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簡介:CHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICSCHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICS212008247251WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/CJAHEADPURSUITVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAWFORTHREEDIMENSIONALSPACEINTERCEPTIONGELIANZHENG,SHENYI,GAOYUNFENG,ZHAOLIJUNDEPARTMENTOFCONTROLSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,HARBININSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,HARBIN150001,CHINARECEIVED21SEPTEMBER2007ACCEPTED25DECEMBER2007ABSTRACTTHISARTICLEAIMSTODEVELOPAHEADPURSUITHPGUIDANCELAWFORTHREEDIMENSIONALHYPERVELOCITYINTERCEPTION,SOTHATTHEEFFECTOFTHEPERTURBATIONINDUCEDBYSEEKERDETECTIONCANBEREDUCEDONTHEBASISOFANOVELHPTHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEMODEL,ANONLINEARVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAWISPRESENTEDBYUSINGLYAPUNOVSTABILITYTHEORYTHEGUIDANCELAWPOSITIONSTHEINTERCEPTORAHEADOFTHETARGETONITSFLIGHTTRAJECTORY,ANDTHESPEEDOFTHEINTERCEPTORISREQUIREDTOBELOWERTHANTHATOFTHETARGETANUMERICALEXAMPLEOFMANEUVERINGBALLISTICTARGETINTERCEPTIONVERIFIESTHERIGHTNESSOFTHEGUIDANCEMODELANDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEPROPOSEDMETHODKEYWORDSHEADPURSUITTHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEMODELNONLINEARVARIABLESTRUCTURELYAPUNOVSTABILITYTHEORYGUIDANCELAW1INTRODUCTION1INTACTICALBALLISTICMISSILEINTERCEPTION,MANYINTERCEPTORSEMPLOYANINFRAREDSEEKERTODETECTTHETARGETHOWEVER,THEDETECTIONPRECISIONISOFTENDEGRADEDBYAERODYNAMICHEATING1TOSOLVETHEAERODYNAMICABLATIONPROBLEM,AHEADPURSUITHPGUIDANCELAW,WHICHPOSITIONSTHEINTERCEPTORMISSILEAHEADOFTHETARGETONITSFLIGHTTRAJECTORYTODESTROYTHETARGET,HASBEENDEVELOPEDRECENTLY2USINGTHISGUIDANCELAW,THEINTERCEPTORCANFLYINTHESAMEDIRECTIONWITHTHETARGETATALOWERSPEEDTHANTHATOFTHETARGETCOMPAREDTOAHEADONENGAGEMENT,THELOWCLOSINGSPEEDISACHIEVEDWITHREDUCEDENERGYREQUIREMENTSTHEHPGUIDANCEMETHODISFURTHERIMPROVEDINREFS34,WHERETHERELATIVEMOTIONMODELISSEPARATEDINTOTWOPERPENDICULARCHANNELSANDTHEGUIDANCEPROBLEMCANBETREATEDASAPLANARPROBLEMINEACHOFTHOSECORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL8645186418285EMAILADDRESSGELZHITEDUCNCHANNELSBASEDUPONTHEPLANARMODEL,AHPVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAWISTHENDEVELOPEDHOWEVER,ASTHEACTUALMISSILEINTERCEPTIONOCCURSINTHREEDIMENSIONALSPACE,ATHREEDIMENSIONALHPGUIDANCEMETHODISMOREUSEFULINPRACTICALAPPLICATIONSVARIOUSCLASSICGUIDANCEMETHODSHAVEBEENEXAMINEDFORIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEINTERCEPTIONSINCETHEORIGINATIONOFTHETHREEDIMENSIONALPUREPROPORTIONALNAVIGATIONGUIDANCELAWPROPOSEDBYADLER5REFS611HAVEDEVELOPEDTHETHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEMODELANDGIVENAGUIDANCELAWBASEDONLYAPUNOVSTABILITYTHEORYTHESEGUIDANCELAWSAREONLYSUITABLEFORHEADONINTERCEPTION,THEIRINTERCEPTIONSTYLESANDKINEMATICSMODELSAREDIFFERENTFROMTHEHPGUIDANCEMETHODASANINTUITIVEANDROBUSTCONTROLTECHNIQUE,THESLIDINGMODEVARIABLESTRUCTURECONTROL1215HASBEENUTILIZEDINVARIOUSGUIDANCEAPPLICATIONSTOADDRESSHIGHLYNONLINEARSYSTEMSGELIANZHENGETAL/CHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICS212008247251249MT00LIM0,LIM0RRΘΘ→→8MT00LIM0,LIM0RRΦΦ→→9THEOBJECTIVEOFTHEHPGUIDANCELAWISTOBRINGTHEINTERCEPTORTOTHEPOINT,WHICHISCONFINEDBYEQS89HENCE,THEINTERCEPTOR’SLEADANGLESMΘANDMΦA(chǔ)REREQUIREDTOBEPROPORTIONALTOTHETARGET’SLEADANGLESRELATIVETOLOSM1TM2T,NNΦΦΘΘ10WHEREN1ANDN2ARETHEGUIDANCECONSTANTSTHUS,THERELATIONSMENTIONEDEARLIERCANGUARANTEETHATΘMVANISHESWITHΘT,ANDΦMVANISHESWITHΦTITISTHENNECESSARYTOFINDOUTTHERELATIONBETWEENTHEANGULARCONDITIONDEFINEDBYEQ10ANDTHEINTERCEPTORACCELERATION3HPVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAW31VARIABLESTRUCTURECONTROLLAWCONSIDERINGTHENONLINEARMULTIPLEINPUTMULTIPLEOUTPUTMIMOUNCERTAINSYSTEM12,,,TTTTTXFXGXUGXW?11WHEREN∈RXISTHESTATEVARIABLE,PT∈RUTHECONTROLVARIABLE,AND,TFXTHEUNCERTAINNONLINEARITEM1,TGXAND2,TGXAREVECTORFUNCTIONS,WHICHHAVESUITABLEDIMENSIONST∈WSRISTHEACCELERATIONDISTURBANCEOFTHETARGETANDLIMITEDBY0TB?00VV?ITISEASILYCHECKEDTHAT?00VXHENCE,THESYSTEMISASYMPTOTICALLYSTABLE,ANDTHECONDITIONSOFTHESLIDINGMODEVARIABLESTRUCTURECONTROLTHEORYARESATISFIED,THUSLEMMA1HOLDS32THEDESIGNOFNONLINEARGUIDANCELAWITFOLLOWSTHATTOREALIZETHECONTROLLAWONEONLYNEEDSTOKNOWTHESCOPEOFACCELERATIONOFTHETARGET,ANDITCANBEAPPLIEDINTHECOURSEOFINTERCEPTINGTHEUNKNOWNACCELERATIONTARGETUSUALLYNOCONTROLISTAKENINTHELOSDIRECTION,ASLONGASOTHERPARAMETERSAREKEPTSLIDINGONTHESLIDINGSURFACEWHENTHETARGETCATCHESTHEINTERCEPTOR,THEGUIDANCECONTROLISCOMPLETEDTHEOTHERCOUPLINGPARAMETERSCANBETREATEDASDISTURBANCES,SOONECANDESIGNTHEGUIDANCELAWBYUSINGTHEDESIGNMETHOD16OFSINGLECHANNELTHEAUTHORSHAVEDESIGNTHENONLINEARVARIABLECONTROLGUIDANCELAWBYUSINGTHEYAWCHANNELASANEXAMPLETHEAIMISTOBRINGTHESYSTEMINTOTHESLIDINGSURFACEANDKEEPTHEDYNAMICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESYSTEMACCORDINGTOEQS11,1314,THEVARIABLESAREDEFINEDASUTMZAISTHECONTROLVARIABLETTZWAISTHEACCELERATIONOFTHETARGET,WHICHISASYSTEMDISTURBANCE,12XXX
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簡介:景觀設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格和園林價(jià)值保護(hù)之間的關(guān)系德國魏瑪歷史公園的案例研究景觀設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格和園林價(jià)值保護(hù)之間的關(guān)系德國魏瑪歷史公園的案例研究MARTINKüMMERLING,NORBERTMüLLER景觀管理與生態(tài)恢復(fù)部門以及URBIO總公司,德國埃爾福特應(yīng)用技術(shù)大學(xué)關(guān)鍵詞生物多樣性;歷史公園;園藝;城市公園;植被;摘要城市公園可以通過被引入植物的種植成為入侵源。另一方面,城市公園作為生物多樣性的熱點(diǎn)地區(qū),可以支持保護(hù)瀕危和罕見的分類單元。即使歷史城市公園首先被評估為遺產(chǎn),但它們依然為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和積極的審美以及社會(huì)價(jià)值服務(wù)。雖然在歐洲有許多研究是關(guān)于設(shè)計(jì)的,公園的哲學(xué)和歷史背景就像生物多樣性的研究一樣,幾乎沒有研究提出景觀設(shè)計(jì)原則如何影響了公園的生物保護(hù)價(jià)值。因?yàn)樵跉W洲,公園的景觀風(fēng)格是一個(gè)最具影響力的歷史景觀設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格,我們將我們的研究集中在德國魏瑪?shù)摹耙翣柲泛优瞎珗@”。它創(chuàng)建于18世紀(jì)晚期,并且在1998年被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界遺產(chǎn)的一部分。我們的研究問題是1哪些設(shè)計(jì)原則、植物原料和技術(shù)實(shí)施被使用在創(chuàng)建和管理公園的過程中2對于公園的生物保護(hù)尤其是瀕危植物物種和棲息地的保護(hù)來說,當(dāng)前什么才是具有價(jià)值的3設(shè)計(jì)原則和現(xiàn)代公園的價(jià)值之間是什么關(guān)系我們將我們的結(jié)果與類似的公園景觀做一對比,并對未來可持續(xù)的公園設(shè)計(jì)和公園恢復(fù)管理給出建議。我們的研究問題是1哪些設(shè)計(jì)原則、植物原料和技術(shù)實(shí)施被使用在創(chuàng)建和管理公園的過程中2對于公園的生物保護(hù)尤其是瀕危植物物種和棲息地的保護(hù)來說,當(dāng)前什么才是具有價(jià)值的3設(shè)計(jì)原則和現(xiàn)代公園的價(jià)值之間是什么關(guān)系我們將我們的結(jié)果與類似的公園景觀做一對比,并對未來可持續(xù)的公園設(shè)計(jì)和公園恢復(fù)管理給出建議。22研究地點(diǎn)研究地點(diǎn)“伊爾姆河畔公園”坐落在德國中部的魏瑪(215MASL),公園的起源可以追溯到1778年。對于許多歐洲的歷史公園來說,“伊爾姆河畔公園”是建在以前的一個(gè)規(guī)整花園的位置上(幾何式的),它被設(shè)計(jì)在卡爾奧格斯特公爵的宮殿旁邊。當(dāng)時(shí)公園位于魏瑪?shù)慕紖^(qū),1860年魏瑪城開始擴(kuò)展,公園便開始位于城市邊界內(nèi)。在魏瑪公爵的城市宮殿、北部的城市中心、現(xiàn)在OBERWEIMAR的SUBURBANISED村以及南方的高級(jí)住宅區(qū)之間,公園形成了伊爾姆河的泛濫平原的一部分(圖一為公園概況)。它周長15公里,占地約048平方公里。泛濫平原的土壤是沖積土,山谷兩邊所包含的鈣質(zhì)材料就像KEUPER和含有石灰物質(zhì)的貝殼。
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上傳時(shí)間:2024-03-15
頁數(shù): 16
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簡介:中文中文4269字,字,2780單詞,單詞,15萬英文字符萬英文字符出處出處APELBLATA,MANZUROLAE,BALALNATHESOLUBILITIESOFBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLICACIDSINWATERJJOURNALOFCHEMICALTHERMODYNAMICS,2006,385565571苯多羧酸在水中的溶解度苯多羧酸在水中的溶解度ALEXANDERAPELBLAT,EMANUELMANZUROLA,NAZMIAABOBALAL摘要摘要對所有的苯多羧酸進(jìn)行了討論,包括實(shí)驗(yàn)得到的數(shù)據(jù)(苯甲酸,對苯二甲酸,偏苯酸,1,3,5苯三酸和1,2,4,5苯四酸)和從文獻(xiàn)確定的數(shù)據(jù)(苯甲酸,鄰苯二甲酸,間苯二甲酸,對苯二甲酸,連苯酸,偏苯酸,1,3,5苯三酸,1,2,3,5苯四甲酸,1,2,3,4苯四甲酸,均苯四甲酸,苯五甲酸和苯六酸)。這些聚羧酸苯的飽和溶液的表觀摩爾焓溫度的由溶解度對溫度的依賴性確定。關(guān)鍵詞苯多羧酸、飽和水溶液、摩爾溶解焓11簡介簡介包括12種苯多羧酸1種一元酸(苯甲酸),三種二元酸{1,2苯二甲酸(鄰苯二甲酸),苯1,3苯二甲酸(間苯二甲酸)和1,4苯二甲酸(對苯二甲酸)},三種三元酸{1,2,3苯三甲酸(連苯三酸),1,2,4苯三甲酸(偏苯三酸),以及1,3,5苯三甲酸(均苯三酸)},三種四元羧酸{1,2,3,4苯四甲酸(連苯四酸),1,2,3,5苯四甲酸(偏苯四酸)和1,2,4,5苯四甲酸(均苯四酸)},一種五元酸(苯五羧酸),和一種六元酸(苯六羧酸酸)。低羧酸苯(特別是苯甲酸和鄰苯二甲酸)被大量生產(chǎn),它們的各種酯衍生物作為樹脂,增塑劑,染料,油墨,粘合劑,生物堿溶液,藥物(抗真菌)助劑以及脂肪和果汁的食品保鮮中間體15。超純苯甲酸作為滴定和熱量實(shí)驗(yàn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),比起苯多羧酸有著更重要的市場。然而,因?yàn)樗鼈兪怯墒?,木材木質(zhì)素和類似材料的急劇氧化形成,它們具有地球化學(xué)和生態(tài)學(xué)意義,由于有毒金屬苯多配位體形成不利于自然環(huán)境的水資源6。苯多羧酸在水中的溶解度隨著溫度的函數(shù)顯著變化。通常,溶解度小,即使非常小的對苯二甲酸,溶解度的準(zhǔn)確性在不同的實(shí)驗(yàn)之間的也是不同的79。它是從最近制定的有機(jī)化合物在水中的溶解度表(YALKOVSKY和HE9),而且只有苯甲酸和鄰苯二甲酸的溶解度數(shù)據(jù)可查清楚,不太注意其他苯多羧酸,其中所述的溶解度是在分離程序的情況下的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)溫度測定一次。所有這里提到的調(diào)查中,只考慮兩類飽和溶液的固液相平衡(WARD和COOPER10苯甲酸和苯二甲酸YUKHNO和BIKKULOV11所有12種苯多羧酸都是他們準(zhǔn)備的)。在溫度范圍T27315K至T32315K,他們推測,苯甲酸,異構(gòu)體的鄰苯二羧酸,偏苯三酸,連苯四酸和苯六甲酸的晶體是無水的,連苯三酸和均苯四酸存在二水合物,均苯三酸是一水合物,偏苯四酸和苯五羧酸形成固態(tài)水合物。由于YUKHNO和BIKKULOV的研究是不容易的,他們的研究成果值得一提,偏苯四酸
