簡介:英語語言學(xué)常見名詞解釋1WHATISLANGUAGE“LANGUAGEISSYSTEMOFARBITRARYVOCALSYMBOLSUSEDFORHUMANCOMMUNICATIONITISASYSTEM,SINCELINGUISTICELEMENTSAREARRANGEDSYSTEMATICALLY,RATHERTHANRANDOMLYARBITRARY,INTHESENSETHATTHEREISUSUALLYNOINTRINSICCONNECTIONBETWEENAWORKLIKEBOOK‖ANDTHEOBJECTITREFERSTOTHISEXPLAINSANDISEXPLAINEDBYTHEFACTTHATDIFFERENTLANGUAGESHAVEDIFFERENTBOOKS‖BOOK‖INENGLISH,LIVRE‖INFRENCH,SHU‖INCHINESEITISSYMBOLIC,BECAUSEWORDSAREASSOCIATEDWITHOBJECTS,ACTIONS,IDEASETCBYNOTHINGBUTCONVENTIONNAMELY,PEOPLEUSETHESOUNDSORVOCALFORMSTOSYMBOLIZEWHATTHEYWISHTOREFERTOITISVOCAL,BECAUSESOUNDORSPEECHISTHEPRIMARYMEDIUMFORALLHUMANLANGUAGESWRITINGSYSTEMSCAMEMUCHLATERTHANTHESPOKENFORMSTHEFACTTHATSMALLCHILDRENLEARNANDCANONLYLEARNTOSPEAKANDLISTENBEFORETHEYWRITEANDREADALSOINDICATESTHATLANGUAGEISPRIMARILYVOCAL,RATHERTHANWRITTENTHETERMHUMAN‖INTHEDEFINITIONISMEANTTOSPECIFYTHATLANGUAGEISHUMANSPECIFIC2WHATAREDESIGNFEATURESOFLANGUAGE“DESIGNFEATURES‖HEREREFERTOTHEDEFININGPROPERTIESOFHUMANLANGUAGETHATTELLTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENHUMANLANGUAGEANDANYSYSTEMOFANIMALCOMMUNICATIONTHEYAREARBITRARINESS,DUALITY,PRODUCTIVITY,DISPLACEMENT,CULTURALTRANSMISSIONANDINTERCHANGEABILITY3WHATISARBITRARINESSBYARBITRARINESS‖,WEMEANTHEREISNOLOGICALCONNECTIONBETWEENMEANINGSANDSOUNDSADOGMIGHTBEAPIGIFONLYTHEFIRSTPERSONORGROUPOFPERSONSHADUSEDITFORAPIGLANGUAGEISTHEREFORELARGELYARBITRARYBUTLANGUAGEISNOTABSOLUTELYSEEMTOBESOMESOUNDMEANINGASSOCIATION,IFWETHINKOFECHOWORDS,LIKEBANG‖,CRASH‖,ROAR‖,WHICHAREMOTIVATEDINACERTAINSENSESECONDLY,SOMECOMPOUNDSWORDSCOMPOUNDEDTOBEONEWORDARENOTENTIRELYARBITRARYEITHERTYPE‖ANDWRITE‖AREOPAQUEORUNMOTIVATEDWORDS,WHILETYPEWRITER‖ISLESSSO,ORMORETRANSPARENTORMOTIVATEDTHANTHEWORDSTHATMAKEITSOWECANSAYARBITRARINESS‖ISAMATTEROFDEGREE4WHATISDUALITYLINGUISTSREFERDUALITY‖OFSTRUCTURETOTHEFACTTHATINALLLANGUAGESSOFARINVESTIGATED,ONEFINDSTWOLEVELSOFSTRUCTUREORPATTERNINGATTHEFIRST,HIGHERLEVEL,LANGUAGEISANALYZEDINTERMSOFCOMBINATIONSOFMEANINGFULUNITSSUCHASMORPHEMES,WORDSETCATTHESECOND,LOWERLEVEL,ITISSEENASASEQUENCEOFSEGMENTSWHICHLACKANYMEANINGINTHEMSELVES,BUTWHICHCOMBINETOFORMUNITSOFMEANINGACCORDINGTOHUZHANGLINETAL,LANGUAGEISASYSTEMOFTWOSETSOFSTRUCTURES,ONEOFSOUNDSANDTHEOTHEROFMEANINGTHISISIMPORTANTFORTHEWORKINGSTHEACTUALLANGUAGEUSE,INOTHERWORDS,MENANDWOMENMAYSAYDIFFERENTTHINGS,YETINPRINCIPLETHEREISNOSOUND,ORWORDORSENTENCETHATAMANCANUTTERANDAWOMANCANNOT,ORVICEVERSAONTHEOTHERHAND,APERSONCANBETHESPEAKERWHILETHEOTHERPERSONISTHELISTENERANDASTHETURNMOVESONTOTHELISTENER,HECANBETHESPEAKERANDTHEFIRSTSPEAKERISTOLISTENITISTURNTAKINGTHATMAKESSOCIALCOMMUNICATIONPOSSIBLEANDACCEPTABLESOMEMALEBIRDS,HOWEVER,UTTERSOMECALLSWHICHFEMALESDONOTORCANNOTWHENADOGBARKS,ALLTHENEIGHBORINGDOGSBARKTHENPEOPLEAROUNDCANHARDLYTELLWHICHDOGDOGSISARESPEAKING‖ANDWHICHLISTENING9WHYDOLINGUISTSSAYLANGUAGEISHUMANSPECIFICFIRSTOFALL,HUMANLANGUAGEHASSIXDESIGNFEATURES‖WHICHANIMALCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMSDONOTHAVE,ATLEASTNOTINTHETRUESENSEOFTHEMSECONDLY,LINGUISTSHAVEDONEALOTTRYINGTOTEACHANIMALSSUCHASCHIMPANZEESTOSPEAKAHUMANLANGUAGEBUTHAVEACHIEVEDNOTHINGINSPIRINGWASHOE,AFEMALECHIMPANZEE,WASBROUGHTUPLIKEAHUMANCHILDBYBEATNICEANDALANGARDNERSHEWASTAUGHTAMERICANSIGNLANGUAGE‖,ANDLEARNEDALITTLETHATMADETHETEACHERSHAPPYBUTDIDMOTMAKETHELINGUISTICSCIRCLEHAPPY,FORFEWBELIEVEDINTEACHINGCHIMPANZEESTHIRDLY,AHUMANCHILDREAREDAMONGANIMALSCANNOTSPEAKAHUMANLANGUAGE,NOTEVENWHENHEISTAKENBACKANDTAUGHTTODOSO10WHATFUNCTIONSDOESLANGUAGEHAVELANGUAGEHASATLEASTSEVENFUNCTIONSPHATIC,DIRECTIVE,INFORMATIVE,INTERROGATIVE,EXPRESSIVE,EVOCATIVEANDPERFORMATIVEACCORDINGTOWANGGANG1988,P11,LANGUAGEHASTHREEMAINFUNCTIONSATOOLOFCOMMUNICATION,ATOOLWHEREBYPEOPLELEARNABOUTTHEWORLD,ANDATOOLBYWHICHPEOPLELEARNABOUTTHEWORLD,ANDATOOLBYWHICHPEOPLECREATEARTMAKHALLIDAY,REPRESENTATIVEOFTHELONDONSCHOOL,RECOGNIZESTHREEMACROFUNCTIONS‖IDEATIONAL,INTERPERSONALANDTEXTUAL11WHATISTHEPHATICFUNCTIONTHEPHATICFUNCTION‖REFERSTOLANGUAGEBEINGUSEDFORSETTINGUPACERTAINATMOSPHEREORMAINTAININGSOCIALCONTACTSRATHERTHANFOREXCHANGINGINFORMATIONORIDEASGREETINGS,FAREWELLS,ANDCOMMENTSONTHEWEATHERINENGLISHANDONCLOTHINGINCHINESEALLSERVETHISFUNCTIONMUCHOFTHEPHATICLANGUAGEEGHOWAREYOU‖F(xiàn)INE,THANKS‖ISINSINCEREIFTAKENLITERALLY,BUTITISIMPORTANTIFYOUDON’TSAYHELLO‖TOAFRIENDYOUMEET,ORIFYOUDON‘TANSWERHISHI‖,YOURUINYOURFRIENDSHIP12WHATISTHEDIRECTIVEFUNCTIONTHEDIRECTIVEFUNCTION‖MEANSTHATLANGUAGEMAYBEUSEDTOGETTHEHEARERTODOSOMETHINGMOSTIMPERATIVESENTENCESPERFORMTHISFUNCTION,EG,TELLMETHERESULTWHENYOUFINISH‖OTHERSYNTACTICSTRUCTURESORSENTENCESOFOTHERSORTSCAN,
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