食品安全外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯--論食品供應(yīng)鏈管理和食品質(zhì)量安全

1、<p>　　論食品供應(yīng)鏈管理和食品質(zhì)量安全</p><p>　　上世紀(jì)90年代以來,供應(yīng)鏈管理已成為學(xué)術(shù)界和實業(yè)界關(guān)注的熱門話題,特別是供應(yīng)鏈管理成功地應(yīng)用于IBM、P&G、DELL 等公司的經(jīng)營管理以后,食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品行業(yè)也紛紛效仿并借助供應(yīng)鏈管理這一工具來提高自身的競爭力。1996年,Zuurbier等學(xué)者在一般供應(yīng)鏈的基礎(chǔ)上，首次提出了食品供應(yīng)鏈概念，并認(rèn)為食品供應(yīng)鏈管理是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品生產(chǎn)銷

2、售等組織,為了降低食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物流成本、提高其質(zhì)量安全和物流服務(wù)水平而進(jìn)行的垂直一體化運作模式。如今,在美國、英國、加拿大和荷蘭等農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)較為發(fā)達(dá)的國家,這一管理模式已經(jīng)廣為應(yīng)用,并逐漸成為當(dāng)今學(xué)術(shù)研究的重點課題。</p><p>　　對食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的研究大致經(jīng)歷了三個階段：第一階段為商流管理階段，研究范圍包括農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品加工企業(yè)的產(chǎn)出到消費者消費前的商流階段，其研究內(nèi)容通常被包含在營銷范疇內(nèi)；第二階段為集成物

3、流管理階段，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的物流管理從市場營銷中分離出來，且向上游擴展到農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)加工過程，強調(diào)生產(chǎn)應(yīng)以市場需求為導(dǎo)向和對整個物流環(huán)節(jié)的成本控制；第三階段為供應(yīng)鏈一體化管理階段，研究范圍進(jìn)一步向上游延伸到農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的最上游企業(yè)(如種子供應(yīng)商等)，延伸的目的是為了跟蹤和追溯農(nóng)產(chǎn)品食品質(zhì)量安全問題，以便快速和有效地發(fā)現(xiàn)并解決問題。本文介紹了不同食品供應(yīng)鏈的生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng)特點，并對食品供應(yīng)鏈與食品質(zhì)量安全管理的發(fā)展進(jìn)行了分析和探討。<

4、/p><p>　　一．食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的產(chǎn)生原因</p><p>　　近年來，食品供應(yīng)鏈的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展是人們對食品消費的要求不斷提高的必然結(jié)果。具體而言，產(chǎn)生的原因主要有：(1)消費者對食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的新鮮度要求越來越高，并要求食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品交貨期、生產(chǎn)期越短越好。(2)消費者對食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量要求也越來越高，迫使食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)實行食品供應(yīng)鏈管理，以保證穩(wěn)定的上游原料供應(yīng)和下游的銷售渠道暢通。(3)消

5、費者對食品的質(zhì)量安全也越來越關(guān)注。為了滿足消費者對食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在種類和數(shù)量上的要求，企業(yè)不斷尋求和研發(fā)新技術(shù)，而新技術(shù)和新方法的過度使用(如殺蟲劑、激素、抗生素和轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)等)，在滿足了消費者需求的同時，也不可避免地對人體產(chǎn)生了危害從而引起食品質(zhì)量安全問題。這是因為市場中買賣雙方信息不對稱,消費者在購買食品或農(nóng)產(chǎn)品時，不了解產(chǎn)品的衛(wèi)生、環(huán)保和安全信息。因此，企業(yè)有必要在生產(chǎn)過程的各個環(huán)節(jié)對產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行檢驗和檢測并及時向消費者披露這些信息。(

6、4)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品企業(yè)迫于政府、 相關(guān)社會組織和消費者的要求和壓力，不得不按食品供應(yīng)鏈來進(jìn)行運作。例如，歐盟管理法規(guī)第178號規(guī)定，從2004年起在歐盟范圍內(nèi)銷售的所有食品，都要實行食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤與追溯；同樣在美國，食品與藥品管理局規(guī)</p><p>　　二．食品供應(yīng)鏈生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　食品供應(yīng)鏈的形成是與其物流系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)容不斷變化密切相關(guān)的,特別是在食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)物流系統(tǒng)不