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頁數(shù): 23
大?。?0.31(MB)
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簡介:AREVIEWOFIMPROVEMENTMETHODSINMANUFACTURINGOPERATIONSTHOMASGRU¨NBERGINTRODUCTIONEFFORTSTOIMPROVETHEPERFORMANCEOFCOMPANIESHAVEBEENIMPORTANTSINCETHESTARTOFTHEINDUSTRIALERATHEFIRSTKNOWNANDWELLDOCUMENTEDPRACTITIONERSINTHEAREAOFPERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTWEREADAMSMITH1776,ELIWHITNEY1800,BAGGAGE1832,FRANKBANDLILLIANGILBRETH1900,TAYLOR1903ANDHENRYFORD1913JOHANSSON,1997OLHAGER,2000SINCETHE1950S,COMPETITIONBETWEENCOMPANIESHASINCREASEDASMARKETSHAVEBECOMEINCREASINGLYGLOBALANDTHEREARENOSIGNSTHATTHISCOMPETITIONWILLEASETHISINCREASEDCOMPETITIONCREATESANEVERGREATERNEEDFORFIRSTRATEIMPROVEMENTMETHODSTHATCANSUSTAINCOMPETITIVENESSTHEORIGINSOFANUMBEROFTHEMETHODSOFOPERATIONSIMPROVEMENTINUSETODAYLIEINTHESTRONGDEVELOPMENTPERIODDURINGANDIMMEDIATELYFOLLOWINGTHESECONDWORLDWAR,PRINCIPALLYINTHEUSATHESEMETHODSWEREIMPORTEDTO,ANDIMPROVEDONIN,JAPANFOREXAMPLEATTHETOYOTACOMPANYWOMACKETAL,1996EXAMPLESOFSUCHMETHODSARETOTALPREVENTIVEMAINTENANCETPMTHATORIGINATEDWITHTHESIMPLECONCEPTOFPREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEPMINTHEUSANORDETAL,1997ANDTOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTTQMDEVELOPEDBYJURANANDDEMINGBERGMANANDKLEFSJO¨,1995THEORIGINALUSMETHODSWERESUCCESSFULLYIMPORTEDANDADAPTEDTOAJAPANESEWAYOFWORKINGFROMSIMPLE,BASICCONCEPTSANDAPPROACHES,THETOYOTAPRODUCTIONSYSTEMTPSWASSYNTHESISEDANDRESULTEDINVARIOUSADDITIONSANDDERIVATIVEMETHODSLIKEKAIZEN,5SANDBENCHMARKINGTOGETHER,SUCHMETHODSRESULTEDINTHELEANMANUFACTURINGCONCEPTWHENSUCHMETHODSWEREREIMPORTEDINTOTHEWEST,IMPLEMENTATIONWASOFTENNOTFULLYSUCCESSFULTHISISSTILLTHECASEWOMACKETAL,1996WOMACKETAL1996,ASSERTTHATMOSTWESTERNCOMPANIESARESTILL’’TRADITIONAL’’MASSPRODUCTIONCOMPANIESTHEYEXEMPLIFYTHISWITHGENERALMOTORS,WHICHHASTOOMANYPLANTS,TOOMANYMANAGERSANDTOOMANYWORKERSHOWEVER,THEDEVELOPMENTOFSUCHMETHODSINJAPANDIDSPARKANEWROUNDOFTHINKINGINTHEWESTANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFANUMBEROFNEWIMPROVEMENTMETHODSASACOMPETITIVECOUNTERACTIONAGAINSTTHEJAPANESEMOVEMENT,EGTHEORYOFCONSTRAINTSTOC,BUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERINGBPRANDTHEAUTHORTHOMASGRUèNBERGISEMPLOYEDINTHESWEDISHPOSTALSERVICESASANINDUSTRIALPHDCANDIDATE,CONNECTEDTOWOXE?NCENTRUM,ROYALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,SWEDENKEYWORDSOPERATIONSMANAGEMENT,PERFORMANCEMEASUREMENT,IMPROVEMENT,METHODOLOGYABSTRACTTHEREISARANGEOFMETHODOLOGIESANDTECHNIQUESAIMEDATIMPROVINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSANDEFFICIENCYOFOPERATIONALACTIVITYEXAMPLESAREBUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERING,TOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTANDORGANISATIONDEVELOPMENTSUCHMETHODSDIFFERFROMEACHOTHERINHOWIMPROVEMENT’’SHOULDBEACHIEVEDANDIMPLEMENTEDANDEVENWHATTOIMPROVEINTHISPAPERANUMBEROFIMPROVEMENTMETHODS,TOGETHERWITHTHEIRAIMSANDIMPLEMENTATIONPROCESSES,AREDISCUSSEDITBECOMESAPPARENTFROMAREVIEWOFTHESEMETHODS,BASEDONTHELITERATUREAVAILABLE,THATNONEOFTHEMETHODSPRESENTEDISPARTICULARLYADEPTATIDENTIFYINGWHATTOIMPROVE±HOWTOFINDPOTENTIALIMPROVEMENTAREASTHEPAPERDESCRIBESAPERFORMANCEFACTORMODELANDAMEASUREMENTMODELDESIGNEDTOFILLTHISGAPTHEYAREGUIDESASTOWHATTOANALYSEANDHOWTOMEASUREINIMPROVEMENTWORKELECTRONICACCESSTHEEMERALDRESEARCHREGISTERFORTHISJOURNALISAVAILABLEATHTTP//WWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM/RESEARCHREGISTERTHECURRENTISSUEANDFULLTEXTARCHIVEOFTHISJOURNALISAVAILABLEATHTTP//WWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM/00438022HTM89WORKSTUDYVOLUME52NUMBER22003PP8993MCBUPLIMITEDISSN00438022DOI101108/004380203104628901930SWESTLANDER,1999ODISLESSOFACONTINUOUSTECHNIQUETHAN,SAY,TOCANDTQMTHISISFAIRLYTYPICALEACHOFTHEMETHODSHASAPARTICULARBACKGROUNDANDWASCREATED/DEVELOPEDTOSOLVEPARTICULARFORMSOFIMPROVEMENTPROBLEM–ORPROBLEMSWITHINPARTICULARCONTEXTSTPM,FOREXAMPLE,FOCUSESONIMPROVEDMACHINEAVAILABILITY–ANDIMPROVINGOVERALLEQUIPMENTEFFICIENCYJOSTESANDHELMS,1994THETHEORYOFCONSTRAINTSPAYSATTENTIONTOBOTTLENECKSITRECOGNISESTHATITISIMPORTANTTOINCREASETHROUGHPUTTOAMAXIMUMINANYBOTTLENECKWITHINAPRODUCTIONPROCESSRAHMAN,1998BUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERINGISLESSDIRECTLYFOCUSED–ANDISTHUSMOREOFAGENERALIMPROVEMENTMETHODOLOGYITSPARTICULARAPPROACHISTOCONSIDERRADICALCHANGEASAMEANSOFIMPROVINGOPERATIONSVAKOLAANDREZGUI,2000THISRADICALCHANGEALLOWSNEW,REVOLUTIONARYIDEASTOEVOLVETHESEMAYMAKEADRAMATICCHANGEINPERFORMANCE,COMPAREDTOTHEEVOLUTIONARYANDINCREMENTALIMPROVEMENTSTHATAREOFTENDELIVEREDBYTHEMOREFOCUSEDMETHODSBENCHMARKINGISNOTREALLYANIMPROVEMENTTECHNIQUEASSUCH,MOREAMEANSOFIDENTIFYINGAREASFORIMPROVEMENTITFOCUSESONMEASUREMENTANDCOMPARISONOFBUSINESSPERFORMANCETHISCANBEAHIGHLYREVEALINGEXERCISE–ESPECIALLYIFTHECOMPARISONISWITHOTHERSIMILARORGANISATIONSHARRINGTON,1998TPM,TQMANDLEANMANUFACTURINGFOCUSONTHEREDUCTIONOF’’WASTE’’–BUTWITHINAHOLISTICCONSIDERATIONOFTHE’’BIGPICTURE’’SUIPHENGANDKHOO,2001KARLSSONANDAêHLSTRO¨M,1996HAWKINGS,2001GUNASEKARANETAL,1998SIMULATIONTECHNIQUESMAYBEUSEDASDIRECTIMPROVEMENTMETHODS–BUTALSOOFTENACTASASUPPORTDECISIONTOOLFORIMPROVEMENTWORKJOHANSSONANDGRU¨NBERG,2001THEONLYONEOFTHESEMETHODSTHATPRESCRIBESWHERETOSTARTTOLOOKFORIMPROVEMENTSISTOC,WHICHTELLSUSTOSTARTWITHABOTTLENECKINMANUFACTURINGHOWEVER,THISPRESUPPOSESTHATMOREOUTPUTISTHEREQUIREDOUTCOMETHOUGHTHEFOCUSOFAPARTICULARMETHODDOESINDICATEBROAD’’START’’AREAS,THEMETHODSARETOOGENERALISEDTOPROVIDESPECIFICHELPINCHOOSINGWHATTOIMPROVEINOPERATIONSDISCUSSIONTHEREISANEXTENSIVERANGEOFCHANGEANDIMPROVEMENTMETHODSDESCRIBEDWITHI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簡介:本文是中英雙語對照畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯,下載之后無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式直接可用一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題OBJECTORIENTEDWEBAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENT外文作者HANSWGELLERSENANDMARTINGAEDKE文獻(xiàn)出處IEEEINTERNETCOMPUTING316068,2018如覺得年份太老,可改為近2年,畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文4015單詞,26661字符字符就是印刷符,中文6698漢字。(如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了,可自行刪減,大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。)OBJECTORIENTEDWEBAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTTHEWEBHASEVOLVEDINTOAGLOBALENVIRONMENTFORDELIVERINGALLKINDSOFAPPLICATIONS,RANGINGFROMSMALLSCALEANDSHORTLIVEDSERVICESTOLARGESCALE,ENTERPRISEWORKFLOWSYSTEMSDISTRIBUTEDOVERMANYSERVERSAPPLICATIONSTHATUSEHTMLBASEDFRONTENDSBENEFITFROMTHEPERVASIVEDISTRIBUTIONOFWEBBROWSERSFORUNIVERSAL,CROSSPLATFORMACCESSANOTHERSTRIKINGADVANTAGEOFWEBDELIVERYLIESINTHECONCEPTOFTHINCLIENTSANDCENTRALIZEDMAINTENANCE,FACILITATINGINSTANTANEOUSDEPLOYMENTOFSOFTWAREUPDATESATMINIMALCOSTWHILETHEPOPULARITYOFTHEWEBANDITSADVANTAGESASACLIENTSERVERPLATFORMHAVELEDTOCOUNTLESSHTMLBASEDAPPLICATIONS,THEDEVELOPMENTOFWEBAPPLICATIONSISSTILLMOSTLYADHOCTHEREISNORIGOROUS,SYSTEMATICAPPROACH,ANDMOSTCURRENTWEBAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTANDMANAGEMENTPRACTICESRELYONTHEKNOWLEDGEANDEXPERIENCEOFINDIVIDUALDEVELOPERSONEREASONFORTHELACKOFASTRUCTUREDAPPROACHMAYBEINTHEWEB’SLEGACYASANINFORMATIONMEDIUMRATHERTHANANAPPLICATIONPLATFORMWEBDEVELOPMENTISSEENPRIMARILYASANAUTHORINGPROBLEMRATHERTHANASOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTPROBLEMTOWHICHWELLESTABLISHEDSOFTWAREENGINEERINGPRINCIPLESSHOULDAPPLYWEBELIEVEANOTHERREASONISTHATTHEWEBIMPLEMENTATIONMODELDOESNOTRELATEWELLGENERALSOFTWAREDEVELOPMENTCONVENTIONALSOFTWAREPROCESSESUSUALLYADDRESSFOURDEVELOPMENTPHASESANALYSIS,DESIGN,IMPLEMENTATION,ANDMAINTENANCE/EVOLUTIONDURINGANALYSIS,DEVELOPERSBUILDAMODELOFANAPPLICATIONINTERMSOFTHEDOMAINIDEALLY,THISANALYSISCONCENTRATESONTHEAPPLICATION’SPROBLEMSPACESEPARATEFROMSOFTWARECONSIDERATIONS,WHICHAREPARTOFTHESOLUTIONSPACEACCORDINGLY,THISPHASESHOULDNOTBEAFFECTEDBYWHETHERORNOTTHEAPPLICATIONISTOBEDELIVEREDOVERTHEWEBBASEDONTHEANALYSIS,AMODELOFTHESOFTWARESOLUTIONISDEFINEDDURINGTHEDESIGNPHASEOBVIOUSLY,THEWEBAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTPROCESSINCONTRASTTOAGENERALSOFTWAREPROCESSASSUMESAWEBBASEDSOFTWARESOLUTIONANDMUSTACCOMMODATETHISTHEIMPLEMENTATIONTRANSFORMSTHEDESIGNINTOACTUALSOFTWAREFORWEBAPPLICATIONS,THISPHASEHASTORELYONAVAILABLEWEBIMPLEMENTATIONTECHNOLOGYFINALLY,MAINTENANCEISCONCERNEDWITHMODIFICATIONSTOTHESOFTWARE,WHICHMAYOCCURATTHEIMPLEMENTATION,DESIGN,OREVENANALYSISLEVELSGENERALSOFTWAREPROCESSESAREHARDTORELATETOTHEWEBIMPLEMENTATIONMODEL,ASWILLBEDISCUSSEDBELOWTHEWEBIMPLEMENTATIONMODELISBASEDONFLATDECOMPOSITIONOFAPPLICATIONSINTORESOURCESRESOURCESHAVEAUNIQUEADDRESS,ANDTHEYAREDELIVEREDONREQUESTFROMWEBSERVERTOWEBCLIENTTHEYCANBESTATICORDYNAMICALLYGENERATEDFROMASCRIPT,BUTTHEYAREINHERENTLYSPECIFIC,WHICHMEANSTHATTHEYCANNOTCAPTUREABSTRACTIONSDOCUMENTDELIVERYAPPLICATIONSTHEWORLDWIDEWEBWASORIGINALLYDESIGNEDASANINFORMATIONMEDIUMFORDISTRIBUTEDRESEARCHTEAMS4AKEYOBJECTIVEWASTOMAKEITASEASYASPOSSIBLEFORAUTHORSTODELIVERDOCUMENTS,ANDTHENOTIONOFWEBAPPLICATIONDEVELOPMENTESSENTIALLYBOILEDDOWNTODOCUMENTDEVELOPMENTBYANAUTHORORSMALLGROUPOFAUTHORSFORTHISKINDOFDEVELOPMENT,THELIFECYCLECOMPRISESINFORMALANALYSISOFWHATISTOBEPRESENTED,INFORMALDESIGNOFHOWTOSTRUCTUREITINTOHYPERLINKEDCHUNKSOFINFORMATION,ANDIMPLEMENTATIONTHROUGHMARKUPFOLLOWINGIMPLEMENTATION,THEDOCUMENTSAREMAINTAINEDBYTHEAUTHORSTHEMSELVESTHEWEBIMPLEMENTATIONMODELWASDESIGNEDTOMEETTHESELIFECYCLEREQUIREMENTSITISDELIBERATELYSIMPLE,BASEDONTHENOTIONOFRESOURCESTHATMODELMOSTLYSELF
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簡介:此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品(含英文原文中文翻譯),無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用,方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題SMARTSHOPPINGSYSTEMANDROIDAPPLICATION外文作者M(jìn)SMANSIMHASKE,MSMAYURISAWANT,MSEKTABHATTAD,MSAMRUTAGAIKWADANDPROFMANOJMULIK文獻(xiàn)出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMATHEMATICALARCHIVE85,2019,712如覺得年份太老,可改為近2年,畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文1726單詞,10102字符字符就是印刷符,中文2800漢字。(如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了,可自行刪減,大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。)SMARTSHOPPINGSYSTEMANDROIDAPPLICATIONABSTRACTINTODAYSLIFEGOINGTOMALLSFORSHOPPINGISINCREASINGRAPIDLYPEOPLETAKETHEITEMANDPUTITINTOTROLLEYAFTERDONEWITHSHOPPINGTHEYGOFORBILLINGATTHEBILLINGCOUNTERBUTASTHEREAREMANYPEOPLESTANDINGINQUEUEFORBILLINGPURPOSE,SOLOTSOFTIMEISREQUIREDFORTHEINDIVIDUALSFORBILLINGBECAUSEOFEXISTINGBARCODETECHNOLOGYTOREDUCETHISTIME,WEAREPROPOSEDASYSTEMBASEDONNFCTECHNOLOGY5THESYSTEMCONTAINSTHEITEMSATTACHEDWITHNFCTAG,ANDROIDPHONEHAVINGNFCREADERWHICHREADSTHETAGINFORMATIONWHENPUTINTOTHETROLLEYTHENTHISINFORMATIONISSENDTOMAINBILLINGSERVERWHICHCALCULATESTHETOTALNUMBEROFPURCHASEDITEMSANDSENDSTHECALCULATEDBILLTOTHEDEVICEATTACHEDTOTROLLEYFORDISPLAYINGITONDISPLAYOFSMARTPHONEALONGWITHTHISSYSTEMWEAREIMPLEMENTINGANANDROIDAPPLICATIONFORREWARDINGFACILITYTHEAPPLICATIONISBASEDONTHETROLLEYNUMBERANDTOTALNUMBEROFPURCHASEDITEMSKEYWORDSCLIENT/SERVER,NFC,EMBEDDEDSYSTEM,ANDROIDMOBILEPHONE,NFCREADER,PRODUCTIVITYTIME,SUPERMARKET,BARCODESCANNER,SENSORFIGUREANDROIDLAYEREDARCHITECTUREIIMOTIVATIONOURAIMISTODEVELOPASYSTEMTHATCANBEUSEDININDUSTRYORSHOPPINGMALLSTOSOLVETHECHALLENGESLIKELONGQUEUEONCOUNTERSWEFIRMLYBELIEVEINMAKINGOURENVIRONMENTASMARTERANDDIGITIZEDIIIGOALANDOBJECTIVESOVERALLGOALSANDOBJECTIVESOFSOFTWAREISTOELIMINATETIMETAKENINBILLINGCOUNTERINSUPERMARKETSANDINCREASESCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONITREDUCESMANPOWERREQUIREDINBILLINGSECTIONINCREASEPRODUCTIVITYTIMETHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISSOFTWAREISTOPROVIDEEASYASSISTANCETOBOTHTHECUSTOMERASWELLASTHEMERCHANTWITHPROPERDATABASEANDINFORMATIONIVSYSTEMDESIGNOURSYSTEMISAIMEDTODESIGNTHESMARTSHOPPINGINTHEMALLSTHECUSTOMERCANPURCHASEDIFFERENTPRODUCTSINTHEMALLAFTERSHOPPINGCUSTOMERMUSTWAITINTHEQUEUESOTOREDUCETHATTIMEOURSYSTEMISGOINGTOHELPAFTERPURCHASINGEACHPRODUCTCUSTOMERCANSCANTHEPRODUCTIENFCTAGVIANFCSCANNERWHICHISINBUILTINTHESMARTPHONETHETOTALISAUTOMATICALLYDONEBYTHESERVERTHESERVERANDTHESMARTPHONEARECONNECTEDVIAWIFI
