOUNTEDAIRCONDITIONINGRETURNAIRFROMTHECONDITIONEDSPACEFLOWSTHROUGHACOARSEAIRFILTERANDISCOOLEDANDDEHUMIDIFIEDINADXCOILANDTHENENTERSTHEINLETOFTHEINDOORFANINAROOMAIRCONDITIONER,THEINDOORFANISAFORWARDCURVEDCENTRIFUGALFANTHECONDITIONEDAIRISPRESSURISEDINTHEIMPELLERANDFORCEDTHROUGHTHEAIRPASSAGETHATLEADSTOTHESUPPLYGRILLETHECONDITIONEDAIRISTHENSUPPLIEDTOTHECONDITIONEDSPACETOOFFSETTHESPACECOOLINGLOADOUTDOORAIRISEXTRACTEDBYTHEPROPELLERFANANDFORCEDTHROUGHTHECONDENSINGCOILS,INWHICHHOTGASEOUSREFRIGERANTISCONDENSEDTOLIQUIDREFRIGERANTDURINGCONDENSATION,CONDENSINGHEATISRELEASEDTOTHEOUTSIDETHROUGHTHECOOLINGAIRAPORTIONOFOUTDOORVENTILATIONAIRISEXTRACTEDBYTHEINDOORFANANDMIXEDWITHTHERETURNAIRTHEOPENINGOFTHEOUTDOORVENTILATIONAIRINTAKEISADJUSTABLESCIENTISTSANDENGINEERSARETRYINGTODEVELOPMOREEFFICIENTAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMSTHATARECAPABLEOFACHIEVINGGOODINDOORAIRQUALITYWITHLOWENERGYCONSUMPTIONRATESANDAIRPOLLUTIONEMISSIONSAMONGTHEEVOLVINGENERGYEFFICIENTAIRCONDITIONINGTECHNOLOGIESARELIQUIDDESICCANTAIRCONDITIONINGLDACSYSTEMS,WHICHHAVESHOWEDPROMISINGPERFORMANCEDURINGTHEPASTDECADESANDAREBELIEVEDTOBEASTRONGCOMPETITORWITHTHEWIDELYUSEDCONVENTIONALAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMSCACTHEAIRHANDLINGINAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMSWASMOISTBECAUSEOFTHEDEHUMIDIFICATIONPROCESSINSUMMER,SOBACTERIAWEREEASILYPROPAGATEDANDDEVELOPEDINADDITION,THEAIRHUMIDITYINMOISTCENTRALAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMSISSELDOMCONTROLLEDTHISCAUSESPEOPLETOFEELUNCOMFORTABLEINSUCHAIRCONDITIONINGROOMSSOLARENERGYDRIVENLIQUIDDESICCANTCOOLINGAIR

簡介：SEEDISCUSSIONS,STATS,ANDAUTHORPROFILESFORTHISPUBLICATIONATHTTPS//WWWRESEARCHGATENET/PUBLICATION/30523083PRACTICEDEVELOPMENTSINBUDGETINGANOVERVIEWANDRESEARCHPERSPECTIVEARTICLEINJOURNALOFMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGRESEARCHMAY2003DOI102139/SSRN410544CITATIONS161READS4,9593AUTHORS,INCLUDINGSTEPHENCHANSENNAVALPOSTGRADUATESCHOOL16PUBLICATIONS429CITATIONSSEEPROFILEDAVIDOTLEYLANCASTERUNIVERSITY54PUBLICATIONS4,101CITATIONSSEEPROFILEALLINTEXTREFERENCESUNDERLINEDINBLUEARELINKEDTOPUBLICATIONSONRESEARCHGATE,LETTINGYOUACCESSANDREADTHEMIMMEDIATELYAVAILABLEFROMDAVIDOTLEYRETRIEVEDON03MAY201696HANSEN,OTLEY,ANDVANDERSTEDEJOURNALOFMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGRESEARCH,2003ONMORETRADITIONALISSUESLIKEPARTICIPATIVEBUDGETING2SECOND,THETWOCONFLICTINGDEVELOPMENTSILLUSTRATETHATFIRMSFACEACRITICALDECISIONREGARDINGBUDGETINGMAINTAINIT,IMPROVEIT,ORABANDONITOURDISCUSSIONHASTWOOBJECTIVESFIRST,WEDEMONSTRATETHELEVELOFCONCERNWITHBUDGETINGINPRACTICE,SUGGESTINGITSPOTENTIALFORCONTINUEDSCHOLARLYRESEARCHSECOND,WEWISHTORAISEACADEMICS’AWARENESSOFAPPARENTDISCONNECTSBETWEENBUDGETINGPRACTICEANDRESEARCHWEIDENTIFYAREASWHEREPRIORRESEARCHMAYAIDTHEPRACTITIONERSAND,CONVERSELY,USETHEPRACTITIONERS’INSIGHTSTOSUGGESTAREASFORRESEARCHINTHESECONDSECTION,WEREVIEWSOMEOFTHEMOSTCOMMONCRITICISMSOFBUDGETSINPRACTICETHETHIRDSECTIONDESCRIBESANDANALYZESTHEMAINTHRUSTOFTWORECENTPRACTICELEDDEVELOPMENTSINBUDGETINGINTHEFOURTHSECTION,WEPLACETHESETWOPRACTICEDEVELOPMENTSINARESEARCHCONTEXTANDSUGGESTRESEARCHTHATMAYBERELEVANTTOTHEPRACTITIONERSTHEFIFTHSECTIONTURNSTHETABLESBYUSINGTHEPRACTITIONERINSIGHTSTOOFFERNEWPERSPECTIVESFORRESEARCHINTHESIXTHSECTION,WECONCLUDEPROBLEMSWITHBUDGETINGINPRACTICETHEUBIQUITOUSUSEOFBUDGETARYCONTROLISLARGELYDUETOITSABILITYTOWEAVETOGETHERALLTHEDISPARATETHREADSOFANORGANIZATIONINTOACOMPREHENSIVEPLANTHATSERVESMANYDIFFERENTPURPOSES,PARTICULARLYPERFORMANCEPLANNINGANDEXPOSTEVALUATIONOFACTUALPERFORMANCEVISAVISTHEPLANDESPITEPERFORMINGTHISINTEGRATIVEFUNCTIONANDLAYINGTHEBASISFORPERFORMANCEEVALUATION,BUDGETARYCONTROLHASMANYLIMITATIONS,SUCHASITSLONGESTABLISHEDANDOFTRESEARCHEDSUSCEPTIBILITYTOINDUCEBUDGETGAMESORDYSFUNCTIONALBEHAVIORSHOFSTEDE1967ONSI1973MERCHANT1985BLUKKA1988ARECENTREPORTBYNEELYETAL2001,DRAWNPRIMARILYFROMTHEPRACTITIONERLITERATURE,LISTSTHE12MOSTCITEDWEAKNESSESOFBUDGETARYCONTROLAS1BUDGETSARETIMECONSUMINGTOPUTTOGETHER2BUDGETSCONSTRAINRESPONSIVENESSANDAREOFTENABARRIERTOCHANGE3BUDGETSARERARELYSTRATEGICALLYFOCUSEDANDOFTENCONTRADICTORY4BUDGETSADDLITTLEVALUE,ESPECIALLYGIVENTHETIMEREQUIREDTOPREPARETHEM5BUDGETSCONCENTRATEONCOSTREDUCTIONANDNOTVALUECREATION6BUDGETSSTRENGTHENVERTICALCOMMANDANDCONTROL7BUDGETSDONOTREFLECTTHEEMERGINGNETWORKSTRUCTURESTHATORGANIZATIONSAREADOPTING8BUDGETSENCOURAGEGAMINGANDPERVERSEBEHAVIORS9BUDGETSAREDEVELOPEDANDUPDATEDTOOINFREQUENTLY,USUALLYANNUALLY10BUDGETSAREBASEDONUNSUPPORTEDASSUMPTIONSANDGUESSWORK11BUDGETSREINFORCEDEPARTMENTALBARRIERSRATHERTHANENCOURAGEKNOWLEDGESHARINGAND12BUDGETSMAKEPEOPLEFEELUNDERVALUED2FOREXAMPLE,INTHEIRREVIEWOFNEARLY2,000RESEARCHANDPROFESSIONALARTICLESINMANAGEMENTACCOUNTINGINTHE1996–2000PERIOD,SELTOANDWIDENER2001DOCUMENTSEVERALAREASOF‘‘FIT’’AND‘‘MISFIT’’BETWEENPRACTICEANDRESEARCHTHEYDOCUMENTTHATMORERESEARCHTHANPRACTICEEXISTSINTHEAREAOFPARTICIPATIVEBUDGETINGANDSTATETHAT‘‘THISTOPICAPPEARSTOBEOFLITTLECURRENT,PRACTICALINTEREST,BUTCONTINUESTOATTRACTRESEARCHEFFORTS,PERHAPSBECAUSEOFTHEINTERESTINGTHEORETICALISSUESITPRESENTS’’SELTOANDWIDENER2001ALSODOCUMENTVIRTUALLYNORESEARCHONACTIVITYBASEDBUDGETINGONEOFTHEPRACTICELEDDEVELOPMENTSWEDISCUSSINTHISPAPERANDPLANNINGANDFORECASTING,ALTHOUGHTHESEAREASHAVEGROWNINPRACTICECOVERAGEEACHYEARDURINGTHE1996–2000PERIOD

