亞行財(cái)務(wù)管理政策

1、1,,項(xiàng)目財(cái)務(wù)管理,*本課程材料中所述觀點(diǎn)為作者觀點(diǎn)，不一定代表亞洲開發(fā)銀行、亞行理事會(huì)或其代表的政府的觀點(diǎn)和政策。亞洲開發(fā)銀行不擔(dān)保本課件中所含數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性，而且對(duì)使用這些數(shù)據(jù)所產(chǎn)生的后果不承擔(dān)責(zé)任。使用術(shù)語“國(guó)別”不代表作者或亞洲開發(fā)銀行對(duì)任何地域?qū)嶓w的合法性或其它法律地位的任何判斷。,2,培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容,亞行財(cái)務(wù)管理政策世亞行項(xiàng)目貸款核算辦法及財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的編制亞行項(xiàng)目的審計(jì)和常見的審計(jì)問題,3,亞行財(cái)務(wù)管理政策,ADB Financi

2、al Management Policies and Guidelines 亞行財(cái)務(wù)管理政策和指南Preparing and Submitting Financial Reports準(zhǔn)備和提交財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告Auditor Reports and Opinions: ADB Requirements 審計(jì)報(bào)告和審計(jì)意見：亞行的要求Financial Covenants財(cái)務(wù)約文,4,亞行財(cái)務(wù)管理政策和指南,ADB Charte

3、rADB policy on AnticorruptionGovernanceGuidelines for Financial governance and management of investment projects Financed by the ADBHandbook for Borrowers on Financial Management,亞行章程亞行政策:反腐敗治理亞行投資項(xiàng)目的財(cái)務(wù)治理與管理指南

4、借款人手冊(cè)：亞行資助項(xiàng)目的財(cái)務(wù)治理與管理,5,亞行的總體期望,執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的財(cái)務(wù)管理系統(tǒng):提供及時(shí)可靠的信息，這些信息應(yīng)當(dāng)適用于監(jiān)控項(xiàng)目和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)在實(shí)現(xiàn)亞行同意的目標(biāo)方面的進(jìn)展情況，還應(yīng)能預(yù)警項(xiàng)目實(shí)施和管理中的問題執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)還應(yīng)具有一個(gè)有效的控制環(huán)境，包括內(nèi)部控制制度，以保障:財(cái)務(wù)記錄可靠完整管理政策得以貫徹執(zhí)行有序高效地開展業(yè)務(wù)正確記錄和保護(hù)資產(chǎn)和資源,6,ADB General Expectations (continued)

5、亞行的總體期望（續(xù)）,項(xiàng)目業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)應(yīng)當(dāng)與政府的財(cái)務(wù)政策保持一致 項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)應(yīng)被明確界定 應(yīng)制訂出項(xiàng)目實(shí)施計(jì)劃 限期完成的實(shí)施任務(wù)；設(shè)定每個(gè)步驟目標(biāo)日期的采購(gòu)行動(dòng)；為每個(gè)項(xiàng)目部分和開支類別設(shè)定的支付計(jì)劃；籌資計(jì)劃時(shí)間表；實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目開發(fā)目標(biāo)所需采取的行動(dòng)；建立項(xiàng)目會(huì)計(jì)與財(cái)務(wù)管理制度（包括審計(jì)安排）所需采取的行動(dòng)支付程序和資金流機(jī)制要適合特定的國(guó)家和項(xiàng)目環(huán)境,7,財(cái)務(wù)管理指南的目標(biāo)是..,為財(cái)務(wù)分析和管理建立規(guī)范界定財(cái)務(wù)管理

6、的要求向借款人解釋這些要求提供知識(shí)資源為有興趣的各方了解情況提供便利,8,FM Guidelines Structure財(cái)務(wù)管理指南的結(jié)構(gòu),1.簡(jiǎn)介,背景，目標(biāo),2.使用者須知,分步驟的要求,3.準(zhǔn)備和評(píng)估投資項(xiàng)目,投資項(xiàng)目的準(zhǔn)備、評(píng)估、實(shí)施和監(jiān)督,4.項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的財(cái)務(wù)管理,確?？沙掷m(xù)性的財(cái)務(wù)管理安排,5.報(bào)告和審計(jì),亞行財(cái)務(wù)審計(jì)和報(bào)告要求,6.金融機(jī)構(gòu),專家指南,7.知識(shí)管理,資源、核查單、貸款約文樣本，等等,

