外文翻譯---合同中締約過失責任的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展

1、<p>　　The Emergence and Development of Contracting Fault Liability</p><p>　　Abstract: </p><p>　　The Contracting Fault Liability as a civil compensation liability occurs when one party viola

2、tes the precontractual obligations subject to bona fide principle and then the other party is to be entitled to the compensation for the damages to the reliance on its interest suffered thereby. The system of the contrac

3、ting fault liability was put forward by a German jurist and was famed an important find of jurisprudence. Reviewing the history of liability for negligence in contracting, we can finds th</p><p>　　Introducti

4、on: </p><p>　　In traditional contract law, contract rights and obligations between the parties is only kept in the establishment and performance of contracts completed period. If the contractual relationship

5、 did not exist or not set up, it implies no responsibility. That is,” no contracts, no responsibility". So in the contract, if one side’s contract is not set up, which implies the fact that there have to protect the

6、 interested parties who loss something. With this situation, the fault liability was come ou</p><p>　　The Emergence and development of contracting fault liability:</p><p>　　It is generally agree

7、d that the concept of fault liability have already came out in Rome law. There is a famous saying: "contract is no longer the subject of the payment is void." At this point, if the buyer is in good faith and wi

8、thout negligence, in order to protect the security of transactions, in exceptional circumstances the buyer the right to appeal based on buyers to good faith litigation, the request to the seller for compensation for loss

9、es suffered due to an invalid contract. However, </p><p>　　In the “German Civil Code" times, the scholars begin to discuss it on the question of fault on the parties. Most of the drafters believes that

10、contracting negligence theory of liability is not easy to accept and prescribed by a general principle, only in exceptional circumstances should be recognized. So, in 1900 the "German Civil Code," the drafters

11、of the treaty on the fault is not fully accepted the theory, only in the wrong to withdraw (122), the right agent (179), from the outset the object</p><p>　　In Japan, the jurisprudence has also acknowledged

12、the responsibility of contracting negligence theory. In Japan's Case to find the bases of the fault liability from the trust and the city real credit principle, so the scope of this responsibility extended to the fol

13、lowing areas: (1) Unable to perform the contract from the beginning so that the contract does not hold or invalid; (2) The contract shall only remain in the preparation stage of negotiation; (3) Contract effective establ

14、ishment of the</p><p>　　In Greece and Italy, contracting fault liability was concerned as a general principle. According to "Greek Civil Code" Article 197, it stipulates that: "When consultati

15、ons on the occasion of the conclusion of contracts, the parties should have obligation to follow the trading practices and good faith." " The Italian Civil Code "section 1337 provides a "pre-negotiati

16、ons and contractual responsibility," both "in the process of negotiation and conclusion of contracts, the parties should be based on</p><p>　　In France, contracting fault liability has not been inc

17、orporated into the Civil Code. When a similar situation occurs, it will be handled in accordance with the tort law. But in recent years, the judicial practice shows that the contract law principles of contract is invalid

18、 or does not hold the party at fault when the responsibility to prosecute cases occur from time to time, such as the preparation protocol protection. </p><p>　　In the English and American laws, there is no c

19、ontracting fault liability concept in history. But after Mansfield incorporated duty of good faith into their laws with widespread support since 1933, the common law admits contracting fault liability. In 1933, Fuller, s

20、cholar in the US, comes out with "amends when damages trust in the contract laws" published in the “Yale Law Review”. The paper was discussed in detail with the expected benefits, trust interests and the perfor

21、mance benefits. "The Un</p><p>　　CONCLUSION:</p><p>　　We may draw a conclusion that contracting fault liability has become a integrated system according to the regulations made in many coun

22、tries for it based on Garling’s original theory. Compared with the original theory of Garling , there are a few developments. </p><p>　　The first is the expansion of the scope. Contracting fault liability c

23、an not only be used for the beginning of contracting but also be applicable to the contract are recognized as invalid and be revoked when in breach of its offer to a valid offer and should bear responsibility for the cas

