什么因素使得西班牙紡織企業(yè)成功？——關(guān)于multiple案例的探索研究【外文翻譯】

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　What are the Success Factors for Spanish Textile Firms? An Exploratory Multiple-Case Study </p><p>　　Mater

2、ial source:GENERAL PROBLEMS IN THE FIBRE AND TEXTILE INDUSTRIES</p><p>　　Author:Josep Llach, Andrea Bikfalvi, Pilar Marques</p><p>　　According to the EU [3], there have been four main structural

3、 changes in the EU textile and clothing industry: i) radical transformations over the last years, due to a combination of technological changes, evolution of the different production costs and the emergence of important

4、international competitors; ii) a lengthy process of restructuring, modernisation and technological progress during which companies have improved their competitiveness by substantially reducing or ceasing mass production&

5、lt;/p><p>　　In the two most recent Euro-Mediter-ranean Conferences on the textile and Clothing industry [4, 5], the assumption was that the competitive advantage of the textiles and clothing sector in the EU is

6、 its ability to focus on quality, design, innovation and technology to produce high value-added products. European products generally have a positive quality mark-up, and the EU industry has a leading role in the develop

7、ment of new products, such as technical textiles. Thus, quality, design, innovatio</p><p>　　The aim of the Cairo 2007 Conference was to establish cooperation in R&D and innovation between the EU and the

8、Mediterranean partner countries, especially between the research sector and the industry, for the exploitation of the latest research, industrial developments, technology transfer and for cooperating in future innovative

9、 efforts. </p><p>　　The case of Spain </p><p>　　In Spain, a southern European cluster and member of the Euro-Med, the tex-tile industry seems to comprise cases of business extremes. While some b

10、ig corporations working at the end of the value chain such, as Inditex (Zara) and Mango, are concentrating domestic and international success around them, the rest of the sector is facing difficulties generated by the pr

11、ogressive liberalisation of the sector, starting in 1995 [6]. </p><p>　　Determinants of success: R&D, inno-vation and strategy </p><p>　　However, general statistics exist, analys-ing R&D

12、 and innovation capabilities, as well as the strategic options of firms, they do not say how these constructs relate to success. This is precisely our aim: to study the possible common characteristics of high performing

13、versus average performing firms. In particular, the contribution of this paper is the analysis of 12 real cases of SMEs to obtain detailed information about their knowledge generation through R&D, their knowledge acq

14、uisition, innov</p><p>　　Research methodology </p><p>　　As argued in [7], in the case of a need for in-depth understanding, local contextualisation, a potential for causal inferences as well as

15、a qualitative research design are appropriate. Moreover, since we aim to find possible differences between suc-cessful SMEs and average performing SMEs in the textile sector, the method recommended is that of comparative

16、 case study research [8 - 10]. </p><p>　　Sample selection </p><p>　　The 12 SMEs analysed belong to the textile sector of the Catalan region in Spain, where SMEs are the prevalent business form

17、in manufacturing, with firms of be-tween 1 and 200 employees representing 98% of all manufacturing establishments. Catalonia comprises 15% of the population in Spain, generating a quarter of the national industrial GDP,

18、almost one third of Spanish imports and up to 35% of its high-tech exports. </p><p>　　High-Performing SMEs </p><p>　　The sample of high-performing SMEs contains 6 firms belonging to the textile,

19、 clothing and leather industry, which were obtained from a wider sample (59 firms) of high-performing manufacturing firms belonging to all sectors, surveyed in a recent study [11], with indepth interviews on R&D, kno

20、wledge, technology and innovation management, carried out in 2002. The definition of success was in terms of sales growth and sustained prof-itability, for three consecutive years. </p><p>　　Average-Performi

21、ng SMEs </p><p>　　The sample of average-performing SMEs was obtained from a subsequent survey on the technological needs of 22 firms in the textile and clothing sector, in order to consider the creation of a

22、 technological centre for the textile industry. The survey was carried out in 2005 and identified different technological behaviours associated with the subsector the firms belonged to [6]. </p><p>　　To carr

23、y out comparative multiple case-studies, we needed to choose 6 cases from the average-performing SMEs with the best comparable basic characteristics. These were the NACE code, which indicates the type of activity within

