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簡介:AREVIEWOFWATERHEATINGSYSTEMFORSOLARENERGYAPPLICATIONSAJAMARA,ZAAMAJIDB,WHAZMIA,C,?,MNORHAFANAD,AARAZAKEAFACULTYOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITIMALAYSIAPAHANG,26600PEKAN,PAHANG,MALAYSIABKULLIYYAHOFALLIEDHEALTHSCIENCES,INTERNATIONALISLAMICUNIVERSITYOFMALAYSIA,BANDARINDERAMAHKOTA,25200KUANTAN,PAHANG,MALAYSIACAUTOMOTIVEENGINEERINGCENTRE,UNIVERSITIMALAYSIAPAHANG,26600PEKAN,PAHANG,MALAYSIADDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,KULLIYYAHOFENGINEERING,INTERNATIONALISLAMICUNIVERSITYMALAYSIA,POBOX10,50728,KUALALUMPUR,MALAYSIAEFACULTYOFENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGY,UNIVERSITIMALAYSIAPAHANG,LEBUHRAYATUNRAZAK,26300GAMBANG,PAHANG,MALAYSIAABSTRACTARTICLEINFOAVAILABLEONLINE25MAY2016SOLARENERGYISONEOFTHEWIDELYUSEDRENEWABLEENERGYTHATCANBEHARNESSEDEITHERBYDIRECTLYDERIVINGENERGYFROMSUNLIGHTORINDIRECTLYSOLARWATERHEATINGSYSTEM,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISONEOFTHEAPPLICATIONSOFSOLARENERGYTHATHASDRAWNGREATATTENTIONAMONGRESEARCHERSINTHISFIELDSOLARCOLLECTORS,STORAGETANKSANDHEATTRANSFERFLUIDSARETHETHREECORECOMPONENTSINSOLARWATERHEATERAPPLICATIONS,WHICHAREREVIEWEDINTHISPAPERTHISPAPERDISCUSSESTHELATESTDEVELOPMENTSANDADVANCEMENTOFASOLARWATERHEATERBASEDONTHETHREEBASICCOMPONENTSTHATMAYAFFECTTHETHERMALPERFORMANCEOFTHESYSTEMITALSOREVIEWSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFVARIOUSTYPESOFSOLARCOLLECTORSINSOLARWATERHEATER,INCLUDINGBOTHTHENONCONCENTRATINGCOLLECTORSFLATPLATECOLLECTOR,EVACUATEDTUBECOLLECTORANDTHECONCENTRATINGCOLLECTORSPARABOLICDISHREFLECTOR,PARABOLICTROUGHCOLLECTORALLTHESEARESTUDIEDINTERMSOFOPTICALOPTIMIZATION,HEATLOSSREDUCTION,HEATRECUPERATIONENHANCEMENTANDDIFFERENTSUNTRACKINGMECHANISMSAMONGTHENONCONCENTRATINGANDCONCENTRATINGCOLLECTORS,THEPARABOLICDISHREFLECTORCOLLECTORSSHOWTHEBESTOVERALLPERFORMANCETHEUSEOFNANOFLUIDSASAHEATTRANSFERFLUIDWASALSODISCOVEREDINTHISPAPER?2016ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSSOLARENERGYSOLARWATERHEATINGSYSTEMSOLARWATERHEATERRENEWABLEENERGYCONTENTS1INTRODUCTION1792DEVELOPMENTOFSOLARWATERHEATINGSYSTEM1793SOLARWATERHEATINGSYSTEM17931ACTIVESYSTEM18032PASSIVESYSTEM180321THERMOSIPHON180322INTEGRATEDCOLLECTORSTORAGE1814COMPONENTSOFSOLARWATERHEATER18141SOLARCOLLECTOR181411SOLARCOLLECTORSELECTION182412TYPESOFSOLARCOLLECTOR18242STORAGETANK18343HEATTRANSFERFLUIDS1845LATESTDEVELOPMENTANDAPPLICATIONS1856CONCLUSIONS185ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS185REFERENCES185INTERNATIONALCOMMUNICATIONSINHEATANDMASSTRANSFER762016178–187COMMUNICATEDBYWJMINKOWYCZ?CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSESAKASYAHJGMAILCOMAJAMAR,AMZAFRIIIUMEDUMYZAAMAJID,WANAZMI2010GMAILCOMWHAZMI,NORHAFANAYAHOOCOMMNORHAFANA,AMIRRAZAKOUTLOOKCOMAARAZAKHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JICHEATMASSTRANSFER20160502807351933/?2016ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTINTERNATIONALCOMMUNICATIONSINHEATANDMASSTRANSFERJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ICHMTELECTRICITYANDFOSSILFUELSUSEDFORWATERHEATING49GENERALLY,THESYSTEMISVERYSIMPLEBECAUSEITREQUIRESONLYSUNLIGHTTOHEATTHEWATERITWORKSWHENTHEWORKINGFLUIDISBROUGHTINCONTACTWITHADARKSURFACEHIGHABSORPTIVETHATISEXPOSEDTOSUNLIGHT,WHICHTHENCAUSESTHETEMPERATUREOFTHEFLUIDTORISE3THISFLUIDMAYBECAUSEDBYTHEWATERBEINGHEATEDDIRECTLY,WHICHISCALLEDADIRECTSYSTEM,ORITMAYBEAHEATTRANSFERFLUIDSUCHASAGLYCOLORWATERMIXTURETHATISPASSEDTHROUGHSOMEFORMOFAHEATEXCHANGERANDCALLEDANINDIRECTSYSTEMTHESESYSTEMSCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOMAINCATEGORIESACTIVESYSTEMANDPASSIVESYSTEM50ASSHOWNINFIG1THEACTIVESYSTEMCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOWHICHARETHEOPENLOOPANDCLOSELOOPSYSTEMWHEREASTHEPASSIVESYSTEMUSESTHESYSTEMOFTHERMOSIPHONANDINTEGRALCOLLECTORSTORAGEICSALMOSTALLSOLARWATERHEATINGSYSTEMSUSEDINTEMPERATECLIMATESAREACTIVESYSTEMSTHATMAKEUSEOFPUMPSTOCIRCULATETHEHEATTRANSFERFLUIDS24THEORETICALLY,THESESYSTEMSCOMMONLYUSEFLATPLATESOREVACUATEDTUBECOLLECTORS,WHICHABSORBSBOTHDIFFUSEDANDDIRECTSOLARRADIATIONANDFUNCTIONEVENUNDERCLOUDEDSKIESWATERISHEATEDINTHECOLLECTORSANDAPUMPISUSEDTOCIRCULATEAWATERGLYCOLMIXTUREUSEDASTHEHEATTRANSFERFLUID51ASOLARCONTROLLERTRIGGERSTHEPUMPWHENTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHETEMPERATUREOFWATERATTHEBOTTOMOFTHETANKANDTHEHEATTRANSFERFLUIDATTHEOUTLETFROMTHECOLLECTOREXCEEDSASETVALUEASOLARCOILATTHEBOTTOMOFTHEHOTWATERTANKISUSEDTOHEATWATERTHISFLUIDHASSOMEDESIRABLEPROPERTIESSUCHASLOWFREEZINGANDHIGHBOILINGPOINTSTHEIREASEOFOPERATIONANDLOWCOSTMAKESTHEMSUITABLEFORLOWTEMPERATUREAPPLICATIONSBELOW80°CANAUXILIARYHEATINGSYSTEMISUSEDTORAISETHEWATERTEMPERATUREDURINGPERIODSWHENTHEREISLESSHEATAVAILABLEFROMTHESOLARCOLLECTOR52THESOLARWATERHEATINGSYSTEMPROVESTOBEANEFFECTIVETECHNOLOGYFORCONVERTINGSOLARENERGYINTOTHERMALENERGYTHEEFFICIENCYOFSOLARTHERMALCONVERSIONISAROUND70WHENCOMPAREDTOTHESOLARELECTRICALDIRECTCONVERSIONSYSTEMTHATHASANEFFICIENCYOFONLY1753THEREARETWOTYPESOFSOLARWATERHEATINGSYSTEMSACTIVEANDPASSIVESOLARHEATINGSYSTEMSTHEACTIVESYSTEMCONSISTSOFTHEOPENLOOPSYSTEMANDCLOSEDLOOPSYSTEMWHEREASTHEPASSIVESYSTEMCONTAINSTHERMOSIPHONANDINTEGRATEDCOLLECTORSTORAGEICS31ACTIVESYSTEMACTIVESOLARWATERHEATINGSYSTEMSUSECOLLECTORSTOHEATAFLUID,STORAGEUNITSTOSTORESOLARENERGYUNTILNEEDEDANDDISTRIBUTIONEQUIPMENTTOPROVIDETHESOLARENERGYTOTHEHEATEDSPACESINACONTROLLEDMANNER54INCOMBINATIONWITHCONVENTIONALHEATINGEQUIPMENT,ASOLARWATERHEATINGSYSTEMPROVID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