簡介：SEEDISCUSSIONS,STATS,ANDAUTHORPROFILESFORTHISPUBLICATIONATHTTPS//WWWRESEARCHGATENET/PUBLICATION/322687163MOBILEMARKETINGCONCEPTUALIZATIONANDRESEARCHREVIEWARTICLEINESPACIOSDECEMBER2017CITATIONS0READS683AUTHORSSOMEOFTHEAUTHORSOFTHISPUBLICATIONAREALSOWORKINGONTHESERELATEDPROJECTSCUIDADOCRONICOYCUIDANDOALCUIDADORVIEWPROJECTPROSPECTIVAAPLICACIONESVIEWPROJECTOSCARROBAYOINSTITUCIóNUNIVERSITARIAPOLITéCNICOGRANCOLOMBIANO19PUBLICATIONS14CITATIONSSEEPROFILELUZALEXANDRAMONTOYANATIONALUNIVERSITYOFCOLOMBIA121PUBLICATIONS176CITATIONSSEEPROFILESANDRAPATRICIAROJASBERRIONATIONALUNIVERSITYOFCOLOMBIA37PUBLICATIONS19CITATIONSSEEPROFILEALLCONTENTFOLLOWINGTHISPAGEWASUPLOADEDBYSANDRAPATRICIAROJASBERRIOON24JANUARY2018THEUSERHASREQUESTEDENHANCEMENTOFTHEDOWNLOADEDFILERELATIONSHIPSWITHCONSUMERSFORINSTANCE,COMPUTERANDCOMMUNICATIONSMARKETRESEARCHFIRMINTERNATIONALDATACORPORATIONIDCPOINTSOUTTHATTHEGLOBALSMARTPHONEMARKETGREWBY40IN2013ANDISLIKELYTOREACH107BILLIONAYEARBY2017THEFACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHTHISIMPORTANTGROWTH,ACCORDINGTOIDC,ARE,FIRSTANDFOREMOST,THESUBSIDIESOFFEREDBYOPERATORSTOUSERSINEXCHANGEFORTHEADOPTIONBYTHEMOFAMINIMUMSTAYCLAUSEINTHEIRMOBILECOMMUNICATIONSERVICEPLANSECOND,THEREISTHEINCREASINGLYFREQUENTAPPEARANCEOFEQUIPMENTINALOWERPRICERANGETHATMAYCURRENTLYBEAROUND200IDC,2013ANDHANDINHANDWITHTHEGROWTHINSALESOFMOBILEDEVICESISTHEPHENOMENONOFUSINGTHEINTERNETACCORDINGTOCOMSCORE2016,ALTHOUGHLATINAMERICACURRENTLYACCOUNTSFORONLY10OFTHETOTALGLOBALINTERNETAUDIENCE,ITISTHEREGIONWITHTHEHIGHESTGROWTHBETWEENJUNE2015ANDJUNE2016,AT11,REACHINGTHUSATOTALOF197,612,000UNIQUEVISITORSINTHECASEOFCOLOMBIA,THISSAMEREPORTINDICATESTHATBYJUNE2016,AFIGUREOF13642,000USERSHADALREADYBEENREACHEDSOMETHINGTOHIGHLIGHTISTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHESEUSERSBYAGERANGESINCOLOMBIA,74OFUSERSBELONGTOGENERATIONYORMILLENNIALS,SINCETHEYAREBETWEEN15AND34YEARSOLD,ACOMPARATIVELYHIGHERFIGURETHANTHEGLOBALAVERAGEOF52INADDITION,THEGROWTHPOTENTIALOFMULTIPLATFORMONLINECONSUMPTIONISVERYBROADACCORDINGTOCOMSCORE2016,INCOLOMBIATHEPERCENTAGEOFUSERSACCESSINGTHEINTERNETVIASMARTPHONE,TABLETANDDESKTOPIS42,COMPAREDTO66INTHEUSAOR78INTHEUKITISIMPORTANTTHENTOSTUDYTHEMECHANISMSOFADOPTIONANDUSEOFMOBILETECHNOLOGIES,SINCEUNLIKETHEDESKTOPCOMPUTER,ANDEVENTHELAPTOP,SMARTPHONESARECONSIDEREDASPERSONALDEVICESOFPRIVATEUSE,WHICHSUGGESTSTHATCONSUMERSHAVEDIFFERENTATTITUDESTOWARDSMOBILESERVICESCOMPAREDTOTRADITIONALMEDIAPARK,SHENOYKITCHENHAM,2004PéREZRAVE,áLVAREZJARAMILLO,INTHATVEIN,THEFOLLOWINGPROCEDURESWERECARRIEDOUT21DEFINITIONOFQUESTIONSORISSUESOFINTERESTTHISRESEARCHADDRESSEDTHEFOLLOWINGQUESTIONSWHATISTHELEVELOFCONCEPTUALIZATIONOFMOBILEMARKETING,WHATARETHEMAINCHARACTERISTICSOFMOBILEMARKETING,WHATARETHERESEARCHAPPROACHESRELATEDTOACCEPTANCEANDATTITUDESTOWARDSMARKETINGANDMOBILEADVERTISING,AND,WHATFUTURELINESOFRESEARCHEXISTFORMOBILEMARKETINGAREA

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簡介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMARKETINGSTUDIESVOL8,NO42016ISSN1918719XEISSN19187203PUBLISHEDBYCANADIANCENTEROFSCIENCEANDEDUCATION37MOBILEMARKETINGINCHINACANWECHATTURNTHEIRNEWADVERTISINGSTRATEGYINTOASUSTAINABLEADVANTAGEDIANABKONTSEVAIA1201639WECHAT’SMARKETINGSTRATEGYWILLBESUCCESSFULONLYIFTHEYCONTINUETOPROVIDEUTILITYTOTHEIRUSERSIFTHEYAREABLETOCONTINUALLYINNOVATEFORTHEIRMARKET,THENTHEMOBILEADSENTRYISLIKELYTOBEPROFITABLE3DIFFERENTIATIONANDREVENUEACCORDINGTOJUNIPERRESEARCH,ITWILLBEASTRUGGLEFORMOBILEMESSAGINGCOMPANIESTOSUSTAINREVENUE,DESPITEGROWINGTRAFFICJUNIPERRESEARCH,2015MANYPREDICTIONSHAVEBEENMADETHATARGUETHATJUSTBECAUSETRAFFICISGOINGTOINCREASE,SOWILLTHEREVENUEEG,SUFANGETAL,2016JUNIPERSHOWS,HOWEVER,THATTHISISNOTNECESSARILYTHECASEACCORDINGTOTHEIRRESEARCH,THEREVENUEGENERATEDFROMEACHMESSAGESENTOVERAPPSSIMILARTOTHOSEOFWECHATWILLBELESSTHAN1OFWHATWILLBEGENERATEDFROMSMSANDMMSJUNIPERRESEARCH,2015THEYPREDICTTHAT,DESPITETHEDOUBLINGOFMOBILETRAFFIC,FREEMESSAGINGPLATFORMSWILLSTRUGGLETOTURNTHATTRAFFICINTOREVENUE,EVENFORADVERTISINGENABLEDPLATFORMSINLIGHTOFPOSSIBLESTAGNATIONOFREVENUEFROMMOBILEMESSAGINGPLATFORMS,WILLAMOBILEMARKETINGSTRATEGYHURTWECHAT’SREVENUEBYWEAKENINGITSFOCUSONUSERSFIRST,LET’SEXAMINEOTHERCOMPANIESWHICHHAVEBEENSUCCESSFULWITHNATIVEADVERTISING,ANDTHEIRFUTURESTRATEGIES31FACEBOOKWHYMOBILENEEDSTODIFFERENTIATEFACEBOOKSTARTEDOUTASASINGLESOCIALWEBSITEBASEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESANDHASSINCEEXPANDEDITSUNIVERSETOINCLUDEAVARIETYOFAPPSSUCHASWHATSAPP,ATEXTCOMMUNICATIONSAPP,INSTAGRAM,APHOTOSHARINGAPP,ANDMESSENGER,FACEBOOK’SOWNTEXTMESSAGINGAPPFACEBOOK’SBIGGESTCHALLENGEINANIMMENSELYCOMPETITIVESPACEISTOENSURETHATTHEIRUSERSSTAYENGAGEDWITHTHEIRUNIVERSEACQUISITIONOFAPPSSUCHASWHATSAPPANDINSTAGRAMWASAWAYTOENSURETHATFACEBOOKGETSACCESSTOAVARIETYOFUSERDATA,EVENWHENUSERSARENOTDIRECTLYCONNECTEDTOFACEBOOKJOHNSON,2016OFCOURSE,FACEBOOKNEEDSALOTOFDATATOSUSTAINTHEIRMAINSOURCEOFREVENUENATIVEADVERTISINGFACEBOOKBEGANUSINGNATIVEADVERTISINGIN2011WHILEITDIDNOTEXACTLYINVENTTHEPRACTICE,FACEBOOKISTHEONETHATPERFECTEDIT,BYGIVINGBUSINESSESACCESSTOANUNPRECEDENTEDPRODUCTASOCIALMEDIAPLATFORMTHATREVOLUTIONIZEDCOMMUNICATION,ANDTHUS,BECAMEINGRAINEDANDENTRENCHEDINTHEWORLD’SMINDFACEBOOKADSWORKONAPAYPERCLICKORPAYPERIMPRESSIONBASIS,ANDVARYINPRICE,DEPENDINGONTHETYPEOFAUDIENCEBEINGTARGETEDMANYBUSINESSESJUMPEDONTHEOPPORTUNITYTONOTONLYCONNECTWITHCUSTOMERSUSINGTHEIRSOCIALPROFILESOR“PAGES,”BUTALSOTODIRECTLYIMPRESSUPONATAILOREDAUDIENCEINDEED,FACEBOOKREMAINSONEOFTHEPLATFORMSWITHTHEMOSTDETAILEDTARGETINGOPTIONSAVAILABLEDESPITEFACEBOOK’SUSINGTHEIRCOMMUNITYASTHEIRMAINPRODUCT,THEYHAVEBEENVERYSUCCESSFULINREMAININGTHENUMBERONESOCIALMEDIAPLATFORMANDHAVESTEADILYBEGUNTHEIRMIGRATIONTOMOBILEIN2014,FACEBOOK’SMESSENGERWASTHENUMBERONEMESSENGERACCESSEDPERMONTHINTHEUSA,FOLLOWEDBYGOOGLE,THENSNAPCHAT,ANDFOURTHBEINGFACEBOOKOWNEDINSTAGRAMKOKALITCHEVA,2015HOWEVER,THEREAREMORECHANGESCOMINGINTHEFASTWORLDOFMOBILEADVERTISING,ITISNOLONGEREFFECTIVETORELYONUSERSSIMPLYLOGGINGINONTOANETWORKPEOPLEHAVETOBEENGAGEDOTHERWISETHEREISNOUTILITYFORTHEMINUSINGANAPPLICATIONTHATISWHY,INRECENTYEARS,FACEBOOKHASPUTALOTOFFOCUSONDEVELOPINGITSMESSAGINGPLATFORMINTOANALLAROUNDCOMMUNICATIONSPLATFORMITSLATESTCHALLENGEISTOINTEGRATESERVICESANDEVENTUALLY,PAYMENTS,TOENSURETHATUSERSCANDERIVECONTINUEDBENEFITGOTTFRIED,2013WHILEDIVERSIFICATIONOFITSPRODUCTMAYSEEMNATURAL,ITALSOCOMESATATIMEWHENFACEBOOKPOSTEDDROPSINADVERTISINGREVENUESJOHNSON,2016THEREVENUEDROPSUGGESTSTHATMONETIZINGADSMIGHTNOLONGERBEENOUGHTOSUSTAINGROWTHINTHELONGRUN,ANDTHATOTHERBUSINESSMODELSMIGHTBENECESSARYTHEDROPINREVENUESANDDIFFERENTIATIONSSUPPORTSJUNIPERRESEARCH’SFINDINGSTHATUSERGROWTHDOESNOTALWAYSEQUALREVENUEGROWTH,DESPITETHEDISBELIEFITHASRECEIVEDINTHELITERATURE32REVENUEFROMNEWMARKETSEVENIFJUNIPERRESEARCHISWRONGANDTHETEXTMESSAGINGBUSINESSWILLCONTINUETOGROWATTHECURRENTPACE,TURNINGTRAFFICINTOREVENUE,ITISNOTAPPARENTHOWWECHATCOULDREPLICATETHESAMESUCCESSASFACEBOOKRECENTLY,FACEBOOK’SADREVENUECAMEMAINLYFROMFOREIGNCOUNTRIES,RATHERTHANFROMINSIDEITS“HOME”COUNTRY,THEUNITEDSTATESGOTTFRIED,2013THATISPRIMARILYBECAUSEPEOPLEINTHEUSHAVELIKELYBECOMEDESENSITIZEDTOSOCIALADS,IFNOTLEAVINGTHEPLATFORMALTOGETHERIFWECHAT’SUSERBASEBECOMESSIMILARLYDESENSITIZED,EXPANSIONINTOFOREIGNMARKETSWILLPROVEVERYDIFFICULT,BECAUSE93OFITSOPERATIONSISCONCENTRATEDINTHECHINESEMAINLANDTHEYHAVEASMALLPRESENCEINTHEUS,HONGKONG,EUROPEANDOTHERLOCATIONS,BUTASNOTED,THESEMARKETSACCOUNTFORONLYABOUT7OFTHEIRINFLUENCEMARKETLINE,2013WHILEWECHATCANSPENDRESOURCESATDOMINATINGOTHERLOCALMARKETS,ITISUNLIKELYTHATTHEYWILLBEABLETOREPLACETHECOMPETITIONALREADYWITHINTHOSECOUNTRIESINFACT,WECHATOWESITSBEGINNING

簡介：6100英文單詞，英文單詞，34萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文1萬字萬字文獻出處文獻出處SAADALSUMAITIA,AHMEDMH,SALAMAMMASMARTHOMEACTIVITIESALITERATUREREVIEWJELECTRICPOWERCOMPONENTSANDSYSTEMS,2014,4234294305SMARTHOMEACTIVITIESALITERATUREREVIEWAMEENASAADALSUMAITI,MOHAMMEDHASSANAHMED,ANDMAGDYMASALAMAABSTRACTTHEINCREASINGINTERESTINSMARTHOMETECHNOLOGIESHASCREATEDANEEDFORACOMPREHENSIVELITERATURESURVEYTHISARTICLEREVIEWSTHEGOALSOFASMARTHOMEENERGYMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,ALONGWITHRELATEDDEFINITIONS,APPLICATIONS,ANDINFORMATIONABOUTTHEMANUFACTURINGOFITSCOMPONENTSTHECHALLENGESASSOCIATEDWITHSMARTHOMEENERGYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSANDPOSSIBLESOLUTIONSAREEXAMINED,ANDTHEENERGYFACTORSTHATCONTRIBUTETOACUSTOMER’SELECTRICITYBILLAREDISCUSSEDANUMBEROFPRICESCHEMESANDTHELOADMODELSNEEDEDFORSOLVINGRELATEDSCHEDULINGOPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMSAREALSOPRESENTED,INCLUDINGAREVIEWOFTHELITERATURERELATEDTOENERGYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSCHEDULINGWITHRESPECTTOITSCONTROL,AUTOMATION,ANDCOMMUNICATIONKEYWORDSSMARTHOME,ENERGYMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,ENERGYMANAGEMENTACTIVITIES,SMARTGRID1INTRODUCTIONASMARTHOMEINCORPORATESSENSORS,ACTUATORS,MIDDLEWARE,ANDANETWORK1ANDHASTWOMAJORINTERACTINGCOMPONENTSASMARTNETWORKANDASMARTLOAD2THEPRIMARYOBJECTIVESOFASMARTHOMEARETOINCREASEHOMEAUTOMATION,FACILITATEENERGYMANAGEMENT,ANDREDUCEENVIRONMENTALEMISSIONSHOMEAUTOMATIONCANBEIMPROVEDTHROUGHANIMPROVEDCOMMUNICATIONNETWORKTHATINVOLVESATWISTEDPAIRPOWERLINES,RADIOSIGNALS,ORFIBEROPTICSINABUSBASEDNETWORKORANINTERNETPROTOCOLASSTANDARDSSMARTHOMEENERGYCANBEMANAGEDTHROUGHTHESELECTIONOFEFFICIENTAPPLIANCES,IMPROVEMENTINCUSTOMERS’KNOWLEDGEOFANDEXPERIENCEWITHRESIDENTIALENERGYMANAGEMENT,PARTICIPATIONINDEMANDSIDEMANAGEMENTDSMPROGRAMS,ANDTHEDEPLOYMENTOFANENERGYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMEMSENVIRONMENTALEMISSIONSCANBEDECREASEDTHROUGHDECREASEDDEPENDENCYONFOSSILFUELS,THEADOPTIONOFRENEWABLEENERGYGENERATIONSOURCESSUCHASWINDANDSOLAR,ANDTHECONTROLOFELECTRICITYCONSUMPTION11HOMEAUTOMATIONALTHOUGHSMARTDEVICESHAVEBEENAVAILABLEINTHEPAST,THEIRUSEHASBEENRESTRICTEDBECAUSETHEYLACKINTERCOMMUNICATIONONESUGGESTEDSOLUTIONISTOCONNECTALLSMARTDEVICESUSINGHARDWIRING3HOWEVER,THERESULTINGPORTABILITYPROBLEMTHENCREATESADEMANDFORAWIRELESSNETWORKCAPABLEOFACCOMMODATINGTHEDEVICESORGANIZATIONSHAVETHEREFOREDEVELOPEDMANAGEMENT,ADDITIONALSERVICES,ANDGATEWAYSFORSMARTDEVICES3SMARTHOMENETWORKTECHNOLOGYHASBEENDEPLOYEDINDIFFERENTSYSTEMS,SUCHASPOWERLINEANDRADIOFREQUENCYSYSTEMS4THESEDEVELOPMENTSENABLETHEDEPLOYMENTOFANETWORKINSMARTDEVICESBUTONLYWITHAHIGHASSOCIATEDCOSTTHATHASITSELFBECOMEANEWCHALLENGE12ENERGYMANAGEMENTTHEPRIMARYFACTORSINSMARTHOMEENERGYMANAGEMENTINCLUDEEFFICIENTHOMEAPPLIANCEDESIGN,IMPROVEDCUSTOMERAWARENESS,PARTICIPATIONINDSMPROGRAMS,ANDTHEUSEOFANEMSWITHRESPECTTOAPPLIANCEDESIGN,IN5,THEAUTHORSOBSERVEDTHATTHEAVERAGEENERGYEFFICIENCYOFAPPLIANCESISBELOWBESTPRACTICELEVELSBECAUSEOFDELAYSINREPLACINGOLDER,LESSEFFICIENTELECTRONICSWITHNEWEFFICIENTELECTRONICSANDBECAUSECUSTOMERSFAILTOREMEMBERENERGYCONSUMPTIONWHENPURCHASINGANAPPLIANCEIN6,STRICTERSTANDARDSARESUGGESTEDTOIMPROVECUSTOMERS’DECISIONSTOWARDTHEPURCHASEOFHOMEAPPLIANCESIN2001,HOUSEHOLD’SUTILITYPAYMENTSAVERAGED14005,11ASARESULT,ENERGYCONSERVATIONISTARGETEDANDSHOULDPROVIDEANECONOMICBENEFITCUSTOMERINVESTMENTINMONITORINGANDCONTROLLINGEQUIPMENTCANNOTBEANEFFECTIVESOLUTIONWITHOUTAFINANCIALRETURNTOCOUNTERACTTHEPROHIBITIVECOSTOFSMARTHOMEEQUIPMENT,THEREGULATORYMARKETSHOULDLIMITTHECURRENTPRICESOFSMARTHOMEDEVICES5AKEYSMARTHOMEELEMENTISTHEEMS,THEMAJORACTIVITIESOFWHICHARETHEFOCUSOFTHISARTICLE,ASSUMMARIZEDINFIGURE1EMSSHAVEBEENASSOCIATEDWITHAVARIETYOFRESEARCHAREASTHATAREREVIEWEDINTHISWORKANDARELISTEDINFIGURE2BECAUSEOFTHEIMPORTANTROLEOFTHEEMSINENERGYCONSERVATION,SECTION2ISDEDICATEDTOADISCUSSIONOFITSDEFINITION,COMPONENTS,GOALS,ANDMANUFACTURING,ALONGWITHASSOCIATEDCHALLENGESFIGURE1SHEMSACTIVITIESFIGURE2SHEMSRESEARCHAREAS