24、the industry, and size, measured by the number of employees. Apart from this, both samples were of firms in the same region of Spain, which means that they faced a similar environment. We believe that the time difference

25、 between the two surveys that generated the data does</p><p>　　Data collection methods </p><p>　　The method of collecting data during these studies was face-to-face semi-structured interviews wi

26、th general managers at their workplace. The interview covered the following five areas of interest: i) descriptive data of the firm; ii) knowledge generation and acquisition; iii) innovation activity; iv) product and mar

27、ket characteristics, and v) strategic characteristics. At the end of the interview, respondents had to fill in a prepared quantitative questionnaire on the main aspects of the former </p><p>　　Dimensions and

28、 measures </p><p>　　To gather the main general descriptives of the firms, the questionnaire included basic measures of size, such as employees and turnover, and also the age of the firm and export shares. Th

29、e other dimensions used to study the patterns of success in these samples of firms, are based on two recent research publications: firstly, the characterisation of the technological intensity of firms offered by a recent

30、 study [12]. Scanning the literature produces a list of 19 defining characteristics for which</p><p>　　The first dimension we will consider is knowledge generation and acquisition. It includes R&D effort

31、, which refers to the amount of resources devoted to research and development activities, considered as a proxy of the internal capability of the firms to generate new knowledge for innovation by themselves. The most com

32、monly used indicators are an R&D budget, measured as the share of R&D expenditure over sales, and the human resources dedicated to these activities. The existence of a formal R&D d</p><p>　　Altho

33、ugh the above-described effort can generate knowledge internally in complex circumstances and rapid environmental change, external knowledge sources may act as a complement to internal R&D. Ex-ternal knowledge and te

34、chnology sources include different modalities such as: the acquisition of machinery, equipment, or technology of any form, the recruitment of personnel, or the knowledge obtained from clients, suppliers or other firms. F

35、urthermore, outsourcing and coopera-tion in R&D can also pr</p><p>　　The second dimension is innovation ac-tivity, which embraces the practical use of knowledge to produce new or im-proved products (prod

36、uct innovation) or uses new or improved production or organisational processes (process inno-vation), including technological and or-ganisational innovations. We assess the innovation intensity of firms by assessing the

37、degree of systematization in conduct-ing innovation-related activities. We de-fine the innovation intensity as being of a high level when it is ca</p><p>　　Innovation is expected to result in higher survival

38、 rates by means of producing a higher profitability, increasing revenues or reducing costs, and maybe by access-ing new markets. In this sense, profits and sales growth may already be showing, at least partially, the eff

39、ects of innovation. However, to gather more information on the effects of innovation, the sharing of new products is commonly used, which embodies a success component as well, since these innovations are launched onto th

40、e market </p><p>　　The third dimension is product and mar-ket characteristics. In this dimension the length of the product life-cycle is a com-mon variable to consider. Following a revision of literature and

41、 political recom-mendations, we decided to include points in the questionnaire enquiring whether products are customer driven and what the importance of design is. </p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p>

42、<p>　　什么因素使得西班牙紡織企業(yè)成功？——關(guān)于Multiple案例的探索研究</p><p>　　資料來(lái)源：纖維及紡織業(yè)一般問(wèn)題研究</p><p>　　作者：何塞普 拉克 安德里亞 比克法爾福 皮拉爾 馬克斯</p><p>　　依照歐盟的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，其紡織品和服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)中存在著四種主要的結(jié)構(gòu)變化。第一，去年激進(jìn)的轉(zhuǎn)變，歸功于綜合的科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步，不同的生產(chǎn)

43、成本和重要的國(guó)際性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的出現(xiàn)的演變；第二，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的重組過(guò)程，在現(xiàn)代化和科技化的進(jìn)程中，企業(yè)通過(guò)大大減少或者停止大量生產(chǎn)和簡(jiǎn)約時(shí)尚的產(chǎn)品，而是集中在多元化高附加值產(chǎn)品研發(fā)，從而來(lái)提高他們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。第三，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力通過(guò)國(guó)際分包，或生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的更新來(lái)保留，為密集型勞動(dòng)力活動(dòng)；第四，全球性的集群主要集中在歐洲地中海區(qū)域。</p><p>　　在最近兩次關(guān)于紡織和服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)的地中海首腦會(huì)議中，設(shè)想通過(guò)把精力放在質(zhì)量、設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)創(chuàng)