7、9,FM Handbook for Borrowers財(cái)務(wù)管理借款人手冊(cè),The Handbook for Borrowers on the Financial Governance and Management of Investment Projects financed by ADB:Summarizes relevant ADB FM requirements as set out in the Guidelines (fr

8、om the Borrower’s perspective)Follows the structure of the GuidelinesReflects recent progress on harmonizing MDB policies and procedures亞行融資投資項(xiàng)目的財(cái)務(wù)治理與管理- 借款人手冊(cè):總結(jié)了指南中規(guī)定的財(cái)務(wù)管理要求 (從借款人的角度)采用了與指南相同的結(jié)構(gòu)反映了多邊開發(fā)銀行在政策和程序

9、協(xié)調(diào)方面的最新進(jìn)展,10,項(xiàng)目分類,亞行將其項(xiàng)目和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)分為兩類：術(shù)語“盈利性”適用于以下執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)和項(xiàng)目:以商業(yè)為導(dǎo)向的；產(chǎn)生實(shí)質(zhì)性收入的要么通過消費(fèi)者付費(fèi)；要么通過行業(yè)特定的地方稅，如供水和排水稅;并且有權(quán)決定這些資金的使用不符合這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)和項(xiàng)目被定義為“非贏利性”,11,Project Types and Treatments項(xiàng)目類型和處理方法,12,,準(zhǔn)備和提交財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告,13,Session Outli

10、ne 本節(jié)概覽,ADB reporting requirementsSubmission requirementsADB compliance categoriesADB policy on late or unacceptable reports亞行財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告編制要求本節(jié)探討亞行對(duì)按時(shí)提交所要求的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的期望財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告提交要求亞行的合規(guī)類別亞行對(duì)遲報(bào)或不合格財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的政策,14,Basic Principles 基

11、本原則,The following basic principles apply to all interim and annual project financial statements issued by borrowers:English-language presentationDisclosure of full accountability for all funds of the borrower, other do

12、nors and lenders, and ADBCompliance with loan covenants and ADB requirements for project managementAdequate disclosure of all material information以下基本原則適用于所有借款人發(fā)布的期中和年度項(xiàng)目 財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表:以英文出具全面披露和說明借款人、其他捐助人、其他貸款人和亞行的

13、 資金使用情況符合貸款約文和亞行對(duì)項(xiàng)目管理的要求；充分披露所有的實(shí)質(zhì)性信息,15,Annual Financial Statements年度財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表,The following fundamental principles apply to annual financial statements:A clear statement on the accounting policies and accounting

14、 standards adoptedThe results of an independent review of the financial accounts and financial management systems by an auditor acceptable to ADB下列基本原則適用于年度財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表：明確說明所采用的會(huì)計(jì)政策和會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則由亞行認(rèn)可的審計(jì)員對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)帳目和財(cái)務(wù)管理系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行獨(dú)立審核的結(jié)果,16,Comp

15、osition of Financial Statements財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的構(gòu)成,Annual financial statements relating to each project should show sufficient information to identify separately the transactions relating to the reporting year and the cumulative tr

16、ansactions from the start-up dateAnnual statements may combine financial transactions of a project with those of the EA, where the EA was established solely to develop the projectWhere an EA is responsible for implemen

17、ting defined subprojects, separate financial statements should be provided for each defined component together with a consolidated financial statement for the complete project. Where an EA is responsible for developing

18、more than one project, common or joint project financial transactions of the agency may be apportioned and allocated to each project on a basis defined in the Notes to the Financial Statements與每個(gè)項(xiàng)目有關(guān)的年度財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表應(yīng)該提供充足的信息，以區(qū)

