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1、BriefIntroductionoftheChineseTranslationHistyChinesetranslationtheywasbnoutofcontactwithvassalstatesduringtheZhouDynasty.ItdevelopedthroughtranslationsofBuddhistureintoChinese.Itisaresponsetotheuniversalsoftheexperienceo
2、ftranslationtothespecificsoftheexperienceoftranslatingfromspecificsourcelanguagesintoChinese.ItalsodevelopedinthecontextofChineseliteraryintellectualtradition.ThemodernStardMarinwdfanyi翻譯“translatetranslation“compoundsfa
3、n“turnovercrossovertranslate“yi“translateinterpret“.Somerelatedsynonymsaretongyi通譯“interprettranslate“chuanyi傳譯“interprettranslate“zhuanyi轉譯“translateretranslate“.TheChineseclassicscontainvariouswdsmeaning“interpretertra
4、nslat“finstancesheren舌人(lit.“tongueperson“)fanshe反舌(lit.“returntongue“).TheClassicofRitesrecdsfourregionalwds:ji寄“sendentrustrelyon“fDongyi東夷“EasternYibarbarians“xiang象“belikeresembleimage“fNanman南蠻“SouthernManbarbarians
5、“didi狄鞮“Dibarbarianboots“fXirong西戎“WesternRongbarbarians“yi譯“translateinterpret“fBeidi北狄“NthernDibarbarians“.Inthosefiveregionsthelanguagesofthepeoplewerenotmutuallyintelligibletheirlikingsdesiresweredifferent.Tomakewhat
6、wasintheirmindsapprehendedtocommunicatetheirlikingsdesires(therewereofficers)—intheeastcalledtransmittersinthesouthrepresentationistsinthewestTtsinthenthinterpreters.(王制“TheRoyalRegulations“tr.JamesLegge1885vol.27pp.2292
7、30)AWesternHanwkattributesadialogueabouttranslationtoConfucius.Confuciusadvisesarulerwhowishestolearnfeignlanguagesnottobother.Confuciustellstherulertofocusongovernanceletthetranslatshletranslation.Theearliestbitoftransl
8、ationtheymaybethephrase“namesshouldfollowtheirbearerswhilethingsshouldfollowChina.“Inotherwdsnamesshouldbetransliteratedwhilethingsshouldbetranslatedbymeaning.InthelateQingDynastytheRepublicanPeriodrefmerssuchasLiangQich
9、aoHuShiZhouZuenbeganlookingattranslationpracticetheyofthegreattranslatsinChinesehisty.ZhiQian(3rdc.AD)ZhiQian(支謙)spreface(序)isthefirstwkwhosepurposeistoexpressanopinionabouttranslationpractice.Theprefacewasincludedinawko
10、ftheLiangDynasty.Itrecountsanhisticalanecdoteof224ADatthebeginningoftheThreeKingdomsperiod.ApartyofBuddhistmonkscametoWuchang.OneofthemZhuJiangyanbynamewasaskedtotranslatesomepassagefromure.HedidsoinroughChinese.WhenZhiQ
11、ianquestionedthelackofeleganceanothermonknamedWeiQi(維衹)respondedthatthemeaningoftheBuddhashouldbetranslatedsimplywithoutlossinaneasytounderstmanner:literaryadnmentisunnecessary.Allpresentconcurredquotedtwotraditionalmaxi
12、ms:Laozis“beautifulwdsareuntruetruewdsarenotbeautiful“Confuciuss“speechcannotbefullyrecdedbywritingspeechcannotfullycapturemeaning“.approachtotranslatingnamesattributingittoKumarajivaslackoffamiliaritywiththeChinesetradi
13、tionoflinkingnamestoessences(名實).Sengyou(445518AD)MuchoftheearlymaterialofearliertranslatswasgatheredbySengyouwouldhavebeenlostbutfhim.Sengyou’sapproachtotranslationresemblesHuiyuansinthatbothsawgoodtranslationasthedlewa
14、ybetweeneleganceplainness.HoweverunlikeHuiyuanSengyouexpressedadmirationfKumarajiva’seleganttranslations.Xuanzang(600664AD)Xuanzang’stheyistheFiveUntranslatables(五種不翻)fiveinstanceswhereoneshouldtransliterate:1.Secrets:Dh
15、arani陀羅尼Sanskritritualspeechincantationswhichincludesmantras.2.Polysemy:bhaga(asintheBhagavadGita)薄伽whichmeanscomftableflourishingdignitynameluckyesteemed.3.NoneinChina:jambutree閻浮樹whichdoesnotgrowinChina.4.Deferencetoth
16、epast:thetranslationfanuttarasamyaksambodhiisalreadyestablishedasAnouputi阿耨菩提.5.Toinspirerespectrighteousness:Prajna般若insteadof“wisdom”(智慧).Daoxuan(596667AD)YanFu(1898)YanFuisfamousfhistheyoffidelityclarityelegance(信達雅)w
17、hichsomebelieveiginatedwithTytler.YanFuwrotethatfidelityisdifficulttobeginwith.Onlyoncethetranslathasachievedfidelityclarityshouldheattendtoelegance.Theobviouscriticismofthistheyisthatitimpliesthatinelegantiginalsshouldb
18、etranslatedelegantly.Clearlyifthestyleoftheiginalisnotelegantrefinedthestyleofthetranslationshouldnotbeeleganteither.LiangQichao(1920)LiangQichaoputthesethreequalitiesofatranslationinthesamederfidelityfirstthenclarityonl
19、ythenelegance.LinYutang(1933)LinYutangstressedtheresponsibilityofthetranslattotheiginaltothereadertoart.Tofulfillthisresponsibilitythetranslatneedstomeetstardsoffidelity(忠實)smoothness(通順)beauty.LuXun(1935)LuXunsmostfamou
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