44、新來(lái)生產(chǎn)高附加值的商品從而提高歐盟紡織和服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。歐洲的產(chǎn)品通常有一定的積極的質(zhì)量和利潤(rùn)空間，在開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品的過(guò)程中歐盟產(chǎn)業(yè)起著舉足輕重的作用，例如技術(shù)性紡織業(yè)。因此質(zhì)量、設(shè)計(jì)、創(chuàng)新和技術(shù)被設(shè)定為核心的方向來(lái)保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。這些會(huì)議產(chǎn)生如下建議：1，通過(guò)投資發(fā)展人力資本和知識(shí),繼續(xù)全面建設(shè)以研究和創(chuàng)新為本的基地；2，全球化思維；3，保持堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志去改造和提高快速適應(yīng)發(fā)展的市場(chǎng)的能力。4，關(guān)注環(huán)境方面的活動(dòng)和綠色產(chǎn)品的輸出來(lái)穩(wěn)定物價(jià)；5

45、，提升公共機(jī)構(gòu)、媒體、金融業(yè)心目中的形象。這些建議變成策略包含幾種積極的管理體制改革，包括裁員，重新定位自己的品牌，研發(fā)的投入和經(jīng)理與設(shè)計(jì)者的培訓(xùn)。這也指出了新的生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域的轉(zhuǎn)移，比如高技術(shù)含量的產(chǎn)品，工業(yè)紡織品和有機(jī)紡織品，在新興經(jīng)濟(jì)中尋找一種新的商業(yè)機(jī)遇。</p><p>　　2007年開羅會(huì)議旨在在歐盟和地中?；锇閲?guó)家，特別是在研究機(jī)構(gòu)和行業(yè)中建立研發(fā)和創(chuàng)新的合作機(jī)制，為最新研究的開發(fā)，行業(yè)的發(fā)展，技術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)移

46、和未來(lái)的合作創(chuàng)新方面的做出努力。</p><p><b>　　西班牙案例</b></p><p>　　在西班牙，歐洲南部的一個(gè)集群和運(yùn)價(jià)的成員，紡織行業(yè)似乎有極端的商業(yè)案例構(gòu)成。然而一些大的公司致力于價(jià)值鏈的末端研究。例如印第紡織（zara）和芒果，成功地把國(guó)內(nèi)外的注意力吸引到其自身上。其余的行業(yè)面臨著因始于1995年的進(jìn)步自由化，而出現(xiàn)的困難。</p>

47、<p>　　然而，一般的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，研發(fā)的分析和創(chuàng)新能力，和企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略選擇一樣，他們不能解釋如何構(gòu)建成功。這正是我們的目標(biāo)：學(xué)習(xí)高性能和平均執(zhí)行力公司的可能的共同特征。尤其本文的貢獻(xiàn)是通過(guò)開發(fā)與研究、深度訪談以及對(duì)12個(gè)中小企業(yè)的分析中來(lái)獲取由知識(shí)產(chǎn)生的詳細(xì)信息，并做出創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)以及戰(zhàn)略和技術(shù)的選擇。定性與定量的數(shù)據(jù)，我們探索這個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)成功的最大的可能性，學(xué)者和決策者認(rèn)為影響成功的可能性，例如研發(fā)和創(chuàng)新。相對(duì)于現(xiàn)存的文獻(xiàn)，我們調(diào)查

48、的是成功的中小企業(yè)與一般中小型企業(yè)之間的不同點(diǎn)。因此，我們探索相對(duì)于一般的企業(yè)，那些成功的企業(yè)所擁有的共同特征。增加對(duì)于本質(zhì)的認(rèn)識(shí)有助于公司的成功和快速發(fā)展，也是為了能夠了解組織應(yīng)該利用機(jī)遇來(lái)面臨未來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)的這種方式。</p><p><b>　　研究方法論</b></p><p>　　正如參考論文中提到的，在需要深入理解的情況下，聯(lián)系實(shí)際，一個(gè)潛在的因果推論和一個(gè)定