19、分本財(cái)務(wù)年度發(fā)生的交易和自項(xiàng)目開始之日起累積發(fā)生的交易如果執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)成立的目的只是為了開發(fā)某個(gè)項(xiàng)目，則在期中和年度報(bào)表中可以把項(xiàng)目的財(cái)務(wù)交易與執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的財(cái)務(wù)交易予以合并如果某個(gè)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)行指定的子項(xiàng)目，則對(duì)應(yīng)每個(gè)子項(xiàng)目都應(yīng)編制獨(dú)立的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，并對(duì)整個(gè)項(xiàng)目編制合并財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表如果某執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)開發(fā)的項(xiàng)目多于一個(gè)，則屬于共同性質(zhì)的財(cái)務(wù)交易可根據(jù)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表附注中的規(guī)定分配給每個(gè)項(xiàng)目,17,Financial Reporting Requir

20、ements財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告要求,Where audited financial statements are to be first submitted to a government legislature—with the risk of delaying submission of the audited financial statements to ADB—a draft (certified by the chief finan

21、cial officer and the auditor) should be submitted to ADB within the required reporting timetable, with subsequent confirmation after they have been ratified by the legislature Financial statements should (normally) be p

22、resented in the local currencyFor non-revenue-earning projects, audited annual statements are required for each year of project development and implementationFor revenue-earning projects, audited annual statements are

23、required for the period of the loan. The financial statements of revenue-earning projects may be incorporated within the EA’s financial statements如果已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表需首先提交給政府立法部門，則可能會(huì)延遲向亞行上報(bào)已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表。在這種情況下，財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的草本（由財(cái)務(wù)總管和審計(jì)人員審核無誤）應(yīng)

24、在要求的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)提交給亞行，并在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表被立法機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)可后向亞行確認(rèn)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表一般應(yīng)用當(dāng)?shù)刎泿疟硎痉怯皂?xiàng)目在項(xiàng)目開發(fā)和實(shí)施的每個(gè)財(cái)務(wù)年度都應(yīng)該提交已審計(jì)的年度財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表對(duì)盈利性項(xiàng)目，亞行要求在貸款期限內(nèi)提交經(jīng)審計(jì)的年度財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表。盈利性項(xiàng)目的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表可以合并入執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表之中,18,Accounting Statements & Financial Reports會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表和財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告,19,Accounting Stat

25、ements & Financial Reports會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表和財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告,20,Submission Requirements財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告提交要求,ADB requires accurate and timely financial information from borrowers. EAs are required to submit Audited Project Accounts (APAs) regularly dur

26、ing project implementation and in some cases, until the loan has been fully repaid.EAs of revenue-earning entities are required to submit Audited Financial Statements (AFS), enabling ADB to monitor loan use and the EA’s

27、 financial viability.亞行要求借款人提供準(zhǔn)確及時(shí)的財(cái)務(wù)信息 執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)在項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段，并在某些情況下直到貸款全部?jī)斶€，定期提交已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表盈利性執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)還應(yīng)該提交已審計(jì)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表（AFS）。以使亞行能夠監(jiān)督貸款的使用并了解執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的財(cái)務(wù)能力,21,ADB Compliance Categories亞行的合規(guī)類別,Complied is when the sole EA submitted acceptab

28、le APA/ AFS in English by the due date; and where all EAs submitted acceptable APA/AFS in English by the due datePartly Complied is where several EAs are involved and only one or a few submitted acceptable APA/AFS eithe

29、r by the due date or lateComplied Late is when APA/AFS meets the complied status but is submitted lateNot Yet Due is when APA/AFS is not yet due and is only applicable until the first APA/AFS for the project becomes du

30、e合規(guī)，指單一執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)在到期日提交可接受的英文已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表和已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表；所有執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)在到期日用英文提交合格的已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表/已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表部分合規(guī)，指在有多個(gè)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)參與的情況下，僅有一個(gè)或者幾個(gè)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)在到期日或其后提交了合格的已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表/已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表合規(guī)但拖延，指已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表/已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表達(dá)到合規(guī)要求，但提交日期拖延尚未到期，指已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表/已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表尚未到期，直到項(xiàng)目的第一份已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表/已審計(jì)財(cái)

