外文翻譯--對(duì)使用合成酯類(lèi)潤(rùn)滑油生態(tài)毒理學(xué)特性的影響評(píng)估

1、<p><b>　　外文資料翻譯及原文</b></p><p><b>　　1、譯文</b></p><p>　　對(duì)使用合成酯類(lèi)潤(rùn)滑油生態(tài)毒理學(xué)特性的影響評(píng)估</p><p>　　GUDRUN MAXAM, STEFAN HAHN, WOLFGANG DOTT AND ADOLF EISENTRAEGER RWT

2、H Aachen, 衛(wèi)生和環(huán)境醫(yī)學(xué)研究所, Pauwelsstr.30 D-52057Aachen, 德國(guó),2002年5月28日接受</p><p>　　摘要：合成酯潤(rùn)滑劑需要有關(guān)它們的技術(shù)和生態(tài)毒理學(xué)特性?xún)?yōu)化。要確定生態(tài)毒性潛力所需要的試驗(yàn)可以是一個(gè)化學(xué)品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估程序的依據(jù)。目前風(fēng)險(xiǎn)潤(rùn)滑油的分類(lèi)進(jìn)行了新的石油液體，通常在水生物測(cè)定應(yīng)用前準(zhǔn)備的液體。為了改善一些潤(rùn)滑油的生態(tài)毒性的特點(diǎn)，制備方法質(zhì)量得到優(yōu)化。由此產(chǎn)

3、生的準(zhǔn)備協(xié)議導(dǎo)致的石油液體水，可以使用生物測(cè)定提取物進(jìn)行測(cè)試。對(duì)化學(xué)成分的使用，以及由添加劑帶來(lái)的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)效應(yīng)引起變化的程度需要審議。為了采取這種不同的使用潤(rùn)滑油，除了新的石油液體測(cè)試的原因外，在這項(xiàng)工作中的各種潤(rùn)滑油樣品進(jìn)行了分析與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與弧菌鯢和惡臭假單胞菌，發(fā)光與V.fischeri，生存與大型水蚤和藻類(lèi)生長(zhǎng)與柵藻subspicatus抑制試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)抑制試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)。水提物的化學(xué)特性包括pH值測(cè)定，電導(dǎo)率，重金屬，溶解有機(jī)碳，

4、無(wú)機(jī)陰離子和磷的含量。結(jié)果強(qiáng)調(diào)環(huán)保的論斷，潤(rùn)滑油可以接受其在使用生態(tài)毒理學(xué)的潛在變化。認(rèn)為通常添加到基礎(chǔ)油，以提高油品的適用性的一些物質(zhì)可能具有很高的潛在毒性。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：合成酯類(lèi)潤(rùn)滑油 生態(tài)毒理學(xué)評(píng)價(jià) 生物測(cè)定</p><p>　　簡(jiǎn)介：在1995年的潤(rùn)滑油消費(fèi)總量超過(guò)3600萬(wàn)噸的全球（巴茨，1998年），它們被應(yīng)用在各領(lǐng)域，如在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)或液壓，金屬加工工藝和必須履

5、行的技術(shù)要求。潤(rùn)滑油包括基礎(chǔ)油和提升性能的添加劑。目前超過(guò)90％的基礎(chǔ)油是礦物油，一個(gè)復(fù)雜的混合物含有脂肪族，脂環(huán)族和芳香族碳?xì)浠衔锏牟煌糠?。與此相反，在合成酯基礎(chǔ)油是潤(rùn)滑油更明確的內(nèi)容。如粘度指數(shù)改進(jìn)劑（egsulfonates，琥珀酸衍生物）腐蝕抑制劑，抗泡沫或抗氧化劑（egphenolic和aminic物質(zhì)）從不同的物質(zhì)群衍生劑大多數(shù)添加劑擁有的潛在毒性。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在潤(rùn)滑油必須符合生態(tài)以及

6、技術(shù)要求，因?yàn)橄鄬?duì)于環(huán)境的感性有所增加。對(duì)于這種潤(rùn)滑油的基礎(chǔ)上優(yōu)化其生態(tài)毒性方面的技術(shù)性能和合成酯是可取的。1997年7月聯(lián)合研究中心的“非污染摩擦學(xué)系統(tǒng)”（SFB442），由德國(guó)研究基金會(huì)（DFG）資助經(jīng)費(fèi)成立。為了提高特殊潤(rùn)滑油摩擦學(xué)職能應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到固體表面工具涂層的手段特點(diǎn)的技術(shù)。通過(guò)增加基礎(chǔ)油穩(wěn)定的合成酯的性能有待改進(jìn)。</p><p>　　該項(xiàng)目“方法和系統(tǒng)的摩擦學(xué)和借鑒生態(tài)和環(huán)境醫(yī)學(xué)機(jī)床的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估策略”追