7、斷演變的情況下,為人們創(chuàng)建高效率的食品供應(yīng)鏈管理范式提供了基礎(chǔ)。根據(jù)食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品物流的發(fā)展階段,典型的食品供應(yīng)鏈可劃分為啞鈴型、T型、對稱型和混合型四種類型。</p><p>　　1.啞鈴型食品供應(yīng)鏈。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈嚴(yán)格來說是一種準(zhǔn)供應(yīng)鏈。它的特點是供應(yīng)鏈較短,連接位于兩端的交易主體很多,而中間鏈節(jié)少且交易主體也較少，呈現(xiàn)為啞鈴型。由于上游生產(chǎn)者擁有的技術(shù)條件較差、產(chǎn)量低和品種少，故上游聚集了為數(shù)眾多的農(nóng)產(chǎn)

8、品生產(chǎn)者；同時，由于產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)地離市場較近且只提供單一農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，也又使得鏈中參與交易的主體大多為農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者，他們在市場上進(jìn)行直接交易，而少有聯(lián)系生產(chǎn)者和消費者之間的中間商，因此，種植業(yè)者直接將食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售給消費者。在發(fā)展中國家,特別是靠近城鎮(zhèn)地區(qū)的蔬菜供應(yīng),一般都采用這種類型的供應(yīng)鏈。</p><p>　　2.T型食品供應(yīng)鏈。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈一般適用于食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)地和銷售地相距較遠(yuǎn)，消費需求差異較大的

9、情況。由于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品易腐爛，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者不可能直接銷售自己的產(chǎn)品,需要通過必要的中間商提供服務(wù),如第三方物流、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品深加工商和批發(fā)商等所提供的相應(yīng)服務(wù)。這種類型的供應(yīng)鏈，上游聚集了較多的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者,而在中游環(huán)節(jié)對產(chǎn)地生產(chǎn)情況比較了解,又在銷售地占有一定渠道優(yōu)勢的銷售商卻較少。因此,T型食品供應(yīng)鏈的上游種植業(yè)者眾多,而中下游中間商和銷售商較少且集中,供應(yīng)鏈的形狀呈現(xiàn)為 T型。與啞鈴型食品供應(yīng)鏈相比,它的鏈條較長,食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷售表現(xiàn)為間接

10、性和增值服務(wù)性。這種類型的食品供應(yīng)鏈在中國較為普遍，在中國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化不發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū),由于缺乏一端連接上游農(nóng)戶，另一端聯(lián)結(jié)銷售市場、專門從事農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工的龍頭企業(yè)以及相應(yīng)的中間環(huán)節(jié)，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)往往和市場需求相脫節(jié)。因此T型食品供應(yīng)鏈由于中間環(huán)節(jié)缺位和低水平的物流運作，易出現(xiàn)上游農(nóng)戶盲目生產(chǎn)而下游農(nóng)產(chǎn)品銷售困難的現(xiàn)象。</p><p>　　3.對稱型食品供應(yīng)鏈。隨著新興銷售業(yè)態(tài)的出現(xiàn),銷售渠道日益被大型專業(yè)市場和超市所壟

11、斷,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的傳統(tǒng)銷售形式也被超市所取代,而且這種趨勢越來越明顯,同時由于技術(shù)水平的提高,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)也趨向于由少數(shù)種植商集約經(jīng)營。Boselie.D通過對泰國皇家阿荷生鮮超市食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),曼谷有50%的食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品是在大型超市(如7-11、皇家阿荷、家樂福、Sainsburry和TESCO)售出的。這些大型超市為了滿足市場對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)一致性和供應(yīng)穩(wěn)定性的要求，對供應(yīng)商進(jìn)行了嚴(yán)格的篩選。因此，皇家阿荷生鮮超市實施食品供應(yīng)鏈

12、管理后，將供應(yīng)商從原來的250家減少為60家左右，使物流系統(tǒng)更加高效和簡潔。隨著上游農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)商數(shù)目的銳減和超市連鎖店的不斷擴張，這種食品供應(yīng)鏈的上游供應(yīng)商與下游超市連鎖店的數(shù)目呈現(xiàn)對稱增長之態(tài)勢。在發(fā)達(dá)國家及物流發(fā)展較為成熟的大城市里，這種食品供應(yīng)鏈經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為集中采購、統(tǒng)一流通配送和減少不增值的物流環(huán)節(jié),以實現(xiàn)節(jié)約成本的精益物流戰(zhàn)略。</p><p>　　4.混合型食品供應(yīng)鏈。隨著市場食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品消費需求的多樣