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簡介:此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品(含英文原文中文翻譯),無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用,方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題IMPROVEDTRAFFICSIGNALDETECTIONANDCLASSIFICATIONVIAIMAGEPROCESSINGALGORITHMS外文作者LEONARDOBRUNO,GIUSEPPEPARLA,CLARACELAURO文獻(xiàn)出處PROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES532018811–821如覺得年份太老,可改為近2年,畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文3815單詞,23514字符字符就是印刷符,中文5859漢字。(如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了,可自行刪減,大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。)IMPROVEDTRAFFICSIGNALDETECTIONANDCLASSIFICATIONVIAIMAGEPROCESSINGALGORITHMSABSTRACTANIMAGEANALYSISTECHNIQUEFORAUTOMATICTRAFFICSIGNDETECTIONANDCLASSIFICATIONISPROPOSEDITMAKESITPOSSIBLE,AFTERPROPERTRAINING,TODETECT,RECOGNIZEANDCLASSIFYVERTICALROADSIGNSFROMVIDEOFRAMESACQUIREDONAMOVINGVEHICLEEQUIPPEDWITHCAMERAS,ASWELLASTOIDENTIFYANOMALIESWITHRESPECTTOROADSIGNREGULATIONSPOSITIONINGANDVISIBILITYTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATTHISTECHNIQUEALLOWSONETOCORRECTLYDETECTANDCLASSIFYALMOSTALLVERTICALSIGNSAND,MAINLYINEXTRAURBANENVIRONMENT,ITCANBECONSIDEREDASHIGHLYRELIABLE,APARTFROMBEINGREALLYVERSATILEANDUSERFRIENDLYFORROADINVENTORYANDROADMAINTENANCEPURPOSESKEYWORDSROADSIGNALAUTOMATICDETECTIONTRACKINGANDCLASSIFICATIONMAINTENANCE1INTRODUCTIONIMPROVINGTRAFFICQUALITYANDSAFETYCANNOTBEACHIEVEDWITHOUTCORRECTLYAPPLYINGANDMAINTAININGROADTRAFFICSIGNS,TRAFFICSIGNALSANDROADMARKINGSINFACT,WHENROADSIGNSARENOTPRESENT,VISIBLE,ANDADEQUATEWITHRESPECTTOTHEROADANDTRAFFICFIG1ITALIANROADSIGNSADANGERBREGULATORYCDIRECTIONWARNINGSIGNSTHEYPREADVISEPEOPLEOFASPECIFICTYPEOFPOTENTIALDANGERANDWARNDRIVERSTOADOPTPRUDENTIALBEHAVIORTHEYAREUSUALLYTRIANGULARINSHAPEUPWARDEQUILATERALTRIANGLEREGULATORYSIGNSTHEYMAKEAPRESCRIPTIONKNOWNWITHWHICHTHEROADUSERSMUSTCOMPLYTHEYARESUBDIVIDEDINTOGIVEWAYSIGNSPROHIBITIONSIGNSANDOBLIGATIONSIGNSSIGNSTHATPROVIDEINFORMATIONABOUTTHELOCATIONOFEITHERTHEDRIVERORPOSSIBLEDESTINATIONSWARNINGANDPRESCRIPTIONSIGNSMUSTBELOCATEDALONGTHERIGHTSIDEOFTHEROADAPOSITIONINGDISTANCEISDEFINEDFORPLACINGWARNINGANDREGULATORYSIGNSINORDERTOALLOWDRIVERSTOMAKETHEIRBEHAVIORCOMPLYWITHWHATISINDICATEDTHESEDISTANCESINITALYARESETASINTABLE1,BASEDONTHETYPEOFROADTABLE1POSITIONINGDISTANCESFORDIFFERENTSIGNALSASAFUNCTIONOFTHETYPEOFROAD
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簡介:此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品(含英文原文中文翻譯),無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用,方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題TRADEDISPUTESBETWEENCHINAANDTHEUNITEDSTATESGROWINGPAINSSOFAR,WORSEAHEAD外文作者GARYCLYDEHUFBAUERANDJAREDCWOOLLACOTT文獻(xiàn)出處SSRNELECTRONICJOURNALDECEMBER2018如覺得年份太老,可改為近2年,畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文5338單詞,34689字符字符就是印刷符,中文8819漢字。(如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了,可自行刪減,大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。)TRADEDISPUTESBETWEENCHINAANDTHEUNITEDSTATESGROWINGPAINSSOFAR,WORSEAHEADABSTRACTTHISSTUDYCOVERSTHEHISTORYOFSINOUSTRADERELATIONSWITHAPARTICULARFOCUSONTHEPASTDECADE,DURINGWHICHTIMEEACHHASBEENAMEMBEROFTHEWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONWTOPROVIDINGABRIEFHISTORYOF19THAND20THCENTURYECONOMICRELATIONS,THISPAPEREXAMINESINDETAILTHETRADEDISPUTESTHATHAVEARISENBETWEENCHINAANDTHEUNITEDSTATESOVERTHEPASTDECADE,GIVINGDOLLARESTIMATESFORTHETRADEFLOWSATISSUEEACHCOUNTRYHASPARTAKENINTHEIRSHAREOFPROTECTIONISTMEASURES,HOWEVER,USMEASURESHAVEBEENCHARACTERISTICALLYDEFENSIVE,PROTECTINGDECLININGINDUSTRIES,WHILECHINESEMEASURESHAVEBEENCHARACTERISTICALLYOFFENSIVE,PROMOTINGNASCENTINDUSTRIESWEALSOCOVERADMINISTRATIVEANDLEGISLATIONACTIONSWITHINEACHCOUNTRYTHATHAVEYETTOBETHESUBJECTOFFORMALCOMPLAINTATTHEWTOTHISINCLUDESANORIGINALANDCOMPREHENSIVEQUANTITATIVESUMMARYOFUSSECTION337INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTSCASESWHILEWEVIEWTHEFRICTIONSINSINOUSTRADEALOGICALCONSEQUENCEOFTHERAPIDINCREASEINFLOWSBETWEENTHETWOCOUNTRIES,WECAUTIONTHATEACHCOUNTRYWORKWITHINTHEWTOFRAMEWORKANDRESPECTANYADVERSEDECISIONSITDELIVERSSOTHATAPROTRACTEDPROTECTIONISTCONFLICTDOESNOTEMERGEWESEETHECURRENTCURRENCYBATTLEASONEPOTENTIALCATALYSTFORSUCHCONFLICTIFUSANDCHINESEPOLICYMAKERSFAILTOMANAGEITJUDICIOUSLYSEEFIGURE2INTHESAMEYEAR,CHINAPURCHASED66PERCENTOFUSEXPORTS,WHILE77PERCENTOFCHINESEIMPORTSCAMEFROMTHEUNITEDSTATESTHEGROWTHINSINOUSTRADEHASBEENRAPIDEXPRESSEDINPERCENTAGEGROWTHTERMS,USMERCHANDISEIMPORTSFROMCHINASINCE1984HAVEBEENIMPRESSIVE210PERCENTAVERAGEANNUALGROWTHEACHYEAROVERTHEPASTQUARTERCENTURY,CHINAHASSUPPLIEDANADDITIONAL118BILLIONOFIMPORTSTOTHEUSECONOMYONAVERAGE,SOME231PERCENTOFUSIMPORTGROWTHOVERTHEPERIOD1984–2009CANADAHASSUPPLIEDTHESECONDLARGESTSHAREOFIMPORTGROWTHOVERTHISPERIOD,WITHANAVERAGEOF67BILLIONADDITIONALIMPORTSPERYEAR,SOME131PERCENTOFUSIMPORTGROWTH4PRCFIGURESDIFFERSOMEWHATFROMUSSTATISTICS,WHICHISNOTSURPRISINGACCORDINGTOPRCREPORTEDDATA,THEUNITEDSTATESHASPURCHASEDANANNUALAVERAGEOF91BILLIONINADDITIONALEXPORTSFROMCHINAOVERTHE1984–2009PERIOD,NOT118BILLIONTHISHASSUPPORTEDANOVERALLAVERAGEANNUALGROWTHOF183PERCENTINPRCEXPORTVOLUMESEETABLE2DESPITECOMPARABLEAVERAGEANNUALLEVELSOFFDI,THETRENDSDIFFERCONSIDERABLYFDIINTOTHEUNITEDSTATESREMAINEDSTEADYATAPPROXIMATELY30BILLIONPERYEAROVERTHEPERIOD2003–06,THENINCREASEDDRAMATICALLYIN2007AND2008TO177BILLION,WITHASLIGHTREDUCTIONOFTOTALINFLOWSIN2009WHILEFDIENTERINGTHEUNITEDSTATESINCREASEDINADRAMATICSTEPWISEFASHION,FDIENTERINGCHINAHASDECLINEDSOMEWHATBETWEEN2003–04AND2008–09
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上傳時(shí)間:2024-03-16
頁數(shù): 31
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簡介:此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品(含英文原文中文翻譯),無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用,方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題THEIMPORTANCEOFBRANDINGTOENTERPRISESWHYAREENTERPRISESSTRESSINGONBRANDBUILDINGANDBRANDIMAGE外文作者M(jìn)RSDILPREETKAURDHAMI文獻(xiàn)出處GLOBALJOURNALOFENGINEERING,SCIENCESOCIALSCIENCESTUDIES,VOLUME01,ISSUE01,DECEMBER2018如覺得年份太老,可改為近2年,畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文1953單詞,11568字符字符就是印刷符,中文3408漢字。(如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了,可自行刪減,大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。)THEIMPORTANCEOFBRANDINGTOENTERPRISESWHYAREENTERPRISESSTRESSINGONBRANDBUILDINGANDBRANDIMAGEABSTRACTBRANDINGISAMAJORISSUEINPRODUCTSTRATEGYWELLKNOWNBRANDSCOMMANDSAPRICEPREMIUMTHEYSPENDOODLESOFMONEYONBINDINGAUNIQUEBRANDTHEAMERICANMARKETINGASSOCIATIONDEFINESABRANDASANAME,TERM,SIGN,SYMBOLORDESIGNACOMBINATIONOFTHEMINTENDEDTOIDENTIFYTHEGOODSORSERVICESOFONESELLERORGROUPOFSELLERSANDTODIFFERENTIATETHEMFROMTHOSEOFCOMPETITORSBRANDINGISNOTABOUTGETTINGYOURTARGETMARKETTOCHOOSEYOUOVERTHEOTHERSBUTITISABOUTGETTINGYOURPROSPECTSTOVIEWYOUASTHEONLYONETHATPROVIDESULTIMATESOLUTIONTOTHEIRPROBLEMSTHEBRANDRESIDESINTHEHEARTANDMINDSOFCUSTOMERS,CLIENTSANDPROSPECTSITISANAGGREGATEOFTHEIRPERCEPTIONSANDEXPERIENCEASTRONGBRANDISINVALUABLEASTHEBATTLEFORCUSTOMERINTENSIFIESDAYBYDAYCOMPANIESINVESTALOTOFTIMEINRESEARCHINGDEFININGANDBUILDINGBRANDASITCANBECLEARLYSTATEDTHATTODAYHEBIGGESTDISTINCTIONBETWEENTWOPRODUCTSISTHEBRANDTHATREPRESENTSTHEMWASHINGTONTHEREISASIMPLEUSERSGUIDETHISNOTEISALEGALTENDERFORDEBTSPUBLICANDPRIVATE,THEOWNERHASADDEDTHEALLIMPORTANTEMOTIONALMESSAGE“INGODWETRUST“THEDOLLARISAWORLDBRANDITCONFERSAUNIFORMSVALUEGLOBALLYBUTITSREALLYJUSTAPIECEOFPAPERBRANDINGHASMADEITWORTHSOMETHINGTIPSFOREFFECTIVEBRANDINGFOCUSIFYOUCANNOTDESCRIBEYOURSELFINONESENTENCEYOUARELOSTANDCONFUSEDYOUNEEDTOFOCUSKNOWYOURUSPUNIQUESELLINGPROPOSITIONSETSYOURPRODUCTAPARTFROMTHOSEPRODUCTWHICHARESIMILARTOYOURITISUNIQUEENOUGHTOINDUCETHEPROSPECTTOBUYYOURPRODUCTAUTHENTICITYYOURCOMPANYPERSONALITYSHOULDBETRUTHFULANDTRUSTWORTHYUNDERSTANDINGCLIENTKNOWINGYOURPROSPECTSEFFECTIVELY,COMMUNICATINGWELLWITHTHEMWILLCREATEBRANDLOYALTYSOCIALMEDIAITISANABSOLUTEESSENTIALPARTOFBRANDBUILDINGITISALOWCOSTWAYTOCREATEANIMPACTONLARGERAUDIENCECUSTOMERCOMESFIRSTAKEYTOYOURULTIMATESUCCESSANDSURVIVOR
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上傳時(shí)間:2024-03-15
頁數(shù): 13
