英美文學(xué)名詞解釋整理版

1、英美文學(xué)名詞解釋1.Allegy:Ataleinverseproseinwhichactersactionssettingsrepresentabstractideasmalqualities.Anallegyisastywithtwomeaningsaliteralmeaningasymbolicmeaning.寓言：用詩(shī)歌或散文講的故事，在這個(gè)故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品質(zhì)。所有的寓言都是一個(gè)具有雙重意義、文學(xué)內(nèi)

2、涵或象征意義的故事。2.Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.頭韻：詩(shī)歌中單詞開(kāi)頭讀音的重復(fù)。3.Allusion:Areferencetoapersonaplaceaneventaliterarywkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognizerespondto.Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhist

3、ygeographyliteraturereligion.典故：文學(xué)作品中作家希望讀者能夠認(rèn)識(shí)或做出反應(yīng)的一個(gè)人物、地點(diǎn)、事件或文學(xué)作品。典故或來(lái)自歷史、地理、文學(xué)或宗教。4.AmericanNaturalism:Americannaturalismwasanewharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewarbythesocialupheavalsthatundermined

4、thecomftingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomftingmaltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityfranknesspresentingactersoflowsocialeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenviro

5、nmentheredity.Inpresentingtheextremesoflifethenaturalistssometimesdisplayedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticismbutunliketheirromanticpredecesssthenaturalistsemphasizedthatthewldwasamalthatmenwomenhadnofreewill

6、thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityenvironmentthatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeoblivionindeath.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedthewldwithsometimesbrutalrealismitsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringthewldthroughsocialre

7、fm.美國(guó)自然主義：美國(guó)自然主義是一種新的、更具批判性的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義。美國(guó)自然主義是在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和影響人們?cè)缙谛拍畹纳鐣?huì)動(dòng)亂的影響之下形成的。美國(guó)的自然主義者往往否定了廣為接受的道德真理的正確性，他們想達(dá)到極端的客觀與直率，他們所展現(xiàn)的人物往往都是下層社會(huì)的人，他們的命運(yùn)受到環(huán)境和遺傳的制約。在反應(yīng)生活方面，自然主義作家往往表現(xiàn)出早期浪漫主義中感傷主義特征，但和浪漫主義不同的是，自然主義者認(rèn)為，世界缺乏道德，人不論男女都沒(méi)有自由的意愿，他們的生活

8、都受到遺傳和環(huán)境的控制，人在生前過(guò)著悲慘的生活，死后便被人所遺忘。雖然自然主義文學(xué)通過(guò)更為苛刻的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義手法來(lái)展現(xiàn)這個(gè)世界，但是他有時(shí)也是為了通過(guò)社會(huì)改革來(lái)改善這個(gè)世界。5.AmericanPuritanism:PuritanismisthepracticesbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereiginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch.Thefir

9、stsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem.Theywereagroupofseriousreligiouspeopleadvocatinghighlyreligiousmalprinciples.AsthewditselfhintsPuritanswantedtopuritytheirreligiousbeliefspracti

10、ces.TheyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestinationiginalsintotaldepravitylimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefmGod.AsacultureheritagePuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohada

11、enduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.美國(guó)清教主義：清教主義是新教徒的原來(lái)的一個(gè)分支——清教徒的行為和信仰。在美國(guó)的第一批居民中有很多就是清教徒，他們有著嚴(yán)格的宗教信仰和道德準(zhǔn)則。就像這個(gè)詞所暗指的那樣，清教徒們想“清化”他們的宗教信仰和行為習(xí)慣。他們相信宿命論、原罪說(shuō)、全體墮落和有限的贖罪。作為一種文化遺產(chǎn)，美國(guó)清教主義在早期美國(guó)人的思想上有著深刻的影響，他對(duì)美國(guó)文學(xué)的影響也是頗為持久的。6.Am

12、ericanRealism:InAmericanliteraturetheCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithf

13、ulrenderingofthedinaryasliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernfcommonplacethelowitoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannaturehumanexperience.美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義：在美國(guó)文學(xué)史上，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)宣告了浪漫主義的終結(jié)和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的開(kāi)始?，F(xiàn)實(shí)主義反對(duì)浪漫主義和感傷主義的謊言，

14、它從一個(gè)陌生的世界轉(zhuǎn)向了普通人的真實(shí)生活的描寫(xiě)。它所關(guān)心的是普通的下層勞動(dòng)人民而非理想中的人類(lèi)本性和現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)歷。7.AmericanRomanticism:TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyequalityitsindustrializationitswestwardexpansionavari

15、etyoffeigninfluenceswereamongtheimptantfactswhichmadeliteraryexpansionexpressionnotonlypossiblebutalsoinevitableintheperiodimmediatelyfollowingthenation’spoliticalindependence.Yetromanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralac

16、teristics:malenthusiasmfaithinvalueofindividualismintuitiveperceptionapresumptionthatthenaturalwldwasasourceoftheotheractersonstage.旁白：在戲劇中低聲說(shuō)出或直接說(shuō)給觀眾的臺(tái)詞。旁白在舞臺(tái)上其他人物是聽(tīng)不到的。17.Assonance:Therepetitionofsimilarvowelsoundsespe