13、化，食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工的比重也在逐步提高。據(jù)有關(guān)統(tǒng)計表明，美國2002年度未加工和加工蔬菜的比例為15%和85%；水果為30%和70%。其他國家的情況也大致如此。大型超市為了適應(yīng)消費需求的顯著變化，將原先由獨立企業(yè)從事的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的增值環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行“內(nèi)部化” ，專門建立大型加工及配送中心，對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行清洗、分類、深度加工、包裝和配送等增值業(yè)務(wù)，同時通過在大型加工中心實施HACCP和GMP加工質(zhì)量和衛(wèi)生安全認(rèn)證，來保證食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的品質(zhì)安全。這

14、個環(huán)節(jié)是前述三個食品供應(yīng)鏈中所沒有的，這是大型超市和連鎖店對市場需求作出快速反應(yīng)的結(jié)果。隨著上游供應(yīng)商實力和優(yōu)勢的增強，加工中心的部分功能，如清洗、分類和深度加工等環(huán)節(jié)又向供應(yīng)商回流，使得加工中心的重點放在處理和不斷擴大的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品數(shù)量和種類業(yè)務(wù)上。因此，這種食品供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)且环N綜合型、多品種、大批量和多頻次的混合型供應(yīng)鏈體系。這種食品供應(yīng)鏈更關(guān)注消費者的滿意度，通過加工中心來對市場需求作出快速反應(yīng)，并實時對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品進(jìn)行“量身定制”和深度加

15、工，以實現(xiàn)不同于精益物流的靈捷物流戰(zhàn)略。</p><p>　　三．食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤與食品質(zhì)量安全</p><p>　　近年來，由于食品供應(yīng)鏈合作的重點由原來的保證供貨質(zhì)量逐步轉(zhuǎn)向加強食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量安全，如瘋牛病、口蹄疫和轉(zhuǎn)基因食品等的出現(xiàn)。農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品質(zhì)量安全的跟蹤離不開食品供應(yīng)鏈管理，因此基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤成了食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的重點和難點。Golan.E等通過對美國生鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品、

16、谷類和油菜以及牛肉制品的調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，三者經(jīng)食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤后，在食品質(zhì)量安全方面出現(xiàn)了很大的差異。而分析這些差異，他們又發(fā)現(xiàn)三種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品食品供應(yīng)鏈管理的共性，即存在三種驅(qū)動力。這也是企業(yè)實施食品供應(yīng)鏈管理時需要分析考察的問題：</p><p>　　1.有利于食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品差別化營銷，以提高食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷量。通過那些細(xì)小的或不能直接發(fā)現(xiàn)的食品質(zhì)量安全的特性，可區(qū)別不同類型的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品。因為在食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場上不僅存

17、在大量單一的谷類和肉類產(chǎn)品，而且也有根據(jù)消費者不同的偏好和口味量身定制的食品。有些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的質(zhì)量可能容易判別，而另一些則不容易直接判別，甚至在消費之后也不能馬上發(fā)現(xiàn)其質(zhì)量問題。例如，轉(zhuǎn)基因食用油，如未進(jìn)行標(biāo)識，消費者就很難判別食用油是否由非轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆加工而成。因此，對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品的安全質(zhì)量和品質(zhì)進(jìn)行細(xì)分，是差別化營銷的必要前提。</p><p>　　2.有利于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品質(zhì)量安全的跟蹤，減少食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品召回成

18、本。許多企業(yè)已利用食品供應(yīng)鏈跟蹤系統(tǒng)，來最大限度地減少食品安全體系缺陷可能造成的潛在損失。供應(yīng)商通常有著很強的經(jīng)濟驅(qū)動性，當(dāng)發(fā)現(xiàn)食品有安全隱患和質(zhì)量問題時，他們往往會采取措施，避免食品質(zhì)量安全問題給企業(yè)自身或品牌帶來負(fù)面的影響?；谑称饭?yīng)鏈的跟蹤能幫助企業(yè)縮短確認(rèn)和清理有問題食品的時間，為此，國外許多企業(yè)將相關(guān)標(biāo)識信息揭示在食品包裝上，以便利消費者的識別和認(rèn)定。例如，在美國大多數(shù)要求召回的食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都被公布在美國農(nóng)業(yè)部食品安全和檢驗