31、務(wù)報(bào)表到期才適用,22,ADB Compliance Categories (continued)亞行的合規(guī)類別（續(xù)）,Not Required is if submission of APA/AFS is not included in the loan covenants, and is only applicable to some exceptional program loansNot Complied is when:A

32、PA/AFS is submitted in the local languageAPA/AFS is submitted but has significant audit qualificationsthe sole EA submitted partial or incomplete APA/AFS; oronly unaudited project accounts and financial statements are

33、 submitted.未要求，指如果貸款協(xié)議未要求提交已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表/已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的情況，僅適用于部分例外的規(guī)劃貸款 不合規(guī)指：已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表/已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表以當(dāng)?shù)卣Z言提供；已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表/已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表已提交，但具有實(shí)質(zhì)性審計(jì)保留意見； 單個(gè)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)提交部分的或者不完整的已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表/已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表；或僅提交了未經(jīng)審計(jì)的項(xiàng)目報(bào)表和財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表,23,ADB Policy on Late or Unacceptable

34、Financial Reports亞行對(duì)遲報(bào)或不合格財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的政策,When acceptable APA/AFS are not received by due dates, ADB will write immediately to EAs stating they are overdue and warning that, if they are not received within six months:imprest a

35、ccounts will not be replenishedfurther reimbursement requests will not be processedcommitment letters will not be processed, andcontract awards will not be processed如果在到期日沒有收到合格的已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表或者已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，亞行將立即書面通知執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)報(bào)表已過期，并

36、提醒如果在六個(gè)月內(nèi)未能收到這些報(bào)表：周轉(zhuǎn)金帳戶將得不到回補(bǔ)不再受理新的償付申請(qǐng)不再出具新的承諾函，并且不再批準(zhǔn)授予新的合同,24,ADB Policy on Late or Unacceptable Financial Reports (continued) 亞行對(duì)遲報(bào)或不合格財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的政策（續(xù)）,When acceptable APA/AFS are not received within 6 months after th

37、e due dates, ADB will hold :replenishment of imprest accountsprocessing reimbursement requestsprocessing commitment lettersprocessing contract awardsADB will then advise the EAs of ADB’s actions and state if the sit

38、uation does not improve within six months, loans may be suspendedWhen acceptable APA/AFS are not received within 12 months after the due dates, ADB may suspend the loan.如果在到期日后六個(gè)月內(nèi)沒有收到合格的已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表或者已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，亞行將：暫停回補(bǔ)周轉(zhuǎn)金帳

39、戶暫停處理支付申請(qǐng)暫停處理承諾函暫停處理合同授予亞行然后將通知執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)亞行采取的措施，并說明如果情況在六個(gè)月內(nèi)沒有改善，可能會(huì)中止貸款如果在到期日后十二個(gè)月內(nèi)沒有收到合格的已審計(jì)項(xiàng)目報(bào)表或者已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，亞行可中止貸款,25,審計(jì)報(bào)告和審計(jì)意見：亞行的要求,26,ADB Expectations 亞行的期望,ADB expects auditor reports to consider:The adequacy of

40、systems and record-keepingThe eligibility of expenditures Utilization of the imprest accountStatement of Expenditures including whether amount claimed is duly supported to the extent verifiedCompliance with financial

41、 covenants specified in the loan and project agreements. 亞行希望審計(jì)報(bào)告考慮到：內(nèi)控制度和記錄留存的充分性費(fèi)用開支的合格性專用帳戶的使用采用費(fèi)用報(bào)表支付方式支出的原始憑證是否得到驗(yàn)證貸款財(cái)務(wù)約文是否滿足招標(biāo)采購(gòu)是否按照亞行指南進(jìn)行,27,Classifications of Audit Opinions審計(jì)意見分類,28,Classifications of Au