7、求的綜合戰(zhàn)略，同時(shí)考慮到兩方面對(duì)人類(lèi)的毒理學(xué)和生態(tài)毒理學(xué)的潤(rùn)滑油，以?xún)?yōu)化合成酯基潤(rùn)滑油有關(guān)環(huán)境自然友好以及穩(wěn)定性。為了達(dá)到這些是必不可少的，以確定潛在的生態(tài)毒性和使用造成的改造目標(biāo)。潤(rùn)滑油的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)特性是根據(jù)雙方的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量的基礎(chǔ)油和種類(lèi)和數(shù)量的添加劑使用（由主要參數(shù)溫度，時(shí)間和材料的應(yīng)用為特征）的組成，從而可能會(huì)影響潤(rùn)滑油的生態(tài)毒性。重金屬被吸收到潤(rùn)滑油的磨損。有機(jī)化合物是改變了高壓和高溫。工具機(jī)械含有的潤(rùn)滑油有助于新的液體污染。試

8、驗(yàn)完成，該合成酯基礎(chǔ)環(huán)保的潤(rùn)滑劑。為了檢測(cè)不同的潤(rùn)滑油可變性，以及由使用引起的變化，為100 g/L的水提取量高的潤(rùn)滑油。</p><p>　　在這項(xiàng)工作的結(jié)果呈現(xiàn)，這是經(jīng)過(guò)優(yōu)化的制備方法申請(qǐng)獲得。該添加劑和使用過(guò)程中的化學(xué)成分變化的影響進(jìn)行審查。</p><p>　　方法：制備水提取液油</p><p>　　水的油樣進(jìn)行萃取是根據(jù)在圖1介紹的過(guò)程。阿石油液體和Mi

9、lliporeTM水（比例1+9）混合攪拌開(kāi)銷(xiāo)24 h在黑暗DURANTM玻璃瓶（肖特，美因茨，德國(guó)）的水提取物是用玻璃纖維過(guò)濾器（過(guò)濾孔徑1微米; Gelman科學(xué)美國(guó)密歇根州）過(guò)夜后階段的分離。 pH值和電導(dǎo)率測(cè)量。油性階段被駁回。生態(tài)毒理學(xué)測(cè)試是在14日內(nèi)與水提取雙稀釋系列。樣品儲(chǔ)存于4黑暗DURANTM玻璃瓶C，以便避免光化學(xué)反應(yīng)。</p><p>　　與惡臭假單胞菌和弧菌鯢生長(zhǎng)抑制實(shí)驗(yàn)都是用微孔板光度計(jì)

10、和孵化器（IEMS閱讀器，Labsystems，芬蘭），最終檢驗(yàn)量為200μL/孔。相對(duì)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)試程序（DIN38412 L37，1999; ISO10712,1995）的V.fischeri和P.putida細(xì)胞冷保存文化用于接種（施密茨等人，1998年）的微孔板光度計(jì)放置在柜（Multitron，Infors，瑞士）進(jìn)行冷卻。該項(xiàng)測(cè)試是在20℃（V.fischeri）和21℃（P.putida）分別按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)程序。IEMS讀者的執(zhí)行為1

11、毫米，1000 RPM震動(dòng)頻率振幅軌道運(yùn)動(dòng)。與此相反的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)議的光密度測(cè)量在20分鐘的時(shí)間間隔為450納米。該區(qū)間被劃分為2分10期。該板塊動(dòng)搖約30秒/周期，以防止細(xì)胞造粒（施密茨等人，1998年），每個(gè)水提取物，生長(zhǎng)控制和空白稀釋在三個(gè)測(cè)試重復(fù)。</p><p>　　急性發(fā)光與V.fischeri，藻類(lèi)生長(zhǎng)與柵藻subspicatus抑制試驗(yàn)和大型蚤的生存抑制實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行程序（DW EN ISO1134