49、性的研究設(shè)計(jì)是適當(dāng)?shù)?。而且因?yàn)槲覀冎荚谡页黾徔棙I(yè)中成功的中小企業(yè)與一般中小企業(yè)之間可能存在的差異，推薦的方法為比較研究學(xué)習(xí)法。抽樣分析了西班牙加泰羅尼亞地區(qū)的12家紡織業(yè)的中小企業(yè)，在那里制造業(yè)中的中小企業(yè)是流行的商業(yè)形態(tài)，員工規(guī)模在1到200的公司代表了98%的制造業(yè)公司。加泰羅尼亞構(gòu)成西班牙15%的人口數(shù)，產(chǎn)生四分之一的全國(guó)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)總值,幾乎占了西班牙進(jìn)口數(shù)的三分之一并達(dá)到35%的高新技術(shù)出口量。</p><p&

50、gt;<b>　　高績(jī)效的中小企業(yè)</b></p><p>　　在2002年進(jìn)行的，高績(jī)效的樣品中小企業(yè)包含屬于紡織的6個(gè)公司。服裝和皮革產(chǎn)業(yè)，得到更多的樣品的高績(jī)效生產(chǎn)企業(yè)所屬的所有部門，最近的一項(xiàng)研究調(diào)查顯示，隨著對(duì)研發(fā)部門的深入訪談，知識(shí)、技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新的管理。</p><p><b>　　一般中小企業(yè)</b></p><p

51、>　　一般中小企業(yè)的樣本是為了考慮建立紡織工業(yè)的技術(shù)中心需要，在隨后22家紡織品和服裝行業(yè)公司的的技術(shù)需求調(diào)查中獲取的。這份調(diào)查是在2005年進(jìn)行,確定了不同工藝行為與公司屬性的相關(guān)性。</p><p>　　從案例研究中學(xué)習(xí)到很多，我們需要從最好的相對(duì)基本特征的一般中小型企業(yè)中選擇6個(gè)案例。這是用來(lái)衡量工業(yè)內(nèi)部的活動(dòng)類型,大小及雇員數(shù)量的NACE代碼。除此之外，兩個(gè)公司樣本在西班牙的同一地區(qū)，這意味著他們面

52、臨著相似的環(huán)境。我們相信時(shí)間差異產(chǎn)生的這兩次問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的數(shù)據(jù)因變量相對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)、戰(zhàn)略而不能產(chǎn)生任何系統(tǒng)偏見的研究分析,因此可能在中期是非常穩(wěn)固的。</p><p><b>　　數(shù)據(jù)收集方法</b></p><p>　　研究的數(shù)據(jù)收集方法是在總經(jīng)理的工作地點(diǎn)面對(duì)面半結(jié)構(gòu)式的采訪。采訪涉及以下五個(gè)感興趣的領(lǐng)域：1，描述公司的數(shù)據(jù)；2，知識(shí)的產(chǎn)生及獲得；3，創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)；4，產(chǎn)品和市

53、場(chǎng)的特征；5，戰(zhàn)略特征。為了更客觀地捕捉受訪者對(duì)于覆蓋地區(qū)的感知和評(píng)估，在采訪的結(jié)尾，采訪對(duì)象要填寫一份已準(zhǔn)備好的關(guān)于前三個(gè)區(qū)域的主要方面的定量調(diào)查問(wèn)卷。</p><p><b>　　規(guī)模和措施</b></p><p>　　關(guān)于一些主要公司的描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析，問(wèn)卷包括基本措施的尺度，比如員工與營(yíng)業(yè)額以及公司的建立年限和出口股份。用來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)那些成功的樣本公司的模式的其他尺度

54、是以兩份最近的研究成果出版為基礎(chǔ)的。第一，技術(shù)性公司的特征性是由近期的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查研究提供的。瀏覽文學(xué)的產(chǎn)生的公司會(huì)表現(xiàn)出三個(gè)層次的技術(shù)的強(qiáng)度確定性特征：低、中、高。他們包括研究開發(fā)成果、創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)、產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)特征和組織變量的特征。因我們的樣本是由中小型公司組成的，我們還能夠建設(shè)形成小分類創(chuàng)新型公司。他們的研究結(jié)果表明,這些公司不僅不同在創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)，而且在他們的商業(yè)慣例和策略，例如管理態(tài)度，計(jì)劃和外在的取向，從而來(lái)取得創(chuàng)新。為了這個(gè)理由，我們將對(duì)