42、dit Opinions審計(jì)意見分類,29,Audit Management Letters審計(jì)管理意見書,ADB requires a Management Letter on internal controls and operating proceduresManagement letters must be provided to ADB with the audited financial statements亞行要

43、求提供與內(nèi)控和經(jīng)營(yíng)程序有關(guān)的管理意見書 管理意見書必須隨審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告一同提交亞行,30,,Financial Covenants財(cái)務(wù)約文,31,Session Outline 本節(jié)概覽,ADB seeks assurance that projects will be sustainable by agreeing financial loan covenants.Why does ADB seek to agree loan

44、covenants? What are financial loan covenants?Common ADB covenantsADB approach to non-complianceCompliance Status亞行尋求就貸款財(cái)務(wù)約文達(dá)成協(xié)議以保證項(xiàng)目的可持續(xù)性。亞行為什么尋求就貸款約文達(dá)成協(xié)議什么是貸款財(cái)務(wù)約文常見的亞行貸款約文亞行對(duì)不遵守約文情況的處理方法執(zhí)行情況,32,Financial Cove

45、nants are Designed to … 財(cái)務(wù)約文的設(shè)計(jì)旨在 …,Support socioeconomic developmentPromote financial viability, financial performance and prudent financial management of the executing agencyDevelop local capabilityAssist the execut

46、ing agency to achieve a creditworthy status to facilitate acceptance in capital marketsProtect the borrower’s and ADB’s financial interestsProvide a basis for monitoring by government regulatory agencies, and ADB, of t

47、he EA’s financial performance支持宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提高執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的財(cái)務(wù)生存能力、增加其財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)、加強(qiáng)審慎財(cái)務(wù)管理 培育當(dāng)?shù)氐呢?cái)務(wù)管理能力 協(xié)助執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)獲得信譽(yù)，以便其被資本市場(chǎng)所接納 保護(hù)借款人和亞行的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益 為政府監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和亞行提供監(jiān)控執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)財(cái)務(wù)業(yè)績(jī)的依據(jù),33,Types of ADB Financial Covenants亞行財(cái)務(wù)約文的種類,Submission of audited fi

48、nancial statements Operating Covenants:Rate of Return (ROR)Self-financing Ratio (SFR)General Price LevelOperating RatioBreakevenCapital Structure Covenants:Debt Service CoverageDebt : Equity RatioDebt Limitati

49、onCapital AdequacyLiquidity Covenants:Current RatioQuick Ratio,提交已審計(jì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表經(jīng)營(yíng)約文: 收益率 (ROR)自籌資金比率 (SFR)一般物價(jià)水平營(yíng)業(yè)比率損益平衡資本結(jié)構(gòu)約文 :償債保證比借款 : 權(quán)益比率借貸限制資本充足率流動(dòng)性約文 :流動(dòng)比率速動(dòng)比率,34,Financial Covenants: Common Issues

50、財(cái)務(wù)約文方面的常見問題,EA/IAs are not aware of or just ignore the financial covenants執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)不熟悉財(cái)務(wù)約文EA/IAs are not calculating the covenanted ratios correctly 執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)沒有正確地計(jì)算財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)Auditor didn’t review the compliance status of financial co

51、venants 審計(jì)師沒有檢查財(cái)務(wù)約文的執(zhí)行情況EA/IAs are not able to conduct meaningful financial projections and take actions accordingly 執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)測(cè)能力較弱,不能及時(shí)采取措施,35,Financial Covenants: Common Issues財(cái)務(wù)約文方面的常見問題,EA/IA’s non/semi-autonomous sta

52、tus 執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)沒有應(yīng)有的決策權(quán)Policy changes and sector reform 政策改變和行業(yè)改革EA/IA changes 執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)變更,36,ADB Policy on Non-compliance亞行處理不合規(guī)情況的政策,不能滿足按時(shí)提交可接受的已審計(jì)年度財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的情況另行處理如借款人/執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)未能滿足某條貸款財(cái)務(wù)約文的規(guī)定,亞行將確定不合規(guī)的程度亞行將找出不合規(guī)的原因亞行將協(xié)商如何糾正不合規(guī)情況