簡介：1中文6900字，4300單詞，23萬英文字符文獻出處KONTSEVAIADB,BERGERPDMOBILEMARKETINGINCHINACANWECHATTURNTHEIRNEWADVERTISINGSTRATEGYINTOASUSTAINABLEADVANTAGEJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMARKETINGSTUDIES,2016,843743一、英文一、英文MOBILEMARKETINGINCHINACANWECHATTURNTHEIRNEWADVERTISINGSTRATEGYINTOASUSTAINABLEADVANTAGEABSTRACTWECHATISCHINA’SEQUIVALENTOFWHATSAPP,FACEBOOK,ANDPAYPALALLCOMBINEDINTOONEAPPINTHISPAPER,WEEXAMINEMOBILEMARKETINGINCHINA,ANDSPECIFICALLYFOCUSONWECHAT’SSTRATEGYINOPENINGUPITSPLATFORMTOADVERTISINGTHEREISPROFITPOTENTIALANDALSORISKPOTENTIALFORWECHATINADOPTINGTHISSTRATEGYWEDISCUSSASPECTSOFTHISSTRATEGYALONGVARIOUSDIMENSIONS,COMPAREWECHATANDFACEBOOKWHERERELEVANT,ANDSTRESSHOWANDWHYWECHATNEEDSTOBECAUTIOUSASITGOESFORWARD,TOAVOIDVARIOUSPITFALLSTHATWEREHANDLEDUNSUCCESSFULLYBYWEIBOCOREISSUESTHATAREDISCUSSEDINCLUDEDIFFERENTIATION,PERSONALIZATION,CUSTOMERPERCEPTION,ANDTHEUNIQUENESSOFCHINAANDTHECHINESECONSUMERKEYWORDSWECHAT,MOBILEMARKETING,SOCIALMEDIA,MARKETINGINCHINA1INTRODUCTIONMOBILEMARKETINGISTHELATESTACCLAIMEDMARKETINGSTRATEGYATATIMEWHENOTHERMARKETINGCHANNELSARESAIDTOBELOSINGEFFECTIVENESS,“MOBILE”HASBECOMETHEBESTWAYTOREACHCONSUMERSEXECUTIVESFROMNORTHAMERICAAREFLOCKINGTOMOBILEASTHEBIGGESTNEWSOLUTION“YOURMOBILEDEVICEQUICKLYHASBECOMETHEEASIESTPORTALINTOYOURDIGITALSELF,”PROCLAIMSPHILNICKINSONFROMANDROIDCENTRALANDGOOGLE’SERICSCHMIDTBELIEVESTHAT“MOBILEISTHEFUTURE,ANDTHERE’SNOSUCHTHINGASCOMMUNICATIONOVERLOAD”INSUM,THEMARKETINGWORLDCURRENTLYLOVESMOBILEMARKETINGNOTONLYHASTHEREBEENALOTOFINTERESTINMOBILEMARKETINGINTHEPASTFEWYEARS,BUT,PERHAPS,NOWHEREHASTHISINTERESTBEENGREATERTHANINSELECTEDPARTSOFASIAINFACT,THEENTIREISSUEOFHOWTOMARKETINASIA,ANDHOWITDIFFERSFROMGENERALMARKETINGPRACTICESINTHEUS,HASBEENABURNINGQUESTIONFORMANYUSCOMPANIES,WHOHAVEBEGUNTOCONSIDERHOWTOENTERTHEBURGEONINGASIANMARKETEG,HARRISBERGER,2015THEINTERESTINMOBILEMARKETINGINASIA3BYREPLACINGTHENEEDTOSENDSMS,ANDEVENREPLACEDTHENEEDFORPHONENUMBERS,ASPEOPLESHARETHEIRWECHATIDS,RATHERTHANPHONENUMBERSOREMAILADDRESSESMOREOVER,SINCEITSLAUNCH,WECHATHASDEVELOPEDANARRAYOFAPPLICATIONSWITHINITSOWNAPPFOREXAMPLE,ITADDEDAPAYMENTSSYSTEMCONNECTEDTOJDCOM,ONEOFCHINA’SBIGGESTONLINESTORES,ENSURINGTHATPEOPLEINCREASINGLYSHOPONWECHAT’SOWNPLATFORMTHIS,INTURN,HURTCHINA’SECOMMERCEGIANT,ALIBABA,DOMINANTONTHEECOMMERCESCENEUNTILTHENREIN,2015WECHATUSERSCANJOINTHENETWORKBYEITHERGIVINGTHEIRWECHATID,BYSCANNINGAPERSONALIZEDQRCODE,ORSIMPLYBYSHAKINGTHEPHONEANDLETTINGTHEDEVICEREADTHEOTHERPEOPLEWHOHAVEWECHATANDAREINTHEAREATHEMASSIVENUMBEROFUSERSWECHATHASATTRACTEDHASNOTGONEUNNOTICEDBYCHINA’SCOMMERCIALSECTORTHEREAREQRCODESEVERYWHEREONTABLES,TVS,ANDBILLBOARDS,SOPEOPLECANSCANTHEMANDSUBSCRIBETOTHEIRFAVORITEORATLEASTMODERATELYINTERESTINGBRANDSINANINSTANTBUSINESSESHAVEBEENKNOWNTOSUCCESSFULLYCONNECTWITHTHEIRCONSTITUENTSUSINGTHEPLATFORMBYMAKINGTHEIROWNPROFILESANEXTREMELYSUCCESSFULEXAMPLEISACAMPAIGNBYUNIQLO,THEJAPANESECLOTHINGCOMPANYASPARTOFTHEIR“STYLEYOURLIFE”CAMPAIGN,THEYASKEDPEOPLETOTAKEPICTURESOFTHECLOTHESTHEYTRIEDONINSTOREANDPOSTTHEMONLINESUBSCRIBINGTOTHECOMPANYINTHEPROCESSDURINGTHECAMPAIGN,THEYINCREASEDTHEIRWECHATFOLLOWERSFROM400,000TO1MILLIONSALESOFKEYCLOTHINGITEMSINCREASEDBY30PERCENTDOLAND,2015THATISCLEARLYAHIGHLYPOSITIVERESULTFORACOMPANYTHATDIDNOTSPENDANYMONEYWHATSOEVERONUSINGWECHAT’SADVERTISINGPLATFORMANDHADNOTPREVIOUSLYRELIEDONSOCIALADVERTISINGWITHALITTLEBITOFEFFORT,WECHATLEADTOGREATSUCCESSFORTHATBUSINESS,WITHOUTTHEREBEINGANACTUALINTEGRATEDADPLATFORMINFACT,THEREWASNOOFFICIALWAYTOADVERTISEONWECHATUNTIL2015IN2015,WECHATBEGANTESTINGANADVERTISINGMODEL,REMINISCENTOFFACEBOOK’SNATIVEADVERTISING,BUTWITHVERYNOTABLEDIFFERENCESITWOULDALLOWBUSINESSESTOTARGETUSERSANDPOSTMESSAGESONTOTHEIR“MOMENTS”PAGE,WHICHIS,LIKEFACEBOOK’SNEWSFEEDPAGE,ASERIESOFPOSTSCOLLECTEDFROMTHEUSER’SNETWORKHOWEVER,UNLIKEFACEBOOK’SADVERTISING,WHEREBUSINESSESPAYPERIMPRESSIONORCLICK,WECHAT’SADVERTISINGISBASEDPURELYONIMPRESSIONSWHERECLICKSARECONSIDEREDIMPRESSIONSTHEADVERTISINGALSOCOMESWITHLIMITEDFEATURESADSCANAPPEARONLYONTHEMEMORIESPAGEANDLINKSCOULDATFIRSTPOINTONLYTOTHECOMPANY’SWECHATPROFILEBAO,2015

