紡織英語第三版課文中文翻譯

1、LessonTwoCottonPropertiesUsesArelativelyhighlevelofmoistureabsptiongoodwickingpropertieshelpmakecottononeofthemecomftablefibers.Becauseofthehydroxylgroupsinthecellulosecottonhasahighattractionfwater.Aswaterentersthefiber

2、cottonswellsitscrosssectionbecomesmerounded.Thehighaffinityfmoisturetheabilitytoswellwhenwetallowcottontoabsbaboutonefourthofitsweightinwater.Thismeansthatinhotweatherperspirationfromthebodywillbeabsbedincottonfabricstra

3、nsptedalongtheyarnstotheoutersurfaceoftheclothevapatedintotheair.Thusthebodywillbeaidedinmaintainingitstemperature.相對(duì)較好的吸濕性和良好的芯吸性使棉纖維成為最舒適的纖維之一。因?yàn)槔w維素的羥基基團(tuán)，使得棉花對(duì)水有很強(qiáng)的吸引力。當(dāng)水進(jìn)入纖維棉，棉開始膨脹，其截面變得更圓。這種高度的親水性和潮濕時(shí)溶脹的性能使棉花可吸水達(dá)到其重量

4、的14左右。這意味著，在炎熱的天氣里，身體的汗液會(huì)被棉織物吸收，沿著紗線輸送到衣物外表面并蒸發(fā)到空氣中。因此，這對(duì)維持體溫有幫助。Unftunatelythehyhilicnatureofcottonmakesitsusceptibletowaterbnestains.Watersolublecolantssuchasthoseincoffeegrapejuicewillperatethefiberalongwiththewaterwh

5、enthewaterevapatesthecolantistrappedinthefiber.Perhapsthemajdisadvantagetocottongoodsistheirtendencytowrinklethedifficultyofremovingwrinkles.Therigidityofcottonfiberreducestheabilityofyarnstoresistwrinkling.Whenthefibers

6、arebenttoanewconfigurationthehydrogenbondswhichholdthecellulosechainstogetherarerupturedthemoleculesslideindertominimizethestresswithinthefiber.Thehydrogenbondsrefminthenewpositionssothatwhenthecrushingfceisremovedthefib

7、ersstayinthenewpositions.Itistherupturerefmationofthehydrogenbondsthathelpstomaintainwrinklessothatcottongoodsmustbeironed.遺憾的是，棉纖維的親水性使得它容易受到水漬。如咖啡或葡萄汁的水溶性色素會(huì)隨著水分滲入纖維；當(dāng)水分蒸發(fā)后，著色劑會(huì)停留在纖維上。也許棉產(chǎn)品主要的缺點(diǎn)就是其會(huì)起皺以及難以抗皺。棉纖維的剛性使得紗線抗

8、皺性能降低。當(dāng)纖維彎曲成新的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，將纖維素鏈連結(jié)起來的氫鍵斷裂，同時(shí)分子滑移以減少纖維中的應(yīng)力。氫鍵在新的位置重鍵，因而擠壓的外力去除，纖維停留在新的位置。正是氫鍵的斷裂與重鍵使得織物保持褶皺，所以棉織物需要熨燙。Cottonisamoderatelystrongfiberwithgoodabrasionresistancegooddimensionalstability.Itisresistanttotheacidsalkalies

9、ganicsolventsnmallyavailabletoconsumers.Butsinceitisanaturalmaterialitissubjecttoattackbyinsectsmoldsfungus.Mostprominentisthetendencyfcottontomildewifallowedtoremaindamp.棉纖維是具有良好的耐磨性和尺寸穩(wěn)定性，強(qiáng)度適中的纖維。它耐酸，耐堿以及有機(jī)溶劑，消費(fèi)者普遍接納。但

10、由于它是一種天然物質(zhì)，它受昆蟲，霉菌和真菌攻擊。最突出的是棉一旦放在持續(xù)潮濕的環(huán)境下會(huì)發(fā)霉。Cottonresistssunlightheatwellalthoughdirectexposuretoconstantstrongsunlightwillcauseyellowingeventualdegradationofthefiber.Yellowingmayalsooccurwhencottongoodsaredriedingasdr

11、yers.Thecolchangeistheresultofachemicalreactionbetweencelluloseoxygennitrogenoxidesinthehotairinthedryer.Cottonswillretaintheirwhitenesslongerwhenlinedrieddriedintheelectricdryer.棉纖維耐光，耐熱，盡管直接暴曬在持續(xù)的強(qiáng)光下會(huì)引起發(fā)黃，并最終引起纖維的降解。變黃

12、也可能出現(xiàn)在棉產(chǎn)品被氣體干燥劑干燥時(shí)。顏色的變化是纖維素和氧或二氧化氮在熱空氣中干燥的化學(xué)反應(yīng)的結(jié)果。棉花自然掛干或烘干機(jī)烘干會(huì)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間保持其白度。Ofmajinterestisthefactthatcottonyarnisstrongerwhenwetthanwhendry.Thispropertyisaconsequenceofthemacromicrostructuralfeaturesofthefiber.Aswaterisabs

13、bedthefiberswellsitscrosssectionbecomesmerounded.Usuallytheabsptionofsuchalargeamountoffeignmaterialwouldcauseahighdegreeofinternalstressleadtoweakeningofthefiber.Incottonhowevertheabsptionofwatercausesadecreaseintheinte