24、e of contracting. </p><p>　　Second, Garling’s theory thinks the responsibility for contracting negligence claims based on contractual obligations and fails to point out the strict differences between contrac

25、tual liability and contracting liability. But the modern jurisprudence generally consider contracting responsibility is an independent responsibility and has strict differences with contractual and tortious responsibilit

26、y. </p><p>　　Third, most countries have accepted the responsibility of contracting fault liability theory, which the law or case law has clearly defined and reflected.</p><p>　　Fourth, contracti

27、ng fault liability’s "fault" not only includes “not pay attention fault”, but also contains “on purpose”. </p><p>　　合同中締約過失責任的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展</p><p>　　【摘要】締約過失責任是在訂立合同過程中締約一方當事人因違反依誠實信用原則所應(yīng)承擔的先合

28、同義務(wù)而造成另一方當事人信賴利益損失時所應(yīng)承擔的民事賠償責任。締約過失責任制度是由德國法學家耶林提出并被譽為法學上的重要發(fā)現(xiàn),對各國的立法和判例法都產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。回顧締約過失責任理論發(fā)展的歷史、判例、學說在締約過失責任理論的發(fā)展中扮演了極為重要的角色。</p><p><b>　　介紹</b></p><p>　　在傳統(tǒng)的合同法中，合同當事人之間權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系僅僅存

29、于合同的成立和履行完畢這一段時間。如果合同關(guān)系尚不存在或未成立，就無所謂責任可言。即"有契約才有責任，無契約便無責任"，因此，在合同因當事人一方締約時的過失不成立或無效時，如何保護損失的另一方當事人的利益，就成為違約責任不能不解決的問題，締約過失責任就是為了解決這一問題而產(chǎn)生的。本文正是對締約過失責任的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展進行的闡述。</p><p>　　締約過失責任的的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展</p>

30、<p>　　通說認為，在羅馬法上，締約過失責任的觀念已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。羅馬法上有一名言："契約已不能之給付為標的者無效。"此時若買受人為善意且無過失，為保護交易安全，在特殊情況下買受人的基于買主訴權(quán)，以誠意訴訟，向賣主請求賠償因契約無效所受的損失。但是總體來講古羅馬法并沒有形成前契約義務(wù)和締約過失責任的完整的制度。締約過失責任完整的理論和制度上系統(tǒng)化是近代以來的事情，它由德國法學家耶林提出。耶林1861年在其主編

31、的《耶林學說年報》第四卷上發(fā)表了《締約上過失--契約無效與未成立時之損害賠償》一文。他在該文中指出，德國普遍通法過分注重意志說，強調(diào)當事人主觀意志的合意，因此不足以適應(yīng)商業(yè)活動的需要。例如，要約或承諾的傳達失實，相對人或標的物的錯誤都會影響契約的效力，倘若契約因當事人一方的過失而不成立時，有過失的一方是否應(yīng)就他方因信賴契約的成立而遭受的損失負賠償責任？耶林的回答是："從事契約締結(jié)的人，是從契約交易外的消極義務(wù)范疇，進入契約上的

32、積極義務(wù)范疇，其因此而承擔的首要義務(wù)，系于締約時須善盡必要的注意。法律所保護的，并非僅是一個業(yè)已存在的契約關(guān)系，正在發(fā)生的契約關(guān)系亦應(yīng)包括在內(nèi)，否則，契約交易將暴露于外，不受</p><p>　　在《德國民法典》制定之際，學者們就對締約過失問題展開了討論。多數(shù)起草者認為，締約過失責任理論不易全盤接受而作為一般原則加以規(guī)定，只能在特殊情況下予以承認。所以1900年的《德國民法典》的起草者并未完全接受締約上過失的理論