簡介：字數(shù)英文字數(shù)英文36773677單詞，單詞，2063520635字符；中文字符；中文60316031漢字漢字出處出處RPRPOSCAR,OSCAR,LALAMONTOYA,MONTOYA,SPSPROJASBERRIOROJASBERRIOMOBILEMOBILEMARKETINGMARKETINGCONCEPTUALIZATIONCONCEPTUALIZATIONANDANDRESEARCHRESEARCHREVIEWREVIEWJJESPACIOS2017,38ESPACIOS2017,386161外文文獻外文文獻MOBILEMARKETINGCONCEPTUALIZATIONANDRESEARCHREVIEWABSTRACTTHISPAPERCOVERSAREVIEWOFTHEDEFINITIONOFMOBILEMARKETING,SUMMARIZINGTHEIRCHARACTERISTICSCOMPAREDTOTRADITIONALMARKETINGCHANNELSNEXT,DIFFERENTAPPROACHESANDRESEARCHFINDINGSRELATEDTOTHEACCEPTANCEANDATTITUDESTOWARDSTHEMOBILEMARKETINGAREEXPLORED,ASWELLASSOMEOFTHEMOSTRELEVANTTHEORETICALAPPROACHESINTHISAREATWOASPECTSOFTHEPROCESSOFACCEPTANCESTANDSOUTPERCEIVEDUSEFULNESSANDPERCEIVEDEASEOFUSEFINALLY,ASETOFRECOMMENDATIONSISPRESENTEDTODIRECTFUTURERESEARCHEFFORTSINTHEAREAOFMOBILEMARKETINGKEYWORDSMOBILEMARKETINGMOBILEADVERTISINGDIGITALMARKETINGCONSUMERBEHAVIOUR1INTRODUCTIONTHISARTICLEADDRESSESMOBILEMARKETINGASAPHENOMENONOFGREATIMPACTANDRELEVANCEFORMARKETINGCOMMUNICATIONSNOWADAYSTHEGROWINGADOPTIONBYCONSUMERSOFMOBILEDEVICESSMARTPHONEANDTABLET,RAISESTHENEEDTOCONTINUESTUDYINGHOWTHESENEWMOBILEDIGITALPLATFORMSWOULDBEGENERATINGACONTEXTFORTHEMODIFICATIONOFTHEINTERACTIONANDCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHEBRANDSANDTHEIRCONSUMERSTHEINCREASEDCONSUMPTIONOFMOBILEDIGITALMEDIAHASALLOWEDTHEEXPANSIONINAPPEAREDASASECONDSCREENTHROUGHWHICHITWASTRIEDTOSATISFYTHISNEEDTHERISEOFECOMMERCEFACILITATEDTHEEMERGENCEOFATHIRDSCREEN,MOBILEMARKETING,WHICHNOWALLOWSUSERSTOACCESSANALMOSTUNLIMITEDAMOUNTOFINFORMATIONONBRANDSATANYTIMEANDPLACETHROUGHMOBILEDEVICESHOWEVER,INSPITEOFTHEADVANTAGESTHATMOBILECOMMUNICATIONOFFERSTOCOMPANIES,THEASPECTRELATEDTOTHECONFIDENCETHATCONSUMERSSHOWTOTHESETACTICSCANBECOMEAFACTORAGAINSTFORTHECREATIONOFLOYALTYANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSERVICESINTHISDIGITALCONTEXT2METHODADOCUMENTARYRESEARCHISPRESENTED,INWHICHTHEMAINAPPROACHESOFRECENTSCIENTIFICLITERATUREHAVEBEENCOMPILED,ANALYZEDANDSYNTHESIZEDTOACHIEVEANAPPROACHTOTHECONCEPTUALIZATIONANDCHARACTERIZATIONOFMOBILEMARKETINGFORTHISPURPOSE,DIFFERENTBIBLIOGRAPHICSOURCESHAVEBEENCONSULTED,MAINLYFROMPUBLICATIONSSPECIALIZEDINTHESUBJECTSOFDIGITALCOMMUNICATIONANDNEWTECHNOLOGIESTHESESEARCHESAREMAINLYPERFORMEDVIASCOPUS,ONEOFTHEMAINDATABASESOFINDEXEDPUBLICATIONSRELEVANTTOTHEPRESENTTOPICOFSTUDYPROCEDURETOACHIEVETHERESULTSOFTHISRESEARCHWASASYSTEMATICREVIEWOFTHELITERATUREUNDERTHEPARAMETERSINDICATEDINTHEPROTOCOLSFORTHISPURPOSECHICAíZABECERRA,RIA?OCASALLAS,ROJASBERRIO,KITCHENHAM,2004PéREZRAVE,áLVAREZJARAMILLO,INTHATVEIN,THEFOLLOWINGPROCEDURESWERECARRIEDOUT21DEFINITIONOFQUESTIONSORISSUESOFINTERESTTHISRESEARCHADDRESSEDTHEFOLLOWINGQUESTIONSWHATISTHELEVELOFCONCEPTUALIZATIONOFMOBILEMARKETING,WHATARETHEMAINCHARACTERISTICSOFMOBILEMARKETING,WHATARETHERESEARCHAPPROACHESRELATEDTOACCEPTANCEANDATTITUDESTOWARDSMARKETINGANDMOBILEADVERTISING,AND,WHATFUTURELINESOFRESEARCHEXISTFORMOBILEMARKETINGAREA

簡介：字數(shù)英文字數(shù)英文36773677單詞，單詞，2063520635字符；中文字符；中文60316031漢字漢字出處出處RPRPOSCAR,OSCAR,LALAMONTOYA,MONTOYA,SPSPROJASBERRIOROJASBERRIOMOBILEMOBILEMARKETINGMARKETINGCONCEPTUALIZATIONCONCEPTUALIZATIONANDANDRESEARCHRESEARCHREVIEWREVIEWJJESPACIOS2017,38ESPACIOS2017,386161外文文獻外文文獻MOBILEMARKETINGCONCEPTUALIZATIONANDRESEARCHREVIEWABSTRACTTHISPAPERCOVERSAREVIEWOFTHEDEFINITIONOFMOBILEMARKETING,SUMMARIZINGTHEIRCHARACTERISTICSCOMPAREDTOTRADITIONALMARKETINGCHANNELSNEXT,DIFFERENTAPPROACHESANDRESEARCHFINDINGSRELATEDTOTHEACCEPTANCEANDATTITUDESTOWARDSTHEMOBILEMARKETINGAREEXPLORED,ASWELLASSOMEOFTHEMOSTRELEVANTTHEORETICALAPPROACHESINTHISAREATWOASPECTSOFTHEPROCESSOFACCEPTANCESTANDSOUTPERCEIVEDUSEFULNESSANDPERCEIVEDEASEOFUSEFINALLY,ASETOFRECOMMENDATIONSISPRESENTEDTODIRECTFUTURERESEARCHEFFORTSINTHEAREAOFMOBILEMARKETINGKEYWORDSMOBILEMARKETINGMOBILEADVERTISINGDIGITALMARKETINGCONSUMERBEHAVIOUR1INTRODUCTIONTHISARTICLEADDRESSESMOBILEMARKETINGASAPHENOMENONOFGREATIMPACTANDRELEVANCEFORMARKETINGCOMMUNICATIONSNOWADAYSTHEGROWINGADOPTIONBYCONSUMERSOFMOBILEDEVICESSMARTPHONEANDTABLET,RAISESTHENEEDTOCONTINUESTUDYINGHOWTHESENEWMOBILEDIGITALPLATFORMSWOULDBEGENERATINGACONTEXTFORTHEMODIFICATIONOFTHEINTERACTIONANDCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHEBRANDSANDTHEIRCONSUMERSTHEINCREASEDCONSUMPTIONOFMOBILEDIGITALMEDIAHASALLOWEDTHEEXPANSIONINAPPEAREDASASECONDSCREENTHROUGHWHICHITWASTRIEDTOSATISFYTHISNEEDTHERISEOFECOMMERCEFACILITATEDTHEEMERGENCEOFATHIRDSCREEN,MOBILEMARKETING,WHICHNOWALLOWSUSERSTOACCESSANALMOSTUNLIMITEDAMOUNTOFINFORMATIONONBRANDSATANYTIMEANDPLACETHROUGHMOBILEDEVICESHOWEVER,INSPITEOFTHEADVANTAGESTHATMOBILECOMMUNICATIONOFFERSTOCOMPANIES,THEASPECTRELATEDTOTHECONFIDENCETHATCONSUMERSSHOWTOTHESETACTICSCANBECOMEAFACTORAGAINSTFORTHECREATIONOFLOYALTYANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSERVICESINTHISDIGITALCONTEXT2METHODADOCUMENTARYRESEARCHISPRESENTED,INWHICHTHEMAINAPPROACHESOFRECENTSCIENTIFICLITERATUREHAVEBEENCOMPILED,ANALYZEDANDSYNTHESIZEDTOACHIEVEANAPPROACHTOTHECONCEPTUALIZATIONANDCHARACTERIZATIONOFMOBILEMARKETINGFORTHISPURPOSE,DIFFERENTBIBLIOGRAPHICSOURCESHAVEBEENCONSULTED,MAINLYFROMPUBLICATIONSSPECIALIZEDINTHESUBJECTSOFDIGITALCOMMUNICATIONANDNEWTECHNOLOGIESTHESESEARCHESAREMAINLYPERFORMEDVIASCOPUS,ONEOFTHEMAINDATABASESOFINDEXEDPUBLICATIONSRELEVANTTOTHEPRESENTTOPICOFSTUDYPROCEDURETOACHIEVETHERESULTSOFTHISRESEARCHWASASYSTEMATICREVIEWOFTHELITERATUREUNDERTHEPARAMETERSINDICATEDINTHEPROTOCOLSFORTHISPURPOSECHICAíZABECERRA,RIA?OCASALLAS,ROJASBERRIO,KITCHENHAM,2004PéREZRAVE,áLVAREZJARAMILLO,INTHATVEIN,THEFOLLOWINGPROCEDURESWERECARRIEDOUT21DEFINITIONOFQUESTIONSORISSUESOFINTERESTTHISRESEARCHADDRESSEDTHEFOLLOWINGQUESTIONSWHATISTHELEVELOFCONCEPTUALIZATIONOFMOBILEMARKETING,WHATARETHEMAINCHARACTERISTICSOFMOBILEMARKETING,WHATARETHERESEARCHAPPROACHESRELATEDTOACCEPTANCEANDATTITUDESTOWARDSMARKETINGANDMOBILEADVERTISING,AND,WHATFUTURELINESOFRESEARCHEXISTFORMOBILEMARKETINGAREA