19、服務(wù)的官方網(wǎng)站上，以便消費者根據(jù)食品包裝的標(biāo)識信息來判定有問題的食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。有些企業(yè)則通過使用先進(jìn)RSS條碼系統(tǒng)和EAN/UCC全球統(tǒng)一標(biāo)識系統(tǒng)，更為具體地揭示食品供應(yīng)鏈的標(biāo)識信息，如每種產(chǎn)品的種子、施肥、使用抗生素的情況、生產(chǎn)時間、生產(chǎn)線、生產(chǎn)地、生產(chǎn)所使用的技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)次序，等等。因此某種產(chǎn)品一旦出現(xiàn)問題，這些標(biāo)識信息將能夠發(fā)揮很大的作用。</p><p>　　目前，歐盟已經(jīng)采用EAN/UCC系統(tǒng)，成功地開展

20、了對牛肉、蔬菜等食品追蹤的研究。通過采用EAN/UCC-128條碼符號、GLN(全球位置碼)可以對食品供應(yīng)鏈全過程中的產(chǎn)品及其屬性信息和參與方信息等進(jìn)行有效的標(biāo)識。在對食品跟蹤與追溯時，要求供應(yīng)鏈中的每一道加工環(huán)節(jié)，不僅要對自己所加工完成的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行標(biāo)識，還要采集所需加工的食品原料上的已有標(biāo)識信息，并將其全部信息標(biāo)識在加工完成的產(chǎn)品上，以備下一道加工環(huán)節(jié)或消費者使用，從而有效地解決了供應(yīng)鏈各環(huán)節(jié)之間的聯(lián)系比較脆弱、實施跟蹤和追溯難度大的問

21、題，也為企業(yè)減少因缺乏明確信息而將混在優(yōu)質(zhì)食品中的劣質(zhì)食品連同優(yōu)質(zhì)食品一同處理的可能性。</p><p>　　3.有利于提高和改善供應(yīng)方的物流管理。對于企業(yè)來說，管理生產(chǎn)物流和跟蹤相關(guān)零售信息(如條形碼)，能幫助企業(yè)了解其食品供應(yīng)鏈的物流流出狀況，以便對供應(yīng)鏈上游物流的流入進(jìn)行有效管理。特別是有些企業(yè)采用了基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈的高新技術(shù)追溯系統(tǒng)，如農(nóng)場主使用電子耳標(biāo)識和相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)收集卡來跟蹤食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的免疫記

22、錄、健康記錄和飼養(yǎng)記錄等。這些食品供應(yīng)鏈的信息也能使食品或農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在市場上獲得與其質(zhì)量相符的價格。</p><p>　　然而，對所有食品和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品都實施食品供應(yīng)鏈的質(zhì)量安全跟蹤是沒有必要的。Van Weele根據(jù)市場對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和食品信息的需求，確定食品供應(yīng)鏈信息跟蹤的寬度、深度和精度。同理，企業(yè)對食品供應(yīng)鏈信息跟蹤的寬度、深度和精度也反映出其對基于質(zhì)量安全的食品供應(yīng)鏈的成本和收益的一種綜合取向。因為信息跟蹤的寬度、深度

23、和精度決定著企業(yè)整合食品供應(yīng)鏈的投入和成本。只有當(dāng)收益大于成本時，企業(yè)所選擇的寬度、深度和精度才是實施供應(yīng)鏈質(zhì)量安全跟蹤的動力和保證。</p><p>　　Discussion on food supply chain management and food quality and safety</p><p>　　Since the 1990s, supply chain managem

24、ent has become the academic and business circles hot topic, especially in supply chain management successfully applied to IBM, P & G, DELL, etc. after the company's management, food and agricultural industries ha

25、ve followed suit and Supply chain management with a tool to improve their competitiveness. 1996, Zuurbier and other scholars in general, on the basis of the supply chain, first proposed the concept of the food supply cha

26、in, and that the food supply ch</p><p>　　The food supply chain management research has gone through three stages: the first stage of the business flow management phase, the study of agricultural products and

27、 food processing enterprises, including the output of consumer spending to business before the flow phase, the content of their research is often included In the marketing context; the second stage of integrated logistic

28、s management phase, agricultural marketing, logistics management separate from, and to extend to the upstream prod</p><p>　　One. Food causes of supply chain management</p><p>　　In recent years,

29、the food supply chain, production and development of people's increasing demands for food consumption, the inevitable result. Specifically, the causes are: (1) the consumer fresh food and agricultural products have b

30、ecome increasingly demanding and require delivery of food and agricultural products, the production period as short as possible. (2) consumers of food and agricultural products quality requirements have become more sophi