33、，僅在錯誤的撤銷(122條)、無權(quán)代理(179條)、自始客觀不能(307條)等有限范圍內(nèi)采納了這一觀點，但是締約過失理論在德國司法實務(wù)和學說上得到了迅速發(fā)展，并逐漸形成了精細、龐大、復(fù)雜、適用范圍廣泛的制度，建立了一般化的原則。</p><p>　　在日本民法中，判例上也承認了締約過失責任理論。日本判例學說從接觸磋商的當事人之間的信賴和城實信用原則出發(fā)，尋找締約過失責任的根據(jù)，于是把這種責任的適用范圍擴大到了如下

34、領(lǐng)域：(1)自始不能履行合同使合同不成立或無效；(2)合同只停留在準備磋商階段；(3)合同有效成立的情況。締約過失責任適用于合同有效成立的情況，主要是指標的物有瑕疵和締約人違反保證兩種情況。</p><p>　　希臘、意大利民法將締約過失責任作為一般原則加以規(guī)定?！断ＥD民法典》第197條規(guī)定："從事締結(jié)契約磋商行為之際，當事人應(yīng)負有遵循依誠實信用及交易慣例所要求的行為義務(wù)。"第198條規(guī)定：&

35、quot;于為締結(jié)契約磋商行為之際，因過失致相對人遭受損害時，應(yīng)負損害賠償責任，縱契約未成立亦然。關(guān)于此項請求權(quán)的時效，準用基于侵權(quán)行為請求權(quán)時效的規(guī)定。"《意大利民法典》第1337條規(guī)定了"談判和契約前的責任"，既"在談判和締結(jié)契約過程中，雙方當事人應(yīng)根據(jù)誠信原則進行之"；第1338條規(guī)定："知道或應(yīng)知道契約無效原因存在的一方?jīng)]有將其通知另一方，則該方要為此就對方在契約有效期

36、內(nèi)基于信賴、沒有過錯而遭受的損失承擔賠償責任。"</p><p>　　法國一直未將締約過失責任納入民法典中，遇到類似情況一般會按照侵權(quán)行為法的規(guī)定處理。但近年來的司法實踐表明，以合同法原則對契約無效或不成立時有過錯的一方當事人的責任進行追究的案例時有出現(xiàn)，如對預(yù)備協(xié)議的保護等。</p><p>　　在英美法中，雖然沒有締約過失的概念，但自從1933年曼斯菲德將誠信義務(wù)納入英美法中

37、，并獲得了廣泛的贊同之后，普通法也承認違反誠信義務(wù)構(gòu)成過失。1933年美國學者富勒等在《耶魯法律評論》上發(fā)表了《合同法中信賴利益的損害賠償》一文，詳細討論了期待利益、信賴利益和履行利益問題，指出了信賴利益的賠償主要是為了彌補合同法規(guī)則的不足，強化"禁止反言"原則，彌補受害人的損失而創(chuàng)設(shè)?！睹绹y(tǒng)一商法典》也確認了誠信義務(wù)，認為誠信是指事實上的忠實，"對于商人來說是指遵循正當交易的合理的商業(yè)標準。"

38、 英美法中的信賴利益是指合同當事人因信賴對方的允諾而支付的代價或費用。"允諾不得反悔"是英美法中保護信賴利益的一項原則，類似于大陸法上的締約過失制度。英美法要求法院在確立信賴利益的賠償時無須考慮允諾人主觀意思如何，只須考慮被告所為的允諾，是否可以使一個合理的人產(chǎn)生信賴。 此外，在英美法中，合同的內(nèi)容包括默示條款。違反默示義務(wù)所致的損害，也應(yīng)負賠償責任。這都類似于大陸法中締約過失責任適用的一些情況。</p>

39、<p><b>　　總結(jié)</b></p><p>　　綜觀自耶林締約過失責任提出以來各國對這一制度的規(guī)定可以看出締約過失責任制度已形成一個體系，較之耶林當初的理論主要有以下幾點發(fā)展：一是適用范圍的擴大。締約過失不僅僅適用于締約階段也可以適用于合同被確認為無效和被撤銷的情況而且在要約人違反其發(fā)出的有效要約而應(yīng)承擔締約責任的情況下也適用締約過失責任；二是耶林認為締約過失責任的請求權(quán)