12、8-1，-2，-3,1999; EN28692,1993; ISO6341,1996）的潤(rùn)滑劑樣品，控制和空白的水提取物有兩種測(cè)試重復(fù)。</p><p>　　對(duì)測(cè)試結(jié)果表示為L(zhǎng)ID值。LID值是最低的無(wú)效稀釋。LID表示最高濃度測(cè)試樣品在該批次為急性發(fā)光與V.fischeri，藻類(lèi)生長(zhǎng)與S.subspicatus抑制試驗(yàn)抑制試驗(yàn)抑制小于20％，與V.fischeri生長(zhǎng)抑制試驗(yàn)和P.putida和10的D.mag

13、na生存考驗(yàn)分別％已被觀察到。</p><p>　　物理化學(xué)特性的水提物：pH值和電導(dǎo)率測(cè)量電化學(xué)。重金屬分析原子吸收光譜（DIN38406 T1,6,7,8,10,11,19;1981±1993），與石墨爐（銅）和阻燃技術(shù)（鋅）鐵含量估計(jì)光度。溶解有機(jī)碳（DOC）檢測(cè)到了TOC分析儀（參數(shù)及C型墊5500，Stroehlein）的無(wú)機(jī)陰離子均采用離子色譜法（DIN38405 T19，1988），磷含量

14、的檢測(cè)按ICP / OES方法。</p><p>　　結(jié)果：在這項(xiàng)工作中的結(jié)果僅代表在聯(lián)合研究中心“SFB442”過(guò)程中收集數(shù)據(jù)的一小部分的新型液壓生態(tài)毒理學(xué)特性和新的齒輪油，結(jié)果如圖2所示。</p><p>　　這兩種潤(rùn)滑油是基于合成酯和無(wú)污染的分類(lèi)。兩種不同提取物的制備，不同的潤(rùn)滑油和MilliporeTM水部分。顯然，水提取物，那是只有100毫克/升MilliporeTM分別顯示沒(méi)有

15、水或溫和的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)效應(yīng)。該提取物D.magna生存考驗(yàn)LID值沒(méi)有記錄（與"×"),明顯，因?yàn)樵摐y(cè)試機(jī)體抑制高于10％，為確定本次測(cè)試另一個(gè)水提物的蓋子價(jià)值少于100毫克/升，必須準(zhǔn)備和測(cè)試。</p><p>　　與此相反，用100 g / L的MilliporeTM水準(zhǔn)備的提取物具有抑制在S.subspicatus測(cè)試，D.magna生存考驗(yàn)和與V.fischeri發(fā)光抑制試驗(yàn)高

16、毒性的潛力。</p><p>　　圖3展示了環(huán)保的切削油的使用和不使用添加劑以及它的變化，由于使用生態(tài)毒理學(xué)效應(yīng)。</p><p>　　在新的切削油基礎(chǔ)油僅顯示溫和的D.magna毒性作用，而且不會(huì)對(duì)測(cè)試的其他生物的影響。使用后（鉆孔和切割好幾個(gè)小時(shí)）的蓋子值在藻類(lèi)試驗(yàn)和測(cè)試的D.magna顯著增加已被觀察到的樣本內(nèi)U1。</p><p>　　此外對(duì)添加劑的影響顯示

17、在圖3，各種物質(zhì)除了導(dǎo)致了樣品的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)的潛在增加權(quán)的一部分。在U2后填充到機(jī)床和樣品U3的潤(rùn)滑劑采取樣本是30小時(shí)后直接鉆孔和切割（圖3），而使用后的切削油的毒性是與V.fischeri發(fā)光的抑制試驗(yàn)異常高，從64降低到32。該藻類(lèi)測(cè)試部分不評(píng)估的，因?yàn)樵谂c藻類(lèi)熒光干擾的水提取物目前熒光成分。</p><p>　　重金屬和磷的切削油的水提取物含量列于圖4。</p><p>　　水提取磷

18、含量下降，從669到346毫克/克在使用過(guò)程中同時(shí)，有一種如銅，鋅，鎳重金屬含量顯著的攝入量。</p><p>　　此外，并沒(méi)有與各種潤(rùn)滑油的物理化學(xué)特性見(jiàn)表1。</p><p>　　該添加劑均對(duì)檢查參數(shù)決定性的影響。pH值降低，導(dǎo)電性以及對(duì)DOC的內(nèi)容已乘幾次。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>