17、ciallyinpoetry.Assonanceisoftenemployedtopleasetheearemphasizecertainsounds.類(lèi)韻：在詩(shī)歌中相同或相似元音的重復(fù)，它的目的主要是用來(lái)使句子悅耳動(dòng)聽(tīng)或用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)音。18.Atmosphere:Theprevailingmoodfeelingofaliterarywk.Atmosphereisoftendevelopedatleastinpartthroughdei

18、onsofsetting.Suchdeionshelptocreateanemotionalclimatefthewriterstoestablishthereader’sexpectationsattitudes.氣氛：文學(xué)作品中主要的基調(diào)或感覺(jué)。氣氛的渲染主要是通過(guò)對(duì)環(huán)境的描寫(xiě)來(lái)展開(kāi)的，這種描寫(xiě)有助于作家創(chuàng)造一種情緒氣氛來(lái)時(shí)感染讀者19.Autobiography:Aperson’saccountofhisherownlife.An

19、autobiographyisgenerallywritteninnarrativefmincludessomeintrospection.自傳：一個(gè)人對(duì)他或她自己生活的描述，自傳是一種敘述性的文體，多包含回憶性的描寫(xiě)。20.Ballad:Astytoldinverseusuallymeanttobesung.Inmanycountriesthefolkballadwasoneoftheearliestfmsofliterature.F

20、olkballadshavenoknownauths.Theyweretransmittedallyfromgenerationtogenerationwerenotsetdowninwritinguntilcenturiesaftertheywerefirstsung.Thesubjectmatteroffolkballadsstemsfromtheeverydaylifeofthecommonpeople.Devicescommon

21、lyusedinballadsaretherefrainincrementalrepetitioncodelanguage.Alaterfmofballadistheliteraryballadwhichimitatesthestyleofthefolkballad.民謠：民謠是一種做詩(shī)配唱的故事。在很多國(guó)家，民謠是最早的文學(xué)形式之一，都是無(wú)名作家所寫(xiě)，它們從開(kāi)始傳唱到真正寫(xiě)下來(lái)要在口頭流傳好幾代人。民謠中所采用的手法多為疊句、重復(fù)和暗

22、語(yǔ)。后來(lái)民謠就變成了有文字的歌謠，其風(fēng)格模仿民間歌謠。21.Balladstanza:Atypeoffourlinestanza.Thefirstthirdlineshavefourstressedwdssyllablesthesecondfourthlineshavethreestresses.Balladmeterisusuallyiambic.Thenumberofunstressedsyllablesineachlinemayv

23、ary.Thesecondfourthlinesrhyme.民謠體詩(shī)節(jié)：一種四行詩(shī)節(jié)，第一、三行由四個(gè)重讀單詞或音節(jié)組成，二、四行由三個(gè)重音組成。民謠的韻腳往往采用抑揚(yáng)格的形式，每一行中非重度音節(jié)的數(shù)目不等，二、四行押韻。22.Biography:Adetailedaccountofaperson’slifewrittenbyanotherperson.23.Blankverse:Versewritteninunrhymediambic

24、pentameter.素體詩(shī)：用五音步抑揚(yáng)格寫(xiě)的無(wú)韻詩(shī)。24.Caesura:Abreakpauseinalineofpoetry.休止：一行詩(shī)中的間斷或停頓。25.Canto:Asectiondivisionofalongpoem.詩(shī)章：長(zhǎng)詩(shī)的一部分。26.Caricature:Theuseofexaggerationdisttiontomakeafigureappearcomicridiculous.Aphysicalacteris

25、ticaneccentricityapersonalitytraitanactmaybeexaggerated.漫畫(huà)：用夸張或扭曲的手法來(lái)描寫(xiě)一個(gè)人物的外貌特征、怪癖、個(gè)性或某個(gè)動(dòng)作來(lái)產(chǎn)生滑稽可笑的效果。27.acter:Inappreciatingashtstyactersareanindispensableelement.actersarethepersonspresentedinadramaticnarrativewk.Fstdi

26、videsactersintotwotypes:flatacterwhichispresentedwithoutmuchindividualizingdetailroundacterwhichiscomplexintemperamentmotivationisrepresentedwithsubtleparticularity.人物：在短篇小說(shuō)的欣賞中，人物是必不可少一個(gè)元素。人物是喜劇或小說(shuō)中所描寫(xiě)的人。福斯特把人物劃分為兩類(lèi)，扁平型

27、人物和圓型人物。扁平型人物往往缺乏個(gè)人化的細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)而圓型人物則在性格和行為動(dòng)機(jī)上較為復(fù)雜。28.acterization：themeansbywhichawriterrevealsthatpersonality.人物描寫(xiě)：一個(gè)作家描寫(xiě)某個(gè)人物的方法。29.Classicism:Amovementtendencyinartliteraturemusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedinthearto