簡介:THEDIGESTIVESYSTEM,THEDIGESTIVESYSTEM,,GASTROINTESTINALTRACT胃腸道ACCESSORYORGANS輔助器官,PARA1,,,,THEORGANIZATIONOFTHEGASTROINTESTINALTRACTWHATARETHEFOURLAYERSCONCENTRICLAYERSSUBLAYERSINTRINSICNERVES內(nèi)神經(jīng),THEGASTROINTESTINALTRACT胃腸道,,,,,,THESUBMUCOSALPLEXUSMEISSNERPLEXUS黏膜下層神經(jīng)叢(即邁斯納神經(jīng)叢)THEMYENTERICPLEXUSAUERBACHPLEXUS腸肌神經(jīng)叢(即奧爾巴赫神經(jīng)叢THESUBSEROSALPLEXUS漿膜下神經(jīng)網(wǎng)叢,WHATARETHETHREENERVEPLEXUSES,,,,,,唾液SALIVA味蕾TASTEBUDS嗅神經(jīng)OLFACTORYNERVES胃液的分泌THESECRETIONOFGASTRICJUICE恒牙PERMANENTTEETH咀嚼MASTICATION食管ESOPHAGUS蠕動PERISTALSIS外層縱向肌OUTERLONGITUDINALLAYERSOFMUSCLES內(nèi)層環(huán)形肌INNERCIRCULARLAYERSOFMUSCLES,MOUTHANDESOPHAGUS口腔和食道,,,,1THREEPAIRSOFSALIVARYGLANDS1LITEROFSALIVAPERDAY,SALIVATION唾液分泌,,,,1THREEPAIRSOFSALIVARYGLANDS1LITEROFSALIVAPERDAY2AUTONOMICNERVOUSSYSTEM自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)CONTROLSSALIVATIONSYMPATHETICANDPARASYMPATHETICBUTNOTREGULATEDBYHORMONES,SALIVATION唾液分泌,,,,食糜CHYME十二指腸DUODENUMTHESTOMACH’SMAJORANATOMICBOUNDARIES食管括約肌賁門胃大彎和胃小彎幽門括約肌十二指腸WHATARETHEFUNCTIONALAREASOFTHESTOMACHFUNDUS,BODY,ANTRUM,STOMACH胃,,,,,,,,,,,胃壁STOMACHWALL斜肌層ALAYEROFOBLIQUEMUSCLE中環(huán)層和外縱層在胃底最薄THECIRCULARANDLONGITUDINALLAYERSOFMUSCLEARETHINNESTINTHEFUNDUS胃體和胃竇逐漸變厚THELAYERSBECOMEPROGRESSIVELYTHICKERINTHEBODYANDANTRUM胃粘膜THEMUCOSAOFTHESTOMACH,STOMACH胃,,,,1血液通過腹腔一支動脈輸入胃中BLOODISSUPPLIEDTOTHESTOMACHBYABRANCHOFTHECELIACARTERY2主動脈沿胃大彎和胃小彎分布MAJORARTERIESLIEALONGTHEGREATERANDLESSERCURVATURES3分叉深入漿膜和肌層BRANCHANDPENETRATETHESEROSAANDMUSCLELAYERS4形成豐富的側(cè)支循環(huán)FORMARICHCOLLATERALCIRCULATION,STOMACH胃,,,CARDIOVASCULARSYSTEMMAJORVESSELS,1RENALARTERY腎動脈2VERTEBRALARTERY脊椎動脈3SUBCLAVIANARTERY鎖骨下動脈4AORTA主動脈5CORONARYARTERY冠狀動脈6CELIACARTERY腹腔動脈7SUPERIORMESENTERICARTERY腸系膜上動脈8LUMBARARTERY腰動脈9INFERIORMESENTERICARTERY腸系膜下動脈10GONADALARTERY生殖腺動脈,RENALARTERY腎動脈VERTEBRALARTERY脊椎動脈3SUBCLAVIANARTERY鎖骨下動脈4AORTA主動脈5CORONARYARTERY冠狀動脈6CELIACARTERY腹腔動脈7SUPERIORMESENTERICARTERY腸系膜上動8LUMBARARTERY腰動脈9INFERIORMESENTERICARTERY腸系膜下動10GONADALARTERY生殖腺動脈,ARICHCIRCULATION,STOMACH,,LIVER,GASTRICVEIN,SPLENICVEIN,靜止狀態(tài)下沒有壁張力INRESTINGSTATE,NOWALLTENSION吞咽動作致使底部松弛SWALLOWINGCAUSESTHEFUNDUSTORELAX食物存儲在垂直層或斜纖層FOODISSTOREDINVERTICALOROBLIQUELAYERS液體相對快速地流入胃竇FLUIDSFLOWRELATIVELYQUICKLYDOWNTOTHEANTRUM蠕動波使胃動力開始增強GASTRICMOTILITYINCREASESWITHPERISTALTICWAVES蠕動收縮頻率同時受神經(jīng)和激素活動影響。