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TORAGESYSTEMSCUSTOMERSAGAINSTTHEDISTRIBUTIONGRIDELECTRICITYFLOWSTOALLEVIATEVOLTAGERISEANDOTHERLOCALCONDITIONSTHATMAYNECESSITATEPOWERGRIDREINFORCEMENTINADDITION,THEEFFECTIVECHARGINGANDDISCHARGINGSCHEDULINGWEREIMPLEMENTEDRESEARCHERSINTRODUCEDADYNAMICALMODELTOCONSIDERMETHODSTOMANAGEDAYAHEADBATTERYCHARGESCHEDULINGUNDERTHEASSUMPTIONOFACOSTOFNETMETERINGTHEMODELREQUIREDLOADINGANDGENERATIONFORECASTSATDIFFERENTLOCATIONSINTHENETWORKTHISAPPROACHEMULATEDIMPERFECTFORECASTSUSINGHISTORICALDATATHEYUTILISEPOWERFLOWANALYSISTOPLACECONSTRAINTSONTHEOPTIMISATIONPROBLEMSTHEYDEMONSTRATETHAT,INTERMSOFCUSTOMERBENEFIT,THECENTRALISEDSYSTEMWASPREFERABLE,BECAUSETHEEQUALSAVINGSWEREPROVIDEDTOALLRESIDENTIALCUSTOMERS,HENCETHATNOCUSTOMERSWEREPENALISEDFORUTILISINGBATTERYSTORAGE14THISSTUDYPROPOSEDSMALLSCALEANDLARGESCALESOLARENERGY,WINDPOWERANDENERGYSTORAGESYSTEMENERGYSTORAGEISACOMBINATIONOFBATTERYSTORAGEANDV2GBATTERYSTORAGETHESESTORAGESAREINPARALLELSUPPORTINGEACHOTHERTHENOVELTYOFTHISWORKINRELATIONTOSIMILARWORKISTHESIMULTANEOUSUSAGEOFBATTERYSTORAGEANDV2GBATTERYSTORAGETHEPROPOSEDTOPICISIMPORTANTANDWORTHYOFINVESTIGATIONSINCETHEIMPACTOFV2GOPERATIONSPLAYSAKEYROLEINTHECONVENIENCEOFVEHICLEOWNERSINSUPPORTINGTHEMAINGRIDWITHTHISKINDOFANCILLARYSERVICESRENEWABLEENERGYSUPPLYSYSTEMSWEREDIVIDEDINTOTWOPARTSSMALLSCALESUPPLYANDLARGESCALE

簡介：7600英文單詞，英文單詞，43萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文13萬字萬字文獻出處文獻出處RICHARDSGCULTURALTOURISMAREVIEWOFRECENTRESEARCHANDTRENDSJJOURNALOFHOSPITALITYANDTOURISMMANAGEMENT,2018,361221CULTURALTOURISMAREVIEWOFRECENTRESEARCHANDTRENDSGREGRICHARDSABSTRACTTHISREVIEWARTICLETRACESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCULTURALTOURISMASAFIELDOFRESEARCHOVERTHEPASTDECADE,IDENTIFYINGMAJORTRENDSANDRESEARCHAREASCULTURALTOURISMHASRECENTLYBEENREAFFIRMEDBYTHEUNWTOASAMAJORELEMENTOFINTERNATIONALTOURISMCONSUMPTION,ACCOUNTINGFOROVER39OFTOURISMARRIVALSCULTURALTOURISMRESEARCHHASALSOGROWNRAPIDLY,PARTICULARLYINFIELDSSUCHASCULTURALCONSUMPTION,CULTURALMOTIVATIONS,HERITAGECONSERVATION,CULTURALTOURISMECONOMICS,ANTHROPOLOGYANDTHERELATIONSHIPWITHTHECREATIVEECONOMYMAJORRESEARCHTRENDSINCLUDETHESHIFTFROMTANGIBLETOINTANGIBLEHERITAGE,MOREATTENTIONFORINDIGENOUSANDOTHERMINORITYGROUPSANDAGEOGRAPHICALEXPANSIONINTHECOVERAGEOFCULTURALTOURISMRESEARCHTHEFIELDALSOREFLECTSANUMBEROF‘TURNS’INSOCIALSCIENCE,INCLUDINGTHEMOBILITIESTURN,THEPERFORMANCETURNANDTHECREATIVETURNTHEPAPERCONCLUDESWITHANUMBEROFSUGGESTIONSFORFUTURERESEARCHDIRECTIONS,SUCHASTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTRANSMODERNCULTURESANDTHEIMPACTSOFNEWTECHNOLOGIESKEYWORDSCULTURALTOURISMTANGIBLEHERITAGEINTANGIBLEHERITAGEINDIGENOUSTOURISMCULTURALCONSUMPTION1INTRODUCTIONCULTUREANDTOURISMHAVEALWAYSBEENINEXTRICABLYLINKEDCULTURALSIGHTS,ATTRACTIONSANDEVENTSPROVIDEANIMPORTANTMOTIVATIONFORTRAVEL,ANDTRAVELINITSELFGENERATESCULTUREBUTITISONLYINRECENTDECADESTHATTHELINKBETWEENCULTUREANDTOURISMHASBEENMOREEXPLICITLYIDENTIFIEDASASPECIFICFORMOFCONSUMPTIONCULTURALTOURISMTHEEMERGENCEOFCULTURALTOURISMASASOCIALPHENOMENONANDASANOBJECTOFACADEMICSTUDYCANBETRACEDBACKTOTHESURGEINPOSTWORLDWAR2LEISURETRAVELINEUROPE,TRAVELHELPEDTOINCREASECULTURALUNDERSTANDINGASWELLASREBUILDSHATTEREDECONOMIESASINCOMESANDCONSUMPTIONCONTINUEDTORISEINTHE1960SAND1970S,SODIDINTERNATIONALTRAVEL,ANDTHECONSUMPTIONOFCULTUREBYTHE1980STHEFLOWOFINTERNATIONALTOURISTSTOMAJORSITESANDATTRACTIONSBEGANTOATTRACTENOUGHATTENTIONFORTHELABEL‘CULTURALTOURISM’TOBEATTACHEDTOANEMERGINGNICHEMARKETEARLYACADEMICSTUDIESOFCULTURALTOURISMALSOSURFACEDATTHISTIME,ANDTHEWORLDTOURISMORGANISATIONWTO,ASITWASTHENPRODUCEDITSFIRSTDEFINITIONOFTHEPHENOMENONINTHEEARLY1990STHEFIRSTESTIMATEOFTHESIZEOFTHIS‘NEW’MARKETALSOEMERGEDAT37OFALLINTERNATIONALTOURISMANDWEREATTRIBUTEDTOTHEWTO,EVENTHOUGHBYWATER1993COMMENTSTHATITWASNOTCLEARHOWTHISESTIMATEWASDERIVEDINTERESTINCULTURALTOURISMCONTINUEDTOGROWTHROUGHOUTTHE1980SAND1990S,DRIVENBYTHE‘HERITAGEBOOM’HEWISON,1987,THEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALANDDOMESTICTRAVELANDTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFCULTURALTOURISMASA‘GOOD’FORMOFTOURISMTHATWOULDSTIMULATETHEECONOMYANDHELPCONSERVECULTURERICHARDS,2001THEBEGINNINGOFTHE1990SINDICATESAPERIODOFTRANSFORMATIONOFCULTURALTOURISMWHICH,UNLIKETHEORIGINALORIENTATIONTOWARDSELITECLIENTELE,FOUNDANEWOPPORTUNITYFORDEVELOPMENTINTHEORIENTATIONTOWARDSTHEMASSMARKETCULTURALTOURISMBECAMEAWELLESTABLISHEDPHENOMENONINMANYTOURISMDESTINATIONS,ANDWASREVIEWTODOJUSTICETOTHEINCREASINGBREADTHANDDIVERSITYOFCULTURALTOURISMRESEARCH,BUTITISHOPEDTHATATLEASTSOMEOFTHEMAINTHEMESCANBETRACED2MAJORTHEMESINTHELITERATURETHEGROWINGBODYOFCULTURALTOURISMSCHOLARSHIPISCONFIRMEDBYALITERATURESEARCHONTHETERM“CULTURALTOURISM”O(jiān)NGOOGLESCHOLARASFIG1INDICATES,CULTURALTOURISMSOURCESHAVERISENFROMLESSTHAN100IN1990TOOVER6000IN2016GROWTHWASPARTICULARLYSHARPBETWEEN2005AND2015,ANDCULTURALTOURISMPUBLICATIONSHAVERISENASAPROPORTIONOFALLTOURISMPUBLICATIONS,TOREACHNEARLY5BY2017THISGROWTHHASALSOBEENSUPPORTEDBYANUMBEROFFLOURISHINGSUBTHEMESINTHEFIELDTHESEALSOTENDTORELATETOSOMEMAJORACADEMICDISCIPLINES,SUCHASSOCIOLOGY,ECONOMICS,ANTHROPOLOGYANDPSYCHOLOGYTHECURRENTREVIEWCOVERSFIRSTSOMEOFTHEMAJORRESEARCHAREASRELATEDTOTHESEFIELDS,BEFORESUMMARISINGSOMEOFTHEMAJOREMERGINGRESEARCHTRENDSBECAUSEOFTHEVASTSCOPEOFTHELITERATUREMOSTATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDTORESEARCHARTICLESPUBLISHEDSINCE2010OTHERSOURCESCANPROVIDEOVERVIEWSOFTHELITERATUREUPTOTHISDATEEGDUCROSSMITHRICHARDS,2013ASEARCHOFTHELITERATUREREVEALS,HOWEVER,THATTHECURRENTREVIEWISTHEFIRSTTOCOVERTHECULTURALTOURISMFIELDASAWHOLESOMEOFTHEMAJORRESEARCHTHEMESTHATEMERGEFROMOURREVIEWOFPUBLICATIONSLISTEDINGOOGLESCHOLARANDSCOPUSINCLUDECULTURALTOURISMASAFORMOFCULTURALCONSUMPTION,MOTIVATIONSFORCULTURALTOURISM,THEECONOMICASPECTSOFCULTURALTOURISM,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTOURISMANDCULTURALHERITAGE,THEGROWTHOFTHECREATIVEECONOMY,ANDTHELINKSBETWEENANTHROPOLOGYANDCULTURALTOURISMFIG1CULTURALTOURISMPUBLICATIONS1990E2016SOURCEGOOGLESCHOLAR21CULTURALCONSUMPTIONCULTURALTOURISMASAFORMOFCULTURALCONSUMPTIONHASBEENAPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTTOPICFORSOCIOLOGICALSTUDIESINTHEFIELDMUCHOFTHISRESEARCHHASSOUGHTTOUNDERSTANDTHECULTURALTOURISMAUDIENCEANDINPARTICULARTHEVARIATIONANDSTRATIFICATIONWITHINITEARLYDISCUSSIONSOFCULTURALTOURISMALSODEVELOPEDADIVISIONBETWEEN‘GENERAL’AND‘SPECIFIC’CULTURALTOURISTS,WITHTHEFORMERCONSUMINGCULTUREASPARTOFAGENERALHOLIDAYEXPERIENCE,ANDTHELATTERTRAVELLINGPURPOSEFULLYTOENGAGEINSOMEASPECTOFTHECULTUREOFTHEDESTINATIONRICHARDS,1996THISSIMPLEDICHOTOMYWASLATEREXTENDEDTOCOVERDIFFERENTTYPOLOGIESOFCULTURALTOURISTS,BASEDONFEATURESSUCHASTHEDEPTHANDPURPOS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簡介：CULTURALTOURISMAREVIEWOFRECENTRESEARCHANDTRENDSGREGRICHARDSACADEMYFORLEISUREBREDAUNIVERSITY,POSTBUS3917,4800DX,BREDA,THENETHERLANDSARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED16MARCH2018ACCEPTED29MARCH2018AVAILABLEONLINE3JULY2018KEYWORDSCULTURALTOURISMTANGIBLEHERITAGEINTANGIBLEHERITAGEINDIGENOUSTOURISMCULTURALCONSUMPTIONABSTRACTTHISREVIEWARTICLETRACESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCULTURALTOURISMASAFIELDOFRESEARCHOVERTHEPASTDECADE,IDENTIFYINGMAJORTRENDSANDRESEARCHAREASCULTURALTOURISMHASRECENTLYBEENREAFFIRMEDBYTHEUNWTOASAMAJORELEMENTOFINTERNATIONALTOURISMCONSUMPTION,ACCOUNTINGFOROVER39OFTOURISMARRIVALSCULTURALTOURISMRESEARCHHASALSOGROWNRAPIDLY,PARTICULARLYINFIELDSSUCHASCULTURALCONSUMPTION,CULTURALMOTIVATIONS,HERITAGECONSERVATION,CULTURALTOURISMECONOMICS,ANTHROPOLOGYANDTHERELATIONSHIPWITHTHECREATIVEECONOMYMAJORRESEARCHTRENDSINCLUDETHESHIFTFROMTANGIBLETOINTANGIBLEHERITAGE,MOREATTENTIONFORINDIGENOUSANDOTHERMINORITYGROUPSANDAGEOGRAPHICALEXPANSIONINTHECOVERAGEOFCULTURALTOURISMRESEARCHTHEFIELDALSOREFLECTSANUMBEROF‘TURNS’INSOCIALSCIENCE,INCLUDINGTHEMOBILITIESTURN,THEPERFORMANCETURNANDTHECREATIVETURNTHEPAPERCONCLUDESWITHANUMBEROFSUGGESTIONSFORFUTURERESEARCHDIRECTIONS,SUCHASTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTRANSMODERNCULTURESANDTHEIMPACTSOFNEWTECHNOLOGIES?2018THEAUTHORS1INTRODUCTIONCULTUREANDTOURISMHAVEALWAYSBEENINEXTRICABLYLINKEDCULTURALSIGHTS,ATTRACTIONSANDEVENTSPROVIDEANIMPORTANTMOTIVATIONFORTRAVEL,ANDTRAVELINITSELFGENERATESCULTUREBUTITISONLYINRECENTDECADESTHATTHELINKBETWEENCULTUREANDTOURISMHASBEENMOREEXPLICITLYIDENTIFIEDASASPECIFICFORMOFCONSUMPTIONCULTURALTOURISMTHEEMERGENCEOFCULTURALTOURISMASASOCIALPHENOMENONANDASANOBJECTOFACADEMICSTUDYCANBETRACEDBACKTOTHESURGEINPOSTWORLDWAR2LEISURETRAVELINEUROPE,TRAVELHELPEDTOINCREASECULTURALUNDERSTANDINGASWELLASREBUILDSHATTEREDECONOMIESASINCOMESANDCONSUMPTIONCONTINUEDTORISEINTHE1960SAND1970S,SODIDINTERNATIONALTRAVEL,ANDTHECONSUMPTIONOFCULTUREBYTHE1980STHEFLOWOFINTERNATIONALTOURISTSTOMAJORSITESANDATTRACTIONSBEGANTOATTRACTENOUGHATTENTIONFORTHELABEL‘CULTURALTOURISM’TOBEATTACHEDTOANEMERGINGNICHEMARKETEARLYACADEMICSTUDIESOFCULTURALTOURISMALSOSURFACEDATTHISTIME,ANDTHEWORLDTOURISMORGANISATIONWTO,ASITWASTHENPRODUCEDITSFIRSTDEFINITIONOFTHEPHENOMENONINTHEEARLY1990STHEFIRSTESTIMATEOFTHESIZEOFTHIS‘NEW’MARKETALSOEMERGEDAT37OFALLINTERNATIONALTOURISMANDWEREATTRIBUTEDTOTHEWTO,EVENTHOUGHBYWATER1993COMMENTSTHATITWASNOTCLEARHOWTHISESTIMATEWASDERIVEDINTERESTINCULTURALTOURISMCONTINUEDTOGROWTHROUGHOUTTHE1980SAND1990S,DRIVENBYTHE‘HERITAGEBOOM’HEWISON,1987,THEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALANDDOMESTICTRAVELANDTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFCULTURALTOURISMASA‘GOOD’FORMOFTOURISMTHATWOULDSTIMULATETHEECONOMYANDHELPCONSERVECULTURERICHARDS,2001THEBEGINNINGOFTHE1990SINDICATESAPERIODOFTRANSFORMATIONOFCULTURALTOURISMWHICH,UNLIKETHEORIGINALORIENTATIONTOWARDSELITECLIENTELE,FOUNDANEWOPPORTUNITYFORDEVELOPMENTINTHEORIENTATIONTOWARDSTHEMASSMARKETCULTURALTOURISMBECAMEAWELLESTABLISHEDPHENOMENONINMANYTOURISMDESTINATIONS,ANDWASINCREASINGLYTHETARGETOFACADEMICRESEARCHTHEFIRSTTEXTBOOKSONCULTURALTOURISMBEGANTOEMERGEIVANOVIC,2008SMITH,2003ANDAGROWINGRANGEOFRESEARCHPAPERSAPPEARED,LINKEDTOMANYDIFFERENTTHEORETICALANDMETHODOLOGICALAPPROACHESRICHARDSRUSSO,2002MANYDISCUSSIONSOFCULTURALTOURISM,PARTICULARLYINEMERGINGECONOMIES,ALSOREVOLVEAROUNDTHENEEDTOSPREADTOURISMGEOGRAPHICALLYEGIVANOVICHSAAYMAN,2015GROWINGINTERESTINTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCULTURALTOURISMANDECONOMICSISMARKEDBYARECENTSPECIALISSUEOFTHEJOURNALOFCULTURALECONOMICS2017THISINCLUDESANUMBEROFPAPERSREFLECTINGONISSUESSUCHASTHESPENDINGHABITSOFCULTURALTOURISTSINAMSTERDAMROUWENDALVANLOON,2017ANDTHEIMPACTOFCULTURALPARTICIPATIONINDESTINATIONSINATTRACTINGCULTURALTOURISTSGUCCIO,LISI,MIGNOSA,RIZZO,2018INTHEIRINTRODUCTIONTOTHESPECIALISSUEON“THEECONOMICSOFCULTURALTOURISM”NOONANANDRIZZO2017ADMITTHATLITTLETHEORETICALADVANCEMENTHASBEENMADETHEEDITORSIDENTIFYNEWAREASOFAPPLICATION,SUCHASDRUGTOURISM,LANGUAGETOURISM,ANDFILMFESTIVALS,ASWELLASTHEPOTENTIALFORWORKINNEWAREASDSUCHASONLINE‘CROWDSOURCING’ANDCULTURALCONVENTIONSATITSHEART,THEDISTINCTIONBETWEENCULTURALTOURISMANDTOURISMGENERALLYMAYBEAFALSEDISTINCTIONMOVINGINTHEDIRECTIONOFDEVELOPINGMOREDISTINCTLYCULTURALECONOMICTHEORIESOFTOURISMPRESENTSANIMPORTANTCHALLENGETOTHEFIELDP104THEAVAILABILITYOFTIMESERIESDATAISNOWMAKINGITPOSSIBLETOSTARTESTIMATINGTHEECONOMICEFFECTSOFCULTURALTOURISMMOREACCURATELYINSOMEDESTINATIONSSPAINISALEADINGEXAMPLE,ASTHESURVEYSCARRIEDOUTCONSISTENTLYWITHDOMESTICANDINTERNATIONALTOURISTSNOWPROVIDEAWEALTHOFDATATOBEMINEDARTALTUR,BRIONESPENALVER,ANDVILLENANAVARRO2018SHOWTHELEADINGROLETHATCULTURALACTIVITIESPLAYINATTRACTINGLONGHAULANDFIRSTTIMEVISITORSTOSPAINTHESECULTURALTOURISTSALSOTENDTOSPENDMORETHANOTHERINTERNATIONALTOURISTS,ANDPLAYAMAJORROLEINSUPPORTINGSPANISHMUSEUMSPONFERRADA,2015CISNEROSMARTíNEZANDFERN?ANDEZMORALES2015ALSODEMONSTRATETHEROLEOFCULTURALTOURISMINREDUCINGSEASONALITYINANDALUCíAINITALY,GUCCIOETAL2018ASSESSTHEIMPACTOFTHEMONETARYVALUEOFCULTURALHERITAGEONTOURISMTHEYFINDTHATAMILLIONEUROSWORTHOFCULTURALHERITAGEGENERATESABOUT1000MORECULTURALVISITORS,WHICHUNDERLINESTHESTRONGRELATIONSHIPBETWE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