歐洲的公共養(yǎng)老與私人養(yǎng)老【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯原文：原文：PublicversusprivateoldagepensionsinEuropeThemodernideaofa‘welfarestate’constitutesoneofthemostimptantachievementsofEuropeanpoliticalthought.Oldagepensionsinturnareacrucialfeatureofamodernwelfarestatea

2、modernsocialmarketeconomy.Pensionsarethemaintooltoprovidecitizensonalargescalebasiswithacceptablewelfarelevelsatretirement.Inthefaceofthisdemographictrendsinitiatedinthepastnowshowingmajeffectsarecastingseriousdoubtsonth

3、efuturesustainabilityofnationalpensionsystemsastheyareganizedtoday.CountrieswldwidearedealingwithincreasingbudgetaryproblemsinpayingoutpensionsduetopopulationageingespeciallyinEuropetoahisticaltendencytowardsearlyretirem

4、ent.AwarenessofthisphenomenonhastriggeredawidespreaddebateinallMemberStatesoftheEuropeanUnionthroughoutthewldaboutrefmingnationalpensionssystems.CurrentlyalmosteveryOECDcountryEUMemberStateisdebatingthepensionproblemunde

5、rtakingitsownrefms.Howeverpensionsystemrefmisa‘sensitivetarget’becauseoftheverynatureimptanceofpensions.Thereareeconomicdemographicsocialpoliticalaspectsthatmustbeconsidered.Furthermefromatechnicalpointofviewthereiscontr

6、oversyabouttheempiricalmagnitudeofthepensionproblemtheunderlyingeconomictheyconsequentlyaboutbestpracticespolicyadvicefnationalgovernments.Itistherefenosurprisethatthedebateonpensionrefmhasgrownintensivelynowspansavariet

7、yofdimensions:fromidentifyingappropriateactuarialfmulaefcomputingbenefitsatretirementtothegeneraleconomicimpactofdifferentpensiondesignstothemepoliticalissuesofsocialconsensusimplementation.whenineachperiodthetotalnomina

8、lcontributions—givenasthecontributionratetimestheaveragewagetimesthenumberofwkers—equalthetotalpensionexpenses—givenastheaveragepensiontimesthenumberofpensioners.InOECDcountriespublicspendingfretirementpensions—thatisthe

9、righthsideofthebalancingfmula—isexpectedtorisedramaticallyinthecomingdecades.Recentprojectionsftheperiod2000–2050showthatpublicagerelatedexpendituresasapercentageofGDPmayriseonaveragebyaboutsevenpoints.Inparticularthepro

10、ptionofGDPrepresentedbypublicspendingfretirementpensionearlyretirementprogrammersisprojectedtoincreasebyalmost10%inNwayby8%inSpainKeaby5%inGermanybyalmost4%inFrance.FtheEuropeanUnionECOFINprojectsanincreaseofthegross(bef

11、etaxes)publicspendinginpensionsof2.32.2percentagepointsofGDPrespectivelyftheEU15EU25.Thisimpliesthatby2050theEU15willspendalmost13%ofitsGDPtofinancepublicpensionswhiletheEU25willspend12.8%.Theprojectedincreaseinlongevity

12、combinedwithatendencytowardsearlyretirementisresponsibleftheexpectedincreaseintheexpenditurefretirementpensions.Atthesametimeprojectedpensioncontributionsareexpectedtofallbecauseofthedecreasingfertilityrates.Indeedlowerf

13、ertilityratestendtoleadtoadecreaseinthewkingpopulationunderreasonableassumptionsaboutproductivitytoonlyamoderateexpansionofGDP.Asaresultgiventhecurrentpublicpensionfmulaethesystemwillexperienceseriousfiscalimbalances.Pub

14、licversusprivatepensionschemesThissectiondiscusseshowincreasingtheroleoffundedpensionschemescanhelptomaintainfiscalsustainabilityinthepresenceofpopulationageing.Italsoelabatesontheeffectsonprivatepensionssavingsgrowthfin

15、ancialmarketstheprotectionofindividualsagainstvarioustypesofriskmakingcomparisonswithaPAYGsystemwhennecessary.Fundingallowsthesystemtobekeptfinanciallybalancedinthefaceofpopulationageing.Inafullyfundedsystemeachindividua