INFLUENCEDBYNEURALANDHORMONALACTIVITY,GASTRICMOTILITY胃運動,,1胃液或胃分泌物GASTRICJUICESORGASTRICSECRETION2粘液、酸、酶、激素和內(nèi)因子MUCUS,ACID,ENZYMES,HORMONES,ANDINTRINSICFACTOR3激素被分泌到血液里THEHORMONESARESECRETEDINTOTHEBLOOD4其他胃分泌物直接進入胃腔。THEOTHERGASTRICSECRETIONSINTOTHESTOMACHLUMEN,,GASTRICSECRETION胃分泌,,,粘液形成一道防護屏障來抵御酸和蛋白水解酶。MUCUSFORMSAPROTECTIVEBARRIERAGAINSTACIDANDPROTEOLYTICENZYMES,,GASTRICSECRETION胃分泌,,,1胃液的成分取決于其體積和流動速度THECOMPOSITIONOFGASTRICJUICEDEPENDSONVOLUMEANDFLOWRATE2氫和氯,鈉,鉀的濃度變化THECHANGEOFTHECONCENTRATIONSOFHYDROGENANDCHLORIDE,SODIUM,ANDPOTASSIUM3分泌的速度和體積在早上為最小值,在下午和晚上達到最大值。THERATEANDVOLUMEOFSECRETIONARELOWESTINTHEMORNINGANDEVENING,,GASTRICSECRETION胃分泌,,,WHATINHIBITSGASTRICSECRETION胃分泌L9596UNPLEASANTODORSANDTASTESRAGE,FEAR,PAINWHATCAUSESINCREASEDSECRETIONS分泌物增多與敵對心理或敵意厭惡感有關,,GASTRICSECRETION胃分泌,,,1功能上可分為三部分十二指腸,空腸和回腸DIVIDEDINTO3SEGMENTSTHEDUODENUM,JEJUNUM,ANDILEUM2腹膜是包裹在腹部器官和骨盆腔上的一層漿膜THEPERITONEUMISTHESEROUSMEMBRANESURROUNDINGTHEORGANSOFABDOMENANDPELVICCAVITY,,SMALLINTESTINE小腸,,,SMALLINTESTINE,,ILEOCECALVALVE,,,JEJUNUM,ASUSPENSORYLIGAMENT,,DUODENUM,,,,,JEJUNUM,ASUSPENSORYLIGAMENT,,,,,,腹膜,PERITONEUM,,PERITONEUM,,,,,MESENTERY,,1十二指腸的動脈供應主要由胃十二指腸動脈提供。THEARTERIALSUPPLYTOTHEDUODENUMARISESPRIMARILYFROMTHEGASTRODUODENALARTERY2小腸平滑肌分布為兩層外部的縱層和內(nèi)部較厚的環(huán)層。THESMOOTHMUSCLESOFTHESMALLINTESTINEAREARRANGEDINTWOLAYERS,,SMALLINTESTINE小腸,,,ARTERIALSUPPLYTOSMALLINTESTINE,GASTRODUODENALARTERY,,,,,,,,,,,,食物氯化氫和胃蛋白酶的作用分解食物纖維和蛋白食糜胰腺酶,腸道酶和膽鹽的作用碳水化合物/蛋白質(zhì)/脂肪分解水/維生素/電解液通過傳輸,擴散或易化擴散經(jīng)腸道黏膜吸收。,INTESTINALDIGESTIONANDASBORPTION腸道消化與吸收,,,,,,,,,,小腸運動食糜刺激腸道運動混合有來自肝臟,胰腺和腸腺的分泌物攪拌運動腔內(nèi)物接觸到絨毛吸收細胞推進使食糜進入大腸CHYMESTIMULATESINTESTINALMOVEMENTSMIXINSECRETIONFROMTHELIVER,PANCREAS,ANDINTESTINALGLANDSACHURNINGMOTIONBRINGSTHELUMINALCONTENTINTOCONTACTWITHTHEABSORBINGCELLSOFTHEVILLIADVANCETHECHYMETOWARDTHELARGEINTESTINE,,INTESTINALMOTILITY腸道運動,,,,,,,,,腸道運動受兩種運動影響結(jié)腸袋分節(jié)運動和蠕動。INTESTINALMOTILITYISAFFECTEDBYTWOMOVEMENTSHAUSTRALSEGMENTATIONPERISTALSIS,,INTESTINALMOTILITY腸道運動,,,THELARGEINTESTINECONSISTSOFCECUM盲腸APOUCHAPPENDIX闌尾VERMIFORMCOLON結(jié)腸RECTUM直腸ANALCANAL肛管,,LARGEINTESTINE大腸,,,,,,,,,,THEFOURPARTSOFTHECOLONASCENDINGCOLON→升結(jié)腸TRANSVERSECOLON→橫結(jié)腸DESCENDINGCOLON→降結(jié)腸SIGMOIDCOLON→乙狀結(jié)腸,,,,LARGEINTESTINE大腸,腸內(nèi)物通過盲腸和結(jié)腸受兩個括約肌控制THEILEOCECALVALVE回盲瓣控制食糜從回腸進入盲腸THEO’BEIRNESPHINCTER奧貝恩括約肌控制廢物從乙狀結(jié)腸進入直腸。2ANALSPHINCTERS肛門括約肌INTERNALANALSPHINCTER肛門括約肌EXTERNALANALSPHINCTER肛門括約肌,,,LARGEINTESTINE大腸,WHATCAUSESTOKILLPATHOGENS病原體ANDBACTERIATHROUGHOUTTHEGASTROINTESTINALTRACTACIDINTHESTOMACHBILEACIDSECRETIONINTESTINALMOTILITYANTIBODYPRODUCTIONWHEREAREANAEROBESMAINLYFOUNDL196197,,,INTESTINALBACTERIA腸道細菌,,,ACCESSORYORGANOFDIGESTION消化的輔助器官,WHATARETHEACCESSORYORGANSOFDIGESTIONLIVER→PRODUCESBILEGALLBLADDER→STORESBILEEXOCRINEPANCREAS→PRODUCESENZYMESNEEDEDFORTHECOMPLETEDIGESTIONOFCARBOHYDRATES,PROTEINS,ANDFATSBESIDES,PRODUCESANALKALINEFLUIDLIVER→ITALSORECEIVESNUTRIENTSABSORBEDBYTHESMALLINTESTINE,METABOLIZINGANDSYNTHESIZING,,,ACCESSORYORGANOFDIGESTION消化的輔助器官,LIVERSECRETIONOFBILEWHEREISTHELIVERLOCATEDL2162THEMETABOLICFUNCTIONOFTHELIVERREQUIREALARGEAMOUNTOFBLOODHEPATICARTERY肝動脈PROVIDESOXYGENATEDBLOODPORTALVENOUSBLOOD門靜脈血CONSTITUTES70OFTHEBLOODSUPPLYTOTHELIVER,,,ACCESSORYORGANOFDIGESTION消化的輔助器官,LIVERSECRETIONOFBILESECRETING700TO1200MLBILEPERDAYWHATDOESTHEBILECONTAINBILESALTSCHOLESTROLBILIRUBIN,ELECTROLYTESWATER膽鹽、膽固醇、膽紅素、電解液和水WHATISTHEFUNCTIONOFBILESALTSL233235,,,ACCESSORYORGANOFDIGESTION消化的輔助器官,GALLBLADDER膽囊POSITIONANDFUNCTIONHOWDOESTHEBILEMOVE膽汁從肝臟流出,經(jīng)由左或右肝導管進入肝總管,并在此遇到奧迪括約肌的阻力。奧迪括約肌掌控膽汁流入十二指腸。此后,膽汁經(jīng)由膽管進入膽囊,并在此貯存、變濃。,,,ACCESSORYORGANOFDIGESTION消化的輔助器官,GALLBLADDER膽囊3HOWDOESGALLBLADDERWORK飯后30分鐘內(nèi),膽囊開始收縮,奧迪括約肌松弛,迫使膽汁通過大的十二指腸乳突進入十二指腸。在口腔和胃消化階段,迷走神經(jīng)的類膽堿分支控制膽囊的收縮。膽囊收縮的荷爾蒙調(diào)節(jié)源于縮膽囊素和胃動素的釋放,縮膽囊素和胃動素是在脂肪環(huán)境下十二指腸黏膜分泌的。,,,ACCESSORYORGANOFDIGESTION消化的輔助器官,EXOCRINEPANCREAS外分泌胰腺LOCATIONOFPANCREASWHYISTHEPANCREASUNIQUEITHASBOTHENDOCRINEANDEXOCRINEFUNCTIONS3WHATDOESTHEENDOCRINEPANCREAS內(nèi)分泌胰腺DOSECRETESHORMONESINSULIN胰島素GLUCAGONS高血糖素,,,ACCESSORYORGANOFDIGESTION消化的輔助器官,4WHATDOESTHEEXOCRINEPANCREAS外分泌胰腺DOSECRETEENZYMES酶ANDALKALINEFLUIDS堿性流體,,,ACCESSORYORGANOFDIGESTION消化的輔助器官,SECRETIONSDRAININTOASYSTEMOFDUCTSTHATLEADSTOTHEPANCREATICDUCT,WHICHEMPTIESINTOTHECOMMONBILEDUCTATTHEAMPULLAOFVATE分泌物流入導管系統(tǒng),導管系統(tǒng)通向胰導管,然后進入法特壺腹處的總膽管。,,,ACCESSORYORGANOFDIGESTION消化的輔助器官,INSOMEINDIVIDUALSANACCESSORYDUCTBRANCHESOFFTHEPANCREATICDUCTANDDRAINSDIRECTLYINTOTHEDUODENUMATANOPENINGCALLEDTHEMINORDUODENALPAPILLA在某些個體中可見輔助性導管分支于胰導管,膽汁在被稱為小的十二指腸乳突的開口處直接進入十二指腸。,
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上傳時間:2024-01-06
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