簡介：WEBENGINEERINGAPPROACHESFORREQUIREMENTANALYSISASYSTEMATICLITERATUREREVIEWJOSEALFONSOAGUILAR,IRENEGARRIGóS,JOSENORBERTOMAZóNANDJUANTRUJILLOLUCENTIARESEARCHGROUP,UNIVERSITYOFALICANTE,SPAINJAAC12ALUUAES,IGARRIGOSDLSIUAES,JNMAZONDLSIUAES,JTRUJILLODLSIUAESKEYWORDSREQUIREMENTANALYSIS,WEBENGINEERING,SYSTEMATICREVIEWABSTRACTWEBENGINEERINGSOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTISFACINGCONTINUOUSCHANGESINTECHNOLOGYIMPLEMENTATIONTHISINVOLVESANALYSTS,DEVELOPERSANDDESIGNERSTOPROVIDEEXTRAEFFORTINTHEDESIGNANDMAINTENANCEOFWEBAPPLICATIONSINORDERTOADAPTTHEMTOCHANGESINREQUIREMENTSANDIMPLEMENTATIONTECHNOLOGIESINTHISPAPER,ASYSTEMATICREVIEWISPRESENTEDINORDERTOOBTAIN,INAFORMALWAY,THECURRENTSTATEOFTHEARTABOUTAPPROACHESFORMODELING,ANALYSISANDSPECIFICATIONOFWEBENGINEERINGREQUIREMENTS,SUPPORTEDWITHAFORMALANDWELLDEFINEDSTRATEGY1INTRODUCTIONONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTFACTORSOFSUCCESSINTHESOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTISTHEELICITATION,MANAGEMENT,ANDANALYSISOFREQUIREMENTSTHISISESPECIALLYTRUEINWEBENGINEERINGDUETOTHEHETEROGENEOUSAUDIENCEOFTHEWEB,WHICHMAYLEADTOWEBSITESDIFFICULTTOCOMPREHENDBYVISITORSANDCOMPLEXTOMAINTAINBYDESIGNERSGARRIGóS,MAZóNETAL2009IMPORTANTLY,WEBAPPLICATIONSHAVECERTAINCHARACTERISTICSTHATMAKETHEMDIFFERENTFROMTRADITIONALSOFTWAREORINFORMATIONSYSTEMSSUCHASTHEAMOUNTOFINFORMATIONTHEYOFFERCONTENT,THEACCESSTOTHEDIFFERENTSCENARIOSWHERETHEYOFFERTHISINFORMATIONNAVIGATIONALANDHOWPROVIDINGTHISINFORMATIONTOTHEUSERORTHEGROUPSOFUSERSFUNCTIONALITYOFTHEWEBSITETHESEUNIQUECHARACTERISTICSOFWEBAPPLICATIONSENFORCEDNEWWEBENGINEERINGMETHODOLOGIESTOCOPEWITHTHOSENEWREQUIREMENTSANDWEBDEVELOPERSNEEDTOADOPTITTHEGOALOFTHISWORKISTOMAKEACOMPREHENSIVEREVIEWANDSYNTHESISOFTHECURRENTSTATEOFTHEARTINTHELITERATURERELATEDTOTHESPECIFICATIONOFWEBENGINEERINGREQUIREMENTSWITHTHEPURPOSEOFSHOWINGGAPSINCURRENTRESEARCHANDSHEDLIGHTONPOTENTIALFUTURERESEARCHLINESINTHISPAPER,WEEXPECTTOSTUDYMETHODSANDTECHNIQUESTHATPROPOSETHESPECIFICATIONOFWEBREQUIREMENTSANDBRINGSOMEKINDOFSUPPORTTOGENERATESEVERALMODELSOFTHEWEBSITEFROMTHEREQUIREMENTSTHEMAINOBJECTIVEOFTHISWORKHASBEENACHIEVEDTHROUGHASYSTEMATICREVIEWUSINGTHEAPPROACHOFKITCHENHAMKITCHENHAM2004ANDTAKINGINTOACCOUNTMARKSTAPLESEXPERIENCESSTAPLESANDNIAZI20072BACKGROUNDWEBENGINEERINGWEISABRANCHOFSOFTWAREENGINEERINGSETHATDEFINESTECHNIQUES,PROCESSESANDSPECIFICMODELSFORTHEWEBENVIRONMENTWEHASASUBDISCIPLINETHATREFERSTOTHEPHASEINAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTINWHICHREQUIREMENTSOFDIFFERENTSTAKEHOLDERSAREGATHEREDANDPROCESSED,RESULTINGINAREQUIREMENTSSPECIFICATION,THISPHASEISCALLEDREQUIREMENTSENGINEERINGREALMEIDA,VANECKETAL2006INTHISSENSE,ONEPROBLEMASSOCIATEDWITHREISTHATREQUIREMENTSSHOULDBEFULLYCOMPLETEDTOTHISAIM,ITISNECESSARYTHATUSERSANDSTAKEHOLDERSCANSEETHATITHASCOMPLETEDTHETRANSFORMATIONOFTHEIRREQUIREMENTSINTHEFINALWORKPRODUCTANDBEABLETODISTINGUISHWHICHONEBELONGSTOACERTAINREQUIREMENT,THISWILLHELPDETERMININGWHICHREQUIREMENTSWILLBEIMPACTEDDUETOTHEMODIFICATIONOFAWORKPRODUCTORVICEVERSAFURTHERMORE,REQUIREMENTSENGINEERINGNEEDSTOENSUREREQUIREMENTSTRACEABILITYRT,RTREFERSTOTHEABILITYTODESCRIBEANDFOLLOWTHELIFEOFA187TABLE1SUMMARYOFMETHODOLOGICALAPPROACHESAPPROACHTECHNIQUESTRACEABILITYSUPPORTTOOLSSUPPORTREQUIREMENTSATRACEABILITYNDTUSECASES,TEXTUALTEMPLATESYESNDTTOOLNDTTOOLNDTSUITEWEBMLUSECASES,ACTIVITYDIAGRAMSNOWEBRATIONONOWSDMCONCEPTMAPS,DATADICTIONARYNONONONOUWEUSECASES,UMLPROFILESNOARGOUWEMAGICUWEARGOUWENOOOWSUSECASES,TASKDIAGRAMS,FRTYESOLIVANOVAOLIVANOVAOOWSSUITEAGGTASKTRACERAOOHUSECASES,I,UMLPROFILESNOVISUALWADEECLIPSEPLUGINNOREQUIREMENTSSPECIFICATIONDEMONSTRATESTHELIMITATIONSOFTHISAPPROACHOOWSANOBJECTORIENTEDAPPROACHFORWEBSOLUTIONSMODELINGTHISAPPROACHPROVIDESAGATHERINGREQUIREMENTSPHASETHROUGHASERIESOFSTRATEGIESTHATIMPLEMENTFRTFUNCTIONREFINEMENTTREE,USECASESANDASETOFDIAGRAMSTASKS,TASKSPECIFICATIONANDDATADESCRIPTIONFORNAVIGATIONREQUIREMENTSTHISAPPROACHHASTRACEABILITYSUPPORTVALDERASANDPELECHANO2009,THISISDONETHROUGHASETOFTRANSFORMATIONSRULESDEFINEDBYGRAPHTHEORYINREGARDTOTOOLSUPPORT,THISAPPROACHHASANENVIRONMENTCALLEDOOWSSUITEVALVERDE,VALDERASETAL2007,WHICHISINTEGRATEDWITHTHEOLIVANOVATOOLTOPROVIDESUPPORTFORREQUIREMENTSGATHERINGPHASEFORTHETRACEABILITYTOOLSUPPORT,THISAPPROACHUSESTWOTOOLS,THEFIRSTONEISTHEOPENSOURCETOOLCALLEDAGGATTRIBUTEDGRAPHGRAMMARSYSTEMANDTHESECONDISTASKTRACERDEVELOPEDBYTHEAUTHORSTOGENERATETRACEABILITYREPORTSAOOHADAPTIVEOBJECTORIENTEDHYPERMEDIAITISANEXTENSIONOFTHEOOHMODELINGMETHODOBJECTORIENTEDHYPERMEDIAADDRESSEDTOTHEUSERTHETECHNIQUESUSEDINTHISAPPROACHFORTHEREQUIREMENTSSPECIFICATIONARETHEIFRAMEWORKANDUMLPROFILESTHEREQUIREMENTSMODELISSPECIFIEDBYTHEDESIGNERUSINGIMODELS,SPECIFICALLYTHESRSTRATEGICRELATIONSHIPMODELANDTHESDSTRATEGICDEPENDENCYMODELNEXT,THECONCEPTUALMODELSAREGENERATEDBYMEANSOFQVTTRANSFORMATIONS,THUSARECONSIDERINGTHEGOALSANDNEEDSOFSTAKEHOLDERSTHATWILLMEETTHEEXPECTATIONSOFUSERSTHEREBYREDUCINGERRORSTHATMAYAPPEARONTHEFINALIMPLEMENTATIONTHETRACEABILITYBETWEENTHEMODELSGENERATEDBYTHISAPPROACHCOULDBEDERIVEDFROMTHETRANSFORMATIONSRULESTHEREQUIREMENTSSPECIFICATIONPHASEINAOOHHASBEENIMPLEMENTEDUSINGTHEECLIPSEDEVELOPMENTPLATFORMGARRIGóS,MAZóNETAL2009NEXT,ABRIEFANALYSISABOUTTHEAPPROACHESDESCRIBEDABOVEISPRESENTED,TOFACILITATETHISANALYSISTABLE1ISSHOWNTABLE1SHOWSATENDENCYTOWARDSTHEAPPLICATIONOFUMLPROFILESASATECHNIQUEUSEDBYTHEAPPROACHESSTUDIEDINTHISSYSTEMATICREVIEWANDTHEPERSISTENCEOFOTHERONE,THEUSECASESMOREOVER,ALTHOUGHTRACEABILITYISAVERYIMPORTANTSUCCESSFACTORFORSOFTWAREENGINEERING,ACOMMONPROBLEMINMODELDRIVENWEBDEVELOPMENTPROCESSESISTHATMOSTOFTHEAPPROACHESLACKSUPPORTFORTRACEABILITYEXCEPTNDTANDOOWSEXCEPTWSDM,EACHAPPROACHHASATOOLTOSUPPORTITINTHEREQUIREMENTSPHASE,ONLYNDT,UWE,OOWSANDAOOHHAVEATOOLSUPPORTINTERMSOFTRACEABILITY,THETWOAPPROACHESTHATHAVEIMPLEMENTEDTRACEABILITYHAVEATOOLSUPPORTITISWORTHNOTINGTHATOOWSCOMBINESTWOTOOLSTOACHIEVETHISSUPPORTINTHISCONTEXT,THEAPPROACHESEXPLOREDINTHISSYSTEMATICREVIEWDONOTCONSIDERTHEREALUSEREXPECTATIONSOFTHEWEBSITEASWELLASSTAKEHOLDERSFROMANEARLYSTAGEOFREQUIREMENTSANALYSISAOOHISTHEEXCEPTION,ASITCONSIDERSTHESEEXPECTATIONSTHROUGHTHEIFRAMEWORKWHEREREQUIREMENTSAREMODELEDBASEDINTHEUSERGOALSANDOBJECTIVES,THUSAVOIDINGTHEREQUIREMENTSPECIFICATIONINTEXTUALFORMWITHTHEEFFORTINVOLVEDTODOITTHISWAYANDTHEBASEDONTASKSDEPENDINGINMOSTCASESTHEANALYSTSEXPERIENCEISWORTHMENTIONINGTHESUPPORTOFFEREDBYTHEAPPROACHESWSDM,NDT,UWEANDWEBMLTHROUGHITSWEBSITE,THEYOFFEREXAMPLES,PUBLISHEDPAPERSANDTHEIRRESPECTIVETOOLSFOREVERYONEWHOVISITSTHEIRWEBSITE,EXCEPTWSDMWHICHONLYOFFERSTHEDOWNLOADOFPUBLISHEDPAPERSDUETOTHATISATOOLTHATHASPROPRIETARYLICENCEINTHEPARTICULARCASEOFUWEANDWEBMLISNECESSARYTOMENTIONTHATINTHEIRWEBSITETHEYHAVEGUIDEDSTEPBYSTEPWEBENGINEERINGAPPROACHESFORREQUIREMENTANALYSISASYSTEMATICLITERATUREREVIEW189

簡介：REVIEWCYBERBULLYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONALITERATUREREVIEWLYNETTEKWATTSA,,JESSYCAWAGNERB,BENITOVELASQUEZC,PHYLLISIBEHRENSDARADIOLOGICSCIENCESDEPARTMENT,MIDWESTERNSTATEUNIVERSITY,3410TAFTBLVD,BRIDWELLHALLOFFICE201E,WICHITAFALLS,TX76308,USABRADIOLOGICSCIENCESDEPARTMENT,MIDWESTERNSTATEUNIVERSITY,3410TAFTBLVD,BRIDWELLHALL,OFFICE216,WICHITAFALLS,TX76308,USACATHLETICTRAININGDEPARTMENT,SCHOOLOFALLIEDHEALTH,LINCOLNMEMORIALUNIVERSITY,6965CUMBERLANDGAPPARKWAY,HARROGATE,TN37752,USADUNIVERSITYOFMISSOURIEXTENSION,3950NEWMANROAD,PLASTERHALL107A,JOPLIN,MO648011512,USAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED29JANUARY2016RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM10NOVEMBER2016ACCEPTED15DECEMBER2016AVAILABLEONLINE18DECEMBER2016KEYWORDSHIGHEREDUCATIONCYBERBULLYINGCYBERBULLYINGPREVALENCECYBERBULLYINGAWARENESSSOCIALMEDIACYBERBULLYINGABSTRACTWITHTHEMOREPERVASIVEUSEOFTECHNOLOGY,THEPREVALENCEOFCYBERBULLYINGHASINCREASEDUNIVERSITIESANDCOLLEGESHAVEIMPLEMENTEDMOREWAYSTOREACHSTUDENTSOVERTHEINTERNETANDBYOTHERELECTRONICMEANSCONSEQUENTLY,ITISIMPORTANTTOINVESTIGATETHEPREVALENCEOFCYBERBULLYINGINHIGHEREDUCATIONTHISLITERATUREREVIEWWASCREATEDTORAISEAWARENESSOFTHISCONTINUINGTRENDOFCYBERBULLYINGAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSCYBERBULLYINGISDEFINEDASINTENTTOCONSISTENTLYHARASSANOTHERINDIVIDUALTOCAUSEHARMVIAANYELECTRONICMETHOD,INCLUDINGSOCIALMEDIA,ANDINCLUDESDEFAMATION,PUBLICDISCLOSUREOFPRIVATEFACTS,ANDINTENTIONALEMOTIONALDISTRESSANEXHAUSTIVESEARCHOFCURRENTLITERATUREWASCONDUCTEDUSINGAVARIETYOFDATABASESINCLUDINGACADEMICSEARCHCOMPLETE,EDUCATIONSOURCE,EJOURNALS,ERIC,PSYCARTICLES,PSYCHOLOGYANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCESCOLLECTION,ANDPSYCINFOGOOGLE,GOOGLESCHOLAR,ANDREFERENCELISTSFROMKEYSTUDIESWEREALSOUSEDTOGATHERRELEVANTSTUDIESFORINCLUSIONINTHISREVIEWARTICLESWEREUSEDTODEFINECYBERBULLYING,BUILDAHISTORICALBASEOFCYBERBULLYINGAMONGADOLESCENTS,EXAMINEFACTORSINVOLVEDINCYBERBULLYING,DESCRIBEEFFECTSOFCYBERBULLYING,ANDEXAMINETHISTRENDAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSSTRATEGIESSUCHASREPORTING,MONITORINGONLINEINTERACTIONS,ANDLEGALACTIONSTOADDRESSCYBERBULLYINGINALLAREASOFEDUCATIONWEREINCLUDEDFUTURERESEARCHSHOULDINVESTIGATEIFEDUCATIONALPROGRAMSLEADTODECREASEDCYBERBULLYING,INCREASEDRATESOFREPORTING,ANDHOWCYBERBULLYINGMAYCHANGESOCIALMEDIAETIQUETTE?2016ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDCONTENTS1INTRODUCTION2692METHODS2693BULLYINGANDCYBERBULLYINGDEFINED26931TYPESOFCYBERBULLYING2694HISTORICALPERSPECTIVE2705FACTORSCONTRIBUTINGTOCYBERBULLYING27051ANONYMITY27052PSYCHOLOGICALNEEDS27053SOCIALDOMINANCETHEORY27054POORINTERPERSONALCHILD/ADULTRELATIONSHIPS27155OTHERSOCIALCUES2716EFFECTSOFCYBERBULLYINGBEHAVIOR2717UNDERGRADUATESANDCYBERBULLYING2718STRATEGIESTORESOLVECYBERBULLYING2729CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS272ACKNOWLEDGMENTS273REFERENCES273CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSLYNETTEWATTSMWSUEDULKWATTSCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTCOMPUTERSINHUMANBEHAVIORJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/COMPHUMBEHHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JCHB20161203807475632/?2016ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDCOMPUTERSINHUMANBEHAVIOR692017268E274DIFFERENTIAL,ANDAGGRESSION/INTENTIONSHEEXPLAINEDWITHOUTTHESEELEMENTS,ITISDIFFICULTTOLABELASINGLEMALICIOUSACTASBULLYING/CYBERBULLYING4HISTORICALPERSPECTIVEHISTORICALLY,STUDIESREGARDINGCYBERBULLYINGHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDAMONGYOUNGADOLESCENTSWITHFEWERSTUDIESOCCURRINGATTHECOLLEGELEVELTHISREVIEWISGEAREDTOWARDCYBERBULLYINGINCIDENCESAMONGCOLLEGESTUDENTSHOWEVER,AHISTORICALCONTEXTCANNOTBEOVERLOOKEDASCYBERBULLYINGFIRSTWASREPORTEDANDSTUDIEDINADOLESCENTSTHEPERCENTAGEOFCYBERBULLYINGAMONGADOLESCENTSISASTONISHINGPATCHINANDHINDUJA2006CONDUCTEDASTUDYAMONG384YOUTHSANDREPORTED11OFPARTICIPANTSWERECYBERBULLIES,APPROXIMATELY29WERECYBERVICTIMS,ANDALMOST50WEREWITNESSESTOCYBERBULLYINGTHATSAMEYEAR,HOWEVER,LI2007CONDUCTEDASTUDYAMONG461JUNIORHIGHCANADIANANDCHINESESTUDENTSANDDISCOVERED556OFMALESAND545OFFEMALESKNEWSOMEONEWHOHADBEENCYBERBULLIEDSHEWENTONTOREPORTAPPROXIMATELY30OFHERRESPONDENTSHADBEENCYBERBULLIED,ANDAPPROXIMATELY18HADENGAGEDINCYBERBULLYINGMOREALARMINGTHANTHETRENDOFCYBERBULLYINGISTHELACKOFREPORTINGITLI2007NOTEDONLY35OFRESPONDENTSREPORTEDBEINGCYBERBULLIEDTOADULTSIN2008,UNITEDPRESSINTERNATIONALUPIREPORTED40OFTEENSHADBEENCYBERBULLIED,BUTONLY10OFVICTIMSREPORTEDTHEHARASSMENTTOTHEIRPARENTSBOTHOFTHESESTUDIESINDICATEDVICTIMSFELTPOWERLESSTOENDTHEHARASSMENTGLASNER2010SEEMEDTOSUPPORTTHESEFINDINGSBYREPORTINGWHENTEACHERSIGNOREDTHEBEHAVIORORSEEMEDNOTTOBEAWAREOFTHEISSUE,THEYAPPEAREDTOBECONDONINGTHEBEHAVIORMOREOVER,SOMETEACHERSREPORTEDTHEYTHOUGHTTHEVICTIMSPRECIPITATEDTHECYBERBULLYINGFRANCISCO,SIMAO,FERREIRA,ANDMARTINS2014REPORTEDONLY6OFCYBERVICTIMSREPORTEDTHEINCIDENCESTOANADULTPARENT,TEACHER,ETCWALKER2014ALSOREPORTEDCYBERVICTIMS,NOMATTERWHATTHEIRAGE,NEEDSUPPORTTOENDTHECYBERBULLYINGBEFORETHECONSEQUENCESFORTHEVICTIMSBECOMEFATALFROMTHERESEARCH,ITAPPEARSIFADOLESCENTSFEELPOWERLESSTOENDTHEHARASSMENTNOMATTERWHATTHECIRCUMSTANCES,THENITISNOTSURPRISINGVICTIMSWOULDFAILTOREPORTCYBERBULLYINGACTSSOCIALMEDIAISALSOBECOMINGAMOREPOPULARVENUEFORCYBERBULLYING,ESPECIALLYAMONGADOLESCENTSLENHARTETAL2011CONDUCTEDASTUDYAMONG623TEENAGERS12E17WHOUSEDSOCIALMEDIAREGULARLYTODETERMINETHEIRPERCEPTIONSOFSO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簡介：PROCEDIAEARTHANDPLANETARYSCIENCE112015361–367AVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM18785220?2015THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/PEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFORGANIZINGCOMMITTEEOFTHEGLOBALCHALLENGES,POLICYFRAMEWORKSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTFORMININGOFMINERALANDFOSSILENERGYRESOURCESDOI101016/JPROEPS201506073SCIENCEDIRECT?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ADEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,JNTUHCOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,KUKATPALLY,HYDERABAD,TELANGANASTATE,INDIA,500085BDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,VASAVICOLLEGEOFENGINEERING,IBRAHIMBAGH,HYDERABAD,TELANGANA,INDIA,500031?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2015THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/PEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFORGANIZINGCOMMITTEEOFTHEGLOBALCHALLENGES,POLICYFRAMEWORKSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTFORMININGOFMINERALANDFOSSILENERGYRESOURCES363RAVIGUGULOTHUETAL/PROCEDIAEARTHANDPLANETARYSCIENCE112015361–367????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????12PRINCIPLEOFAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEM???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????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簡介：140004000英文單詞，英文單詞，2323萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文64006400字文獻出處文獻出處TANIGUCHITANIGUCHIE,E,THOMPSONTHOMPSONRG,G,YAMADAYAMADATTNEWNEWOPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIESANDANDCHALLENGESCHALLENGESFORFORCITYCITYLOGISTICSJLOGISTICSJTRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATIONRESEARCHRESEARCHPROCEDIA,PROCEDIA,2016,2016,1212513513NEWOPPORTUNITIESANDCHALLENGESFORCITYLOGISTICSEIICHITANIGUCHI,RUSSELLGTHOMPSON,ANDTADASHIYAMADAABSTRACTTHEINFORMATIONREVOLUTIONISCREATINGBOTHOPPORTUNITIESANDCHALLENGESFORIMPROVINGTHESUSTAINABILITYOFURBANFREIGHTSYSTEMSARANGEOFVEHICLEMOVEMENTDATACANNOWBEAUTOMATICALLYCOLLECTEDFROMLOWCOSTSENSORSTHATAREABLETOASSISTINIMPROVINGUNDERSTANDINGDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSANDINCREASINGTHEIREFFICIENCYVEHICLEMONITORINGTECHNOLOGIESTHATHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOCHARGEBOTHPASSENGERANDGOODSVEHICLESFORUSINGTHEROADSYSTEM,ALLOWANEWARRAYOFPRICINGSCHEMESTOBEINTRODUCEDHOWEVER,ECOMMERCEB2CISCREATINGASURGEINHOMEDELIVERIESTHATISINCREASINGTHESOCIALANDENVIRONMENTALCOSTSOFGOODSDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSTHISPAPERDESCRIBESSOMEAPPLICATIONSOFBIGDATASYSTEMSANDDECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMSTHATCANBEUSEDTOENHANCETHEDESIGNANDEVALUATIONCITYLOGISTICSSCHEMESTHENEEDTODEVELOPIMPROVEDTOOLSFORUNDERSTANDINGLOGISTICSSPRAWLANDREDUCINGITSEFFECTSAREDESCRIBEDDEVELOPMENTSINALTERNATIVEFUELVEHICLESANDADVANCEDMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSAREALSOPRESENTEDKEYWORDSBIGDATAECOMMERCEDECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMSROADPRICINGLOGISTICSPRAWLSCOMODALITYALTERNATIVEFUELVEHICLES1INTRODUCTIONCITYLOGISTICSISBASEDONTHESYSTEMSAPPROACHTHATINVOLVESANUMBEROFTECHNICALPROCESSESINCLUDINGMODELLING,EVALUATIONANDTHEAPPLICATIONOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESTANIGUCHIANDTHOMPSON,2014ADVANCESININFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYICTPROVIDEOPPORTUNITIESFORIMPROVINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFURBANFREIGHTSYSTEMSICTALSOCREATESTHEPOTENTIALFORDEVELOPINGMOREADVANCEDURBANFREIGHTMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSSUCHASJOINTDELIVERYSYSTEMSANDROADPRICINGSCHEMES2BIGDATAANDANALYSISTHANKSTOTHEDEVELOPMENTANDDEPLOYMENTOFICTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGYANDITSINTELLIGENTTRANSPORTSYSTEMS,WECANEASILYCOLLECT“BIGDATA”O(jiān)FPICKUPDELIVERYTRUCKMOVEMENTSORGOODSMOVEMENTSINURBANAREASATLOWERCOSTSGLOBALPOSITIONINGSYSTEMSGPSDEVICESARETYPICALLYEQUIPPEDINTRUCKSALLOWINGTHELOCATIONOFTRUCKSTOBEPRECISELYMEASUREDEVERYSECONDFIG1SHOWSAGPSDEVICEWHICHISUSEDFORRECORDINGTHEROUTESOFURBANTRUCKSTHEANALYSISOFBIGDATAOFTRUCKMOVEMENTSINURBANAREASALLOWSUSTOGAININSIGHTSINTOTHEBEHAVIOUROFDRIVERSEHMKEANDMATTFELD2010HIGHLIGHTEDDATAPROVISIONOFTIMEDEPENDENTTRAVELTIMESFORCITYLOGISTICSROUTINGDEMANDSTELEMATICSBASEDTRAFFICDATACOLLECTIONANDCONVERSIONFROMLEGALEMPIRICALTRAFFICDATAINTOINFORMATIONMODELSAREDISCUSSEDLINETAL2013APPLIEDDATAMININGTECHNIQUETOFINDROUTINGPATTERNSFROMTHEPASTCASESOFVEHICLEROUTINGPLANSOFTRUCKDRIVERSTHEYDESIGNEDAREALTIMEMOBILEINTELLIGENTROUTINGSYSTEM,WHICHWASINSTALLEDONDRIVERS’SMARTPHONEITWASDEMONSTRATEDTHATTHEPROPOSEDMETHODWASSUCCESSFULINREDUCINGTHETRAVELTIMESONCONGESTEDURBANROADNETWORKSINCASESTUDIESXUETAL2014UNDERTOOKASTUDYWHEREDATAWASUSEDTODESIGNAHIGHEFFICIENTFLOWPATHUSINGPETRINETSANDOFFEREDACITYLOGISTICSMODELBASEDONACLOUDBASEDPLATFORMTEOETAL2015ANALYSED3ANDBUILDINGMOTORWAYSONURBANROADNETWORKSANDCLARIFIEDTHEEFFECTSOFPRICINGANDPROVISIONOFMOTORWAYSONTHEEFFICIENCYOFVEHICLEOPERATIONSANDCO2,NOXANDSPMSUSPENDEDPARTICLEMATERIALEMISSIONSGENERATEDBYTRUCKSANANDETAL2014DISCUSSEDDECISIONMAKINGUSINGONTOLOGYBASEDMULTIAGENTMODELSFORCITYLOGISTICSWANGAPISITETAL2014INVESTIGATEDJOINTDELIVERYSYSTEMSWITHUDCANDPARKINGMANAGEMENTUSINGMULTIAGENTMODELSTHESEMODELSALLOWANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHERESPONSEBEHAVIOUROFSTAKEHOLDERSTOACTIONSTAKENBYOTHERACTORSANDEFFECTSOFPOLICYMEASURESHOWEVER,THEVALIDATIONOFMULTIAGENTSIMULATIONISACHALLENGINGISSUEANDMOREEXPERIENCEANDCASESTUDIESOFPRACTICALAPPLICATIONOFMULTIAGENTMODELSISNEEDEDRECENTLYTHEINTERNETOFTHINGSIOTCANPROVIDEAPLATFORMFORDECENTRALIZEDMANAGEMENTFORCITYLOGISTICSREAIDYETAL2015DISCUSSEDBOTTOMUPAPPROACHBASEDONINTERNETOFTHINGSFORORDERFULFILMENTINACOLLABORATIVEWAREHOUSINGENVIRONMENTTHEYUSEDMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSANDINTEGRATEDABOTTOMUPAPPROACHWITHDECISIONSUPPORTMECHANISMSUCHASSELFORGANISATIONANDNEGOTIATIONPROTOCOLSBETWEENAGENTSBASEDON“COMPERATIONCOMPETITIONCOOPERATION”CONCEPTTHEBEHAVIOUROFSTAKEHOLDERSHIGHLYAFFECTSTHERESULTSOFPOLICYMEASURESSTATHOPOULOSETAL2012STUDIEDTHEREACTIONOFSTAKEHOLDERSTOURBANFREIGHTPOLICIESUSINGNESTEDLOGITMODELBASEDONSURVEYSINROMEGATTAANDMARCUCCI2014DISCUSSEDANAGENTSPECIFICAPPROACHTOINCREASEDECISIONMAKERS’AWARENESSANDABILITYTOMAKEBETTERDECISIONSINCASEOFROME’SLIMITEDTRAFFICZONEMULTICRITERIADECISIONMAKINGMCDMMODELSHAVEALSOBEENSTUDIEDFORCHOOSINGCITYLOGISTICSPOLICYMEASURESAWASTHI2012PRESENTEDAHYBRIDAPPROACHUSINGAFFINITYDIAGRAMS,THEANALYTICHIERARCHYPROCESSAHPANDFUZZYTOPSISTECHNIQUEFORORDEROFPREFERENCEBYSIMILARITYTOIDEALSOLUTIONFOREVALUATINGCITYLOGISTICSINITIATIVESTADICETAL2014INTRODUCEDHYBRIDMCDMMODELUSINGFUZZYMETHODANDAPPLIEDTHISINTHECITYOFBELGRADEBOUHANAETAL2015HIGHLIGHTEDINTELLIGENTDECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMSWHICHINTEGRATEONTOLOGYSUPPORTEDCASEBASEREASONINGANDMULTICRITERIADECISIONMAKINGAPPROACHESWITHTHECHOQUETINTEGRALFORSUSTAINABLEURBANFREIGHTTRANSPORTRAOETAL2015DISCUSSEDLOCATIONSELECTIONOFCITYLOGISTICSCENT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簡介：ELECTRONICCOPYAVAILABLEATHTTPS//SSRNCOM/ABSTRACT2886251WWWSCIEDUPRESSCOM/AFRACCOUNTINGANDFINANCERESEARCHVOL6,NO12017PUBLISHEDBYSCIEDUPRESS133ISSN19275986EISSN19275994CAPITALSTRUCTURETHEORYANOVERVIEWDKYABEYWARDHANA11DEPARTMENTOFACCOUNTANCY,UNIVERSITYOFKELANIYA,SRILANKACORRESPONDENCEDKYABEYWARDHANA,DEPARTMENTOFACCOUNTANCY,UNIVERSITYOFKELANIYA,SRILANKARECEIVEDDECEMBER14,2016ACCEPTEDJANUARY27,