31、sticated, forcing food manufacturers to impleme</p><p>　　Two. Food supply chain, production logistics system</p><p>　　The formation of the food supply chain logistics system with the changing co

32、ntent of closely related, particularly in the food and agricultural production logistics system evolving situation, for people to create a highly efficient food supply chain management paradigm provides the basis. Accord

33、ing to food and agricultural products logistics stage of development, typical of the food supply chain can be divided into dumbbell-shaped, T-, symmetric and mixed four types.</p><p>　　1．dumbbell food supply

34、 chain. This type of food supply chain is a quasi-strict supply chain. It is characterized by a shorter supply chain, connecting the main lot located at both ends of the transaction, while the middle of the main chain ar

35、e few and fewer transactions, showing the dumbbell type. Upstream producers have poor technical conditions, production is low and less variety, it gathered a large number of upstream agricultural producers; the same time

36、, products from the market to close an</p><p>　　2.T type of food supply chain. This type of food supply chains are generally applicable to food and agricultural production and sales of land to the far distan

37、ce, consumer demand quite different situation. As perishable agricultural products, agricultural producers can not sell their products directly, through intermediaries to provide the necessary services, such as third-par

38、ty logistics, agricultural processors and wholesalers provide appropriate services. This type of supply chain, upstream g</p><p>　　3．symmetric food supply chain. With the emergence of new sales formats, dist

39、ribution channels are increasingly large-scale professional market and supermarket monopoly, the traditional sales of agricultural products and food forms have been replaced by supermarkets, and this trend is more and mo

40、re obvious, and because of its technological level of agricultural products production also tends to intensive management by a few growers. Boselie.D Ahe by the Royal Thai supermarket fresh food supply ch</p><

41、p>　　4．mixed food supply chain. With consumer demand for food and agricultural products market diversification, the proportion of food and agricultural processing has gradually improved. According to the statistics tha

42、t the United States in 2002 raw and processed vegetables for 15% and 85%; fruit of 30% and 70%. Other countries also generally the case. Large supermarkets in order to meet consumer demand significant changes to the orig

43、inal by an independent enterprise engaged in specialized production</p><p>　　Three. Food supply chain tracking and food quality and safety</p><p>　　In recent years, the focus of the food supply

44、chain collaboration to ensure delivery of quality from the gradual move to reinforce the quality and safety of food and agricultural products, such as BSE, foot and mouth disease and the emergence of genetically modified

45、 foods. Agricultural products and food quality and safety of track without food supply chain management, so based on quality and safety of the food supply chain to track the food supply chain management has become import

46、ant and diffic</p><p>　　1．will help differentiate the marketing of food and agricultural products to improve food and agricultural sales. Through those small or can not be directly found in food quality and

47、safety features, can distinguish between different types of agricultural products and food. Because in the food and agricultural products on the market not only in large single grains and meat products, but also based on

48、 consumer preferences and tastes of different tailor-made food. Some agricultural products and fo</p><p>　　2.is conducive to quality and safety of agricultural products and food tracking, reducing the cost o

49、f food and agricultural products recall. Many companies have used the food supply chain tracking systems to minimize food safety system deficiencies may result in potential losses. Suppliers often have a strong economy d

50、riven, when discovered food safety hazards and quality problems are, they tend to take measures to avoid food quality and safety issues to the companies themselves, or have a negat</p><p>　　Currently, the EU

51、 has adopted EAN / UCC system, successfully carried out on beef, vegetables and other food tracking research. By using EAN/UCC-128 bar code symbol, GLN (Global Location Number) to the food supply chain and the whole proc

52、ess of product attribute information and participants information for effective identification. Tracking and traceability in the food, the requirements of the supply chain process in every aspect, not only to complete th

53、e processing of their products for identifi</p><p>　　3．will help enhance and improve the supply side of logistics management. For businesses, the management of production logistics and track-related retail i

54、nformation (such as bar code), to help businesses understand their food supply chain, logistics and outflow conditions for the supply chain for effective management of logistics flows. In particular, some businesses have

55、 adopted based on the quality and safety of the food supply chain of high-tech tracking system, such as farmers use electronic</p><p>　　However, the implementation of all food and agricultural products quali

56、ty and safety of the food supply chain tracking is not necessary. Van Weele, according to market information on agricultural and food needs of the food supply chain information to determine the track width, depth and acc

57、uracy. Similarly, companies in the food supply chain information to track width, depth and accuracy also reflects on the quality and safety of its food supply chain costs and benefits of an integrated approach</p>