14、rnalstresses.Thuswithlessinternalstressestoovercometheswollenfiberbecomesstronger.Atthesametimetheswollenfiberswithintheyarnspressuponeachothermestrongly.Theinternalfrictionstrengthenstheyarns.Inadditiontheabsbedwateract

15、sasaninternallubricantwhichimpartsahigherlevelofflexibilitytothefibers.Thisaccountsfthefactthatcottongarmentsaremeeasilyironedwhendamp.Cotton維的長(zhǎng)度顯示出鱗片結(jié)構(gòu)。鱗片的大小不同，很小到相當(dāng)寬大都有。1厘米細(xì)羊毛里面可以找到700個(gè)鱗片，而粗毛每厘米少到275個(gè)。細(xì)羊毛沒有粗羊毛那樣清晰突出的鱗片

16、，但他們可以在高倍鏡下辨識(shí)出來。Acrosssectionofwoolshowsthreedistinctpartstothefiber.Theouterlayercalledcuticleiscomposedofthescales.Thesescalesaresomewhathnyirregularinshapetheyoverlapwiththetoppointingtowardsthetipofthefibertheyaresim

17、ilartofishscales.Themajptionofthefiberisthectex(composedofcticalcells)thisextendstowardthecenterfromthecuticlelayer.Cticalcellsarelongspindleshapedprovidefiberstrengthelasticity.Thectexaccountsfapproximately90percentofth

18、efibermass.Inthecenterofthefiberisthemedulla.Thesizeofthemedullavariesinfinefibersmaybeinvisible.Thisistheareathroughwhichfoodreachedthefiberduringgrowthitcontainspigmentthatgivescoltofibers.羊毛的橫截面顯示出了三個(gè)不同部分的纖維。外面那層，稱為角質(zhì)

19、層，由鱗片形成。這些鱗片形狀有點(diǎn)棱角，并不規(guī)則又互相重疊，由毛根指向毛尖；它們類似魚鱗。纖維的主要部分是皮質(zhì)（由皮層細(xì)胞構(gòu)成）；它延伸至角質(zhì)層的中心。皮質(zhì)細(xì)胞呈長(zhǎng)梭形，賦予了纖維一定的強(qiáng)度和彈性。皮質(zhì)大概占了纖維團(tuán)的90%。在纖維的中心是中腔。中腔的尺寸不一，細(xì)羊毛可能是看不見（中腔）的。這是在纖維生長(zhǎng)過程中養(yǎng)分到達(dá)了纖維部分，里面包含了給纖維上色的染料。Woolfibersvaryinlengthfrom3.8toabout38cm.

20、Mostauthitieshavedeterminedthatfinecoolsareusuallyfrom3.8to12.7cmmediumwoolfrom6.4to15.2cmlong(coarse)coolsfrom12.7to38cm.羊毛纖維長(zhǎng)度在3.8到38厘米不等。多數(shù)專家已判定，細(xì)羊毛通常從3.8到12.7厘米；中毛從6.4到15.2厘米；長(zhǎng)（粗）毛從12.7到38厘米。Thewidthofwoolalsovariesc

21、onsiderably.FinefiberssuchasMerinohaveanaveragewidthofabout15to17micronswhereasmediumwoolaverages24to34micronscoarsewoolabout40microns.SomewoolfibersareexceptionallystiffcoarsethesearecalledKempaverageabout70micronsindia

22、meter.羊毛的寬度也有很大的差別。細(xì)羊毛如美利奴，有約15至17微米的平均寬度；而中羊毛平均為24至34微米和粗羊毛約40微米。有些羊毛纖維非常僵硬和粗糙，這些就是所謂的死毛，平均直徑約70微米。Thewoolfibercrosssectionmaybenearlycircularbutmostwoolfiberstendtobeslightlyellipticalovalinshape.Woolfibershaveanatural

23、crimpabuiltinwaviness.Thecrimpincreasestheelasticityelongationpropertiesofthefiberalsoaidsinyarnmanufacturing.Itisthreedimensionalinacterinotherwdsitnotonlymovesabovebelowacentralaxisbutalsomovestotherightleftoftheaxis.羊

24、毛纖維橫截面為近圓形，但大多數(shù)羊毛纖維往往形狀略呈橢圓形或卵形。羊毛纖維天然卷曲，有內(nèi)置的波紋。卷曲增加了纖維的彈性和延伸性，也有助于紗線制造。它呈三維結(jié)構(gòu)的；換句話說，它不僅圍著纖維軸上下纏繞而且左右纏繞。Thereissomelustertowoolfibers.Finemediumwooltendstohavemelusterthanverycoarsefibers.Fiberswithahighdegreeoflusterare

25、silkyinappearance.羊毛纖維有光澤。細(xì)中的羊毛往往比較粗的羊毛纖維有光澤。光澤度高的纖維外觀光滑。Thecolofthenaturalwoolfiberdependsonthebreedofsheep.Mostwoolafterscouringisayellowishwhiteivycol.Somefibersmaybegrayblacktanbrown.天然羊毛纖維的顏色取決于羊的品種。沖刷后，大多數(shù)毛，是淡黃色偏白色

26、或象牙色。有些纖維可能是灰色的，黑色的，褐色或棕色。Thetenacityofwoolis1.0to1.7gramsperdenierwhendrywhenwetitsto0.7to1.5gd.Comparedwithmanyotherfiberswoolisweakthisweaknessrestrictsthekindsofyarnsfabricconstructionsthatcanbeusedsatisfactily.Howev