19、;　　一個(gè)新的準(zhǔn)備過(guò)程已經(jīng)提出，導(dǎo)致一個(gè)具有水溶性物質(zhì)的高濃度，同時(shí)沒(méi)有像油滴不溶顆粒水提取物。它允許的，即使所謂的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的合成潤(rùn)滑油脂毒性作用敏感的決心。此外，它還可以區(qū)分影響的基礎(chǔ)油和添加劑的毒性分別。通過(guò)使用所造成的毒性變化是有據(jù)可查的。對(duì)重金屬的明顯上升是由于機(jī)床污染（見(jiàn)樣本U2，圖4），并在使用過(guò)程中的金屬摩擦的發(fā)生。然而，重金屬含量不似乎內(nèi)，特別是與V.fischeri發(fā)光抑制法（施密茨等人，1999年）的測(cè)試系統(tǒng)所顯示的

20、高毒性負(fù)責(zé)，它更有可能，即由于改建潤(rùn)滑油氧化過(guò)程，高溫和高壓是觀測(cè)到的影響負(fù)責(zé)。另一方面對(duì)新的潤(rùn)滑劑高水提取物在使用過(guò)程中磷含量下降了一半。這可以歸因于對(duì)添加劑濃度的變化。</p><p>　　生物測(cè)試系統(tǒng)已建立了各種物質(zhì)和環(huán)境樣品（布萊斯，1998;多特等，1999; Eisentraeger等，1997; Eisentraeger和洪特，2000; Keddy等，1995）的微型生物測(cè)試系統(tǒng)在這項(xiàng)研究中所使用

21、的油流體之間的微小變化檢測(cè)合適。由于測(cè)試生物體的特定敏感，不同的測(cè)試系統(tǒng)透露具體的回應(yīng)的成分和油樣分別。與S.subspicatus生長(zhǎng)抑制試驗(yàn)似乎是為對(duì)合成酯基潤(rùn)滑劑生態(tài)毒理學(xué)電位檢查合適。該潤(rùn)滑油在這個(gè)測(cè)試生物體的影響需要進(jìn)一步研究，以發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的機(jī)制。進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了生物測(cè)定與像油成分對(duì)照品是必要的。</p><p>　　很明顯，有可能轉(zhuǎn)移到水相流體油毒理學(xué)相關(guān)的物質(zhì)，以模擬與制備方法提出了最壞的情況。生物利用度

22、和潛在毒性的樣品是由水提取成分。而復(fù)雜的混合物的水溶性，通常受到限制。另一方面單個(gè)組件的不同溶解度可能導(dǎo)致部分到一個(gè)在水相中微量成分的積累。這可能導(dǎo)致在曖昧的稀釋率（Steinhaeuser等，1989; Steinhaeuser，1992; Steinhaeuser和阿曼，1992年）的依賴(lài)毒性反應(yīng)，作為一般規(guī)則的制定潤(rùn)滑劑，在水中安置部分主要材料可能是添加劑（貝內(nèi)特等人，1990年）的攝入量和毒理學(xué)相關(guān)組件配制后的濃度會(huì)勉強(qiáng)有助于原

23、始樣本，但它代表的水提取生態(tài)毒性的潛力。目前沒(méi)有對(duì)原油的飽和水油，潤(rùn)滑油和sparely可溶性物質(zhì)溶于組分制備的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)程序確實(shí)存在（Eismann等，1991; Girling，1989），通常的潤(rùn)滑劑生態(tài)毒理學(xué)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的基礎(chǔ)上的法律與未使用的油進(jìn)行了。</p><p>　　所提出的方法可以使用，以提高潤(rùn)滑油的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)特性。在建議的制備方法有可能檢測(cè)的潤(rùn)滑油在使用過(guò)程中成分的改變。該添加劑對(duì)生態(tài)毒性的影響可以證明

24、。對(duì)于一個(gè)基于合成酯為基礎(chǔ)的環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)潤(rùn)滑油優(yōu)化的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量增加的物質(zhì)都必須考慮。在基礎(chǔ)油化學(xué)變化，應(yīng)對(duì)基礎(chǔ)油以轉(zhuǎn)讓成添加劑的特點(diǎn)。</p><p><b>　　2、譯文對(duì)應(yīng)的外文</b></p><p>　　Assessment of the Influence of Use on Ecotoxicological Characteristics of Synthet

25、ic Ester Lubricants</p><p>　　GUDRUN MAXAM, STEFAN HAHN, WOLFGANG DOTT AND ADOLF EISENTRAEGER RWTH Aachen, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Pauwelsstr.30 D-52057Aachen, Germany,</p><

26、;p>　　Accepted 28 May 2002</p><p>　　Abstract. Synthetic ester lubricants need optimisation about their technical and their ecotoxicological characteristics. To determine the ecotoxicological potential the

27、 required examinations can be based on the procedure for a risk assessment of chemicals. At present risk classification of lubricant oils is carried out with new oil fluids that are normally prepared before application i

28、n aqueous bioassays. In order to improve the ecotoxicological characteristics of some lubricant oils, the quali</p><p>　　Keywords: synthetic ester lubricants; ecotoxicological assessment; bioassays</p>

29、<p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　The total consumption of lubricants in 1995 exceeded 36 million tons worldwide(Bartz,1998).They are used for various applications, like in engines or hydraulic and metal wo

30、rking processes and have to fulfil the technical requirements. Lubricants consist of a base oil and performance-enhancing additives. At present more than 90% of the base oils are mineral oils, a complex mixture containin

31、g varying portions of aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. In contrast to this, lubricant oi</p><p>　　Nowadays lubricants have to fulfil ecological as well as technical requirements, since th

32、e sensibility with respect to the environment has increased. For this the optimisation of lubricants based on synthetic esters with regard to their ecotoxicological and technical properties is desirable. In July 1997 the

33、 joint research centre“Non-polluting tribological systems”(SFB 442),financed by a grant of the German Research Foundation(DFG)was established. To improve the technical characteristics special</p><p>　　The pr

34、oject“Methods and strategies for the risk assessment of tribological systems and machine tools referring to ecology and environmental medicine”pursues an integrated strategy, taking both human toxicology and ecotoxicolog

35、y of the lubricants into consideration in order to optimise the synthetic ester based lubricant oils concerning the environmental good-naturedness as well as the stability. To reach these aims it is indispensable to dete

36、rmine the ecotoxicological potential and the alteratio</p><p>　　In this work results are presented, that were obtained after application of an optimised preparation method. The influence of the additives and

37、 the changes of the chemical composition during the use should be examined.</p><p><b>　　Methods</b></p><p>　　Preparation of aqueous extracts of oil fluids</p><p>　　Water

38、 extractions of the oil samples are performed according to the procedure presented in Fig.1. A mixture of oil fluid and MilliporeTM water(ratio 1+9)is agitated overhead for 24 h in dark DURANTM glass bottles(Schott, Main

39、z, Germany).The aqueous extract is filtered with a glassfiber filter(pore size 1 μm; Gelman Sciences, Michigan, USA)after separation of phases over night. pH and conductivity are measured. The oily phase is dismissed. Ec

40、otoxicological testing is performed within 14 days with</p><p>　　Growth-inhibition assays with Pseudomonas putida and Vibrio fischeri are performed using microplate photometers and incubators (IEMS-readers,

41、Labsystems, Finland).The final test volume is 200 μl/well. Contrary to the standard test procedures(DIN 38412 L37,1999;ISO 10712,1995)cold-stored cultures of V.fischeri and P.putida cells are used for inoculation(Schmitz

42、 et al.,1998).The microplate photometers are placed in cabinets(Multitron, Infors, Switzerland)for cooling. The tests are performed at 20℃</p><p>　　Acute luminescence inhibition assays with V.fischeri, algal

43、 growth inhibition tests with Scenedesmus subspicatus, and Daphnia magna survival tests are performed according to standard procedures (DW EN ISO 11348-1,-2,-3,1999;EN 28692,1993;ISO 6341,1996).The water extracts of the

44、lubricant samples, the controls and the blanks are tested in two replicates.</p><p>　　The results of the tests are expressed as LID-values. The LID-value is the lowest ineffective dilution. The LID expresses

45、 the test batch with the highest sample concentration at which an inhibition of less than 20%for the acute luminescence inhibition assay with V.fischeri, the algal growth inhibition test with S.subspicatus, and the growt

46、h inhibition tests with V.fischeri and P.putida and 10%for the D.magna survival test respectively has been observed.</p><p>　　Physico-chemical characterisation of the aqueous extracts</p><p>　　p

47、H and conductivity are measured electrochemically. Heavy metals are analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy(DIN 38406 T 1,6,7,8,10,11,19;1981±1993)with graphite furnace(Cu)and flame techniques(Zn).Iron content is

48、 estimated photometrically. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is detected with a TOC-analyser(modell C-mat 5500,Stroehlein).The anorganic anions are measured using ion chromatography(DIN 38405 T19,1988).The phosphorus c

49、ontent is detected according the ICP/OES method.</p><p><b>　　Results</b></p><p>　　The results shown in this work represent only a small part of the data gathered in the course of the

50、 joint research centre“SFB 442”.The results of the ecotoxicological characterisation of a new hydraulic and a new gear oil are shown in Fig.2.</p><p>　　Both lubricants are based on synthetic esters and class

51、ified as non-polluting. Two different extracts were prepared, varying the portion of lubricant oil and MilliporeTM water.Obviously, the aqueous extracts, that were prepared with only 100 mg/L MilliporeTM water show no or

52、 a moderate ecotoxicological effect, respectively. The LID-value of the D.magna survival test of the extracts was not recorded(marked with“×”),because the inhibition of the test organism was higher than 10%.To deter

53、mine the L</p><p>　　In contrast to this, the extracts prepared with 100 g/L MilliporeTM water possess a high toxicological potential in the S.subspicatus inhibition test, the D.magna survival test and the lu

54、minescence inhibition test with V.fischeri.</p><p>　　Figure 3 demonstrates the ecotoxicological effects of an environmentally acceptable cutting oil with and without additives as well as its changes due to u

55、sage.</p><p>　　The new base fluid of the cutting oil shows only a moderate toxic effect on D.magna and no effect on the other organisms tested. After usage(drilling and cutting for several hours)a significan

56、t increase of the LID-values in the algal assay and the D.magna test has been observed within the sample U1.</p><p>　　Furthermore the influence of the additives is shown on the right part of Fig.3.The additi

57、on of various substances leads to an increase of the ecotoxicological potential of the samples. The sample U2 was taken after filling the lubricant into the machine tool and sample U3 was taken directly after 30 h drilli

58、ng and cutting (Fig.3).The toxicity of the cutting oil after usage is higher with exception of the luminescence inhibition test with V.fischeri, which decreases from 64 to 32.The algal tests </p><p>　　The he

59、avy metal and phosphorus contents of the water extracts of the cutting oil are given in Fig.4.</p><p>　　The water extractable content of phosphorus decreases during usage from 669 to 346 mg/g. At the same ti

60、me there is a significant intake of heavy metals like copper, zinc and nickel.</p><p>　　The physico-chemical characteristics of various lubricant oils with and without addition are shown in Table 1.</p>

61、;<p>　　The additives have a decisive influence on the examined parameters. The pH decreases and the conductivity as well as the content of DOC has been multiplied several times.</p><p>　　Discussion<

62、;/p><p>　　A new preparation procedure has been proposed that leads to an aqueous extract with a high concentration of water soluble substances and simultaneously no undissolved particles like oil drops. It allo

63、ws a sensitive determination of toxic effects of even the so called environmentally acceptable synthetic ester lubricants. Additionally, it is possible to distinguish between the influence on the toxicity of the base oil

64、 and the additives, respectively. The change of toxicity caused by usage is well</p><p>　　Biological test systems have been established for various substances and environmental samples (Blaise,1998;Dott et a

65、l.,1999;Eisentraeger et al.,1997;Eisentraeger and Hund,2000;Keddy et al.,1995).The miniaturised biological test systems used in this study are suitable for the detection of small variations between the oil fluids. Due to

66、 the specific sensitivities of the test-organisms, the different test systems revealed specific responses to the ingredients and the oil samples, respectively. The</p><p>　　Obviously, it is possible to trans

67、fer toxicologically relevant substances of the fluid oils into the aqueous phase in order to simulate a worst case scenario with the presented preparation method. The bioavailability and the toxic potential of a sample a

68、re determined by the water extractable components. The water solubility of the complex mixture is usually restricted. On the other hand different solubilities of single components may in part lead to an accumulation of m

69、inor ingredients in the aq</p><p>　　The presented approach can be used in order to improve the ecotoxicological properties of the lubricants. With the proposed preparation method it is possible to detect alt

70、erations in the composition of lubricants during usage. The influence of the additives on ecotoxicity can be proved. For an optimisation of the environmentally acceptable lubricants based on synthetic esters the quality

71、and quantity of the added substances have to be taken into consideration. The base oils should be chemically </p><p>　　Acknowledgements</p><p>　　This work is supported by a grand of the German R

72、esearch Foundation (SFB 442“Non-polluting tribological systems”; project“Methods and concepts for the risk assessment of tribological systems and machine tools referring to ecology and environmental medicine”).The new-an

73、d used-oil samples were kindly put to our disposal by the“Institut fuer fluidtechnische Antriebe”and the“Lehrstuhl fuer Technologie der Fertigungsverfahren”of the RWTH Aachen. The content of phosphorus was kindly measure