2017ONLINEPUBLISHEDJANUARY28,2017DOI105430/AFRV6N1P133URLHTTP//DXDOIORG/105430/AFRV6N1P133ABSTRACTCAPITALSTRUCTUREISSTILLAPUZZLEAMONGFINANCESCHOLARSPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOREVIEWVARIOUSCAPITALSTRUCTURETHEORIESTHATHAVEBEENPROPOSEDINTHEFINANCELITERATURETOPROVIDECLARIFICATIONFORTHEFIRMS’CAPITALSTRUCTUREDECISIONSTARTINGFROMTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREIRRELEVANCETHEORYOFMODIGLIANIANDMILLER1958THISREVIEWEXAMINETHESEVERALTHEORIESTHATHAVEBEENPUTFORWARDTOEXPLAINTHECAPITALSTRUCTURETHREEMAJORTHEORIESEMERGEDOVERTHEYEARSFOLLOWINGTHEASSUMPTIONOFTHEPERFECTCAPITALMARKETOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREIRRELEVANCEMODELTRADEOFFTHEORYASSUMESTHATFIRMSHAVEONEOPTIMALDEBTRATIOANDFIRMTRADEOFFTHEBENEFITANDCOSTOFDEBTANDEQUITYFINANCINGPECKINGORDERTHEORYMYERS,1984,MYERSANDMAJLUF,1984ASSUMESTHATFIRMSFOLLOWAFINANCINGHIERARCHYWHEREBYMINIMIZETHEPROBLEMOFINFORMATIONASYMMETRYBUTNEITHEROFTHESETWOTHEORIESPROVIDEACOMPLETEDESCRIPTIONWHYSOMEFIRMSPREFERDEBTANDOTHERSPREFEREQUITYFINANCEUNDERDIFFERENTCIRCUMSTANCESANOTHERTHEORYOFCAPITALSTRUCTUREHASINTRODUCEDRECENTLYBY,BAKERANDWURGLER2002,MARKETTIMINGTHEORY,WHICHEXPLAINSTHECURRENTCAPITALSTRUCTUREASTHECUMULATIVEOUTCOMEOFPASTATTEMPTSTOTIMETHEEQUITYMARKETMARKETTIMINGISSUINGBEHAVIOURHASBEENWELLESTABLISHEDEMPIRICALLYBYOTHERSALREADY,BUTBAKERANDWURGLER2002SHOWTHATTHEINFLUENCEOFMARKETTIMINGONCAPITALSTRUCTUREISREGULARANDCONTINUOUSSOTHEPREDICTIONSOFTHESETHEORIESSOMETIMESACTEDINACONTRADICTORYMANNERANDMYERS198432YEARSOLDQUESTION“HOWDOFIRMSCHOOSETHEIRCAPITALSTRUCTURE”STILLREMAINSKEYWORDSCAPITALSTRUCTURE,PECKINGORDERTHEORY,TRADEOFFTHEORY,MARKETTIMINGTHEORY1INTRODUCTIONTHESECONDFINANCINGCHOICEFACEDBYTHEFIRM,CAPITALSTRUCTUREISSTILLAPUZZLEINFINANCECAPITALSTRUCTUREORFINANCIALLEVERAGEDECISIONSHOULDBEEXAMINEDCONCERNINGHOWDEBTANDEQUITYMIXINTHEFIRM’SCAPITALSTRUCTUREINFLUENCEITSMARKETVALUEDEBTTOEQUITYMIXOFTHEFIRMCANHAVEIMPORTANTIMPLICATIONSFORTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMANDCOSTOFCAPITALINMAXIMIZINGSHAREHOLDERSWEALTHFIRMUSEMOREDEBTCAPITALINTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREASTHEINTERESTPAIDISATAXDEDUCTIBLEANDLOWERSTHEDEBT’SEFFECTIVECOSTFURTHEREQUITYHOLDERSDONOTHAVETOSHARETHEIRPROFITWITHDEBTHOLDERSASTHEDEBTHOLDERSGETAFIXEDRETURNHOWEVER,THEHIGHERTHEDEBTCAPITAL,RISKIERTHEFIRM,HENCETHEHIGHERITSCOSTOFCAPITALTHEREFOREITISIMPORTANTTOIDENTIFYTHEIMPORTANTELEMENTSOFCAPITALSTRUCTURE,PRECISEMEASUREOFTHESEELEMENTSANDTHEBESTCAPITALSTRUCTUREFORAPARTICULARFIRMATAPARTICULARTIMERESEARCHERSANDPRACTITIONERSEXPLAINCONFLICTINGTHEORIESONCAPITALSTRUCTUREDURAND1952STATESUSINGTHENETINCOMENIAPPROACHTHATFIRMCANDECREASEITSCOSTCAPITALANDCONSEQUENTLYINCREASETHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMTHROUGHDEBTFINANCINGINCONTRAST,MODIGLIANIANDMILLER1958CLAIMSINTHEIRSEMINALPAPERCAPITALSTRUCTUREIRRELEVANCETHATFIRM’SVALUEISINDEPENDENTOFITSDEBTTOEQUITYRATIOWHICHISKNOWNASNETOPERATINGINCOMENOIAPPROACHTHEYARGUETHATPERFECTCAPITALMARKETWITHOUTTAXESANDTRANSACTIONCOSTTHEFIRMVALUEREMAINCONSTANTTOTHECHANGESINTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREACCORDINGTOPANDEY2007THETRADITIONALAPPROACHOFSOLAMAN,1963HASEMERGEDACOMPROMISETOTHEEXTREMEPOSITIONTAKENBYTHENIAPPROACHTRADITIONALAPPROACHDOESNOTASSUMECONSTANTCOSTOFEQUITYCHANGEINDEBTTOEQUITYRATIOANDCONTINUOUSLYDECLININGWEIGHTEDAVERAGECOSTOFCAPITALWACCFURTHERTHISAPPROACHASSUMETHECONCEPTOFOPTIMALCAPITALSTRUCTUREANDTHEREBYVERYCLEARLYIMPLIESTHATWACCDECREASESONLYFORACERTAINLEVELOFFINANCIALLEVERAGEANDREACHINGTHEMINIMUMLEVELFURTHERINCREASEINFINANCIALLEVERAGEWOULDINCREASETHEWACCWWWSCIEDUPRESSCOM/AFRACCOUNTINGANDFINANCERESEARCHVOL6,NO12017PUBLISHEDBYSCIEDUPRESS135ISSN19275986EISSN19275994FIGURE1SOURCEARNOLD2008ARNOLD2008EXPLAINSHOWISTHEINCREASEINDEBTCAPITALINTHECAPITALSTRUCTUREEFFECTTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMINTHEFIGURE1ASDEBTCAPITALINCREASEWACCOFTHEFIRMDECLINESUNTILTHEFIRMREACHESTHEOPTIMALGEARINGLEVELANDCOSTOFFINANCIALDISTRESSINCREASESALONGWITHTHEDEBTLEVELTHISISCONFIRMEDBYMILLER1988THATTHEOPTIMALDEBTTOEQUITYRATIOSHOWSTHEHIGHESTPOSSIBLETAXSHIELDTHATTHECOMPANYCANENJOYFURTHERCONSISTENTWITHMODIGLIANIANDMILLER1963,MILLER1988CONFIRMEDTHEFACTTHATFIRMSINCREASETHERISKOFBANKRUPTCYDUETOTHEDEBTCAPITALINTHEIRCAPITALSTRUCTUREINTHETRADEOFFTHEORYCOSTOFDEBTARELINKEDWITHDIRECTASWELLASINDIRECTCOSTOFBANKRUPTCYBRADLEYETAL,1984EXPLAINEDTHATCOSTOFBANKRUPTCYINCLUDELEGALANDADMINISTRATIVECOST,OTHERINDIRECTCOSTRESULTINGFROMLOOSINGOFCUSTOMERSANDTRUSTBETWEENSTAFFANDSUPPLIERSDUETOTHEUNCERTAINTIESAPARTFROMTHEBANKRUPTCYCOST,AGENCYCOSTOFJENSONANDMECKLING1976ISALSOCONSIDEREDINTHETRADEOFFMODELJENSONANDMECKLING1976EXPLAINSTHATSEPARATIONOFOWNERSHIPANDCONTROLISTHEREASONTORISETHEAGENCYCOSTACCORDINGTOARNOLD2008AGENCYCOSTSAREDIRECTANDINDIRECTCOSTSRESULTFROMPRINCIPLESANDAGENTSACTINTHEIRBESTINTERESTAND,FAILURETOMAKEAGENTSTOACTTHISWAYJENSON1986STATESTHATDEBTCANREDUCETHEAGENCYCOSTANDARGUETHATHIG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