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簡介:此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品(含英文原文中文翻譯),無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用,方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題STUDENTINFORMATIONMANAGEMENTSYSTEMBASEDONANDROIDPLATFORM外文作者WANGJIANFA,LIUJUAN,JIAOLIANGYU文獻(xiàn)出處ADVANCEDMATERIALSRESEARCHVOLS100610072018PP10571060如覺得年份太老,可改為近2年,畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文1578單詞,10638字符字符就是印刷符,中文2826漢字。(如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了,可自行刪減,大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。)STUDENTINFORMATIONMANAGEMENTSYSTEMBASEDONANDROIDPLATFORMKEYWORDSSYSTEMDESIGN,SOFTWAREDESIGN,ANDROIDSYSTEM,MANAGEMENTSYSTEMABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,THEDEVELOPMENTOFANDROIDBASEDSTUDENTMANAGEMENTSOFTWARESYSTEMTOENABLESTUDENTSTOSCHOOL,INTERACTIONWITHPARENTSANDTHESCHOOLHASANEWPLATFORM,ONTHISBASIS,THEPROMOTIONOFTHEWORKPROCESSSIMPLE,EFFICIENTWORK,EXPERIENCEANDSCIENTIFICSTUDENTMANAGEMENTANDQUALITY,MAKINGSCHOOLSREACHNEWHEIGHTSINTHEPROMOTIONOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYINTRODUCTIONWITHTHEACCELERATIONOFTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFNETWORKTECHNOLOGYANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYENTERPRISESANDNATIONALCONSTRUCTIONPROGRESSOFINFORMATIONMANAGEMENT,WEBBASEDAPPLICATIONSANDMOBILETECHNOLOGYISINCREASINGLYCOMMON,THESEAPPLICATIONSLARGELYENHANCETHECOUNTRYSENTERPRISESINFORMATIONMANAGEMENTTOIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYOFPRODUCTIONANDWORKORGANIZATIONTHEWHOLESYSTEMISDIVIDEDINTOFOURPARTS,NAMELY,THESTUDENTINFORMATIONCENTER,INFORMATIONDISSEMINATIONCENTER,INTERACTIONCENTERHOMESCHOOL,ANDSTUDENTS’MORALCENTERTHISFOURPARTSHAVEDIFFERENTFUNCTIONSSTUDENTINFORMATIONCENTER,THEFOUNDATIONISMAINLYRESPONSIBLEFORSTUDENTINFORMATION,GRADES,CURRICULUMANDOTHERENTRY,INQUIRY,STUDENTSTHROUGHTHESTUDENTINFORMATIONCENTERTOCHECKTHEIRTESTSCORESANDRANKINGINFORMATION,YOUCANALSOSEETHEIRSTUDENTINFORMATION,BUTCANALSOSEETOTHECURRICULUMANDSOONINFORMATIONCENTER,THESCHOOLSPRINCIPALISRELEASEDLESSONPLANS,HOMEWORKRELEASE,RELEASESTUDENTINFORMATION,HOLIDAYNOTICEPUBLISHING,STUDENTSANDTEACHERSASWELLASPARENTSCANTHENSEEWHERETHEUNIVERSITYSEVERYMOVEHOMESCHOOLINTERACTIONCENTER,THEMAINVOTINGPLATFORMINCLUDINGHOMESCHOOL,HOMESCHOOLSMSPUBLISHINGPLATFORM,PSYCHOLOGICALCOUNSELINGPLATFORMSEVERALPARTSFIGURE2SYSTEMDESIGNFLOWVOTEASPECTSOFTHEPROJECTHOMESCHOOLSCHOOLISSUEDVOTINGPLATFORMUSERSCANVOTEFORALLPARENTS’IMMEDIATERELEASEFIG2CHSCSMSPUBLISHINGPLATFORMTHATCANFACILITATECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHESCHOOLANDPARENTS,ANDMYHEARTBROKETHROUGHFACETOFACECONSULTATIONPLATFORMCOMMUNICATIONBARRIERS,TOPARENTSANDSTUDENTSAVIRTUALSPACETOEXPRESSMOODPROCESSDESIGNINCLUDESTHEFOLLOWINGASPECTSTHEDEVELOPMENTENVIRONMENTTOBUILDASERVER,ANDCONFIGURETHESERVERCREATEADATABASE,BASEDONTHENEEDSOFTHEDATATABLEDESIGNDEVELOPMENTSERVERINTERFACEINTERACTIONMODULEDESIGNISAPPLIEDTOTHEDATABASESERVERBUILDCLIENTUSERINTERFACEDESIGNTHECLIENTANDSERVERSIDEINTERACTIONMODULEREALIZATIONOFSYSTEMFUNCTIONSSTUDENTINFORMATIONCENTER,FORTHECLIENTTOGETTHESTUDENTSBASICINFORMATIONTOTHESERVER,THEUSERCANOBTAINTHEINFORMATIONCENTERBYTHESTUDENTBASICSTUDENT
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上傳時(shí)間:2024-03-15
頁數(shù): 14
大?。?0.83(MB)
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簡介:本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文參考文獻(xiàn)譯文及原文外文參考文獻(xiàn)譯文及原文學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院專業(yè)工商管理年級(jí)班別學(xué)號(hào)學(xué)生姓名指導(dǎo)教師年月日薪酬管理在企業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化體制建設(shè)中有著非常重要的地位,一般我們認(rèn)為薪酬管理要達(dá)到三個(gè)目的第一、能夠保證員工的正常的生活,也就是基本生活的需要;第二、能夠提高員工的工作積極性,也就是激勵(lì)效果;第三保證企業(yè)的利潤的增長,也就是利潤的可持續(xù)增長性?,F(xiàn)在企業(yè)的薪酬管理,應(yīng)該說第一個(gè)目的一般都能夠達(dá)到,只要你的要求不是十分的高的話,我認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在企業(yè)都能達(dá)到這個(gè)目的。但是企業(yè)的薪酬體制要完成更高的目標(biāo)就要有周密的計(jì)劃。我們知道企業(yè)的激勵(lì)措施主要有三種薪酬激勵(lì)、感情激勵(lì)、制度留人。感情激勵(lì)主要是指員工的工作環(huán)境、同事之間的關(guān)系以及上下級(jí)之間的關(guān)系等等,在具體的操作過程中可謂是“因企而異“,你可以通過加大和員工之間的對話,提高員工在企業(yè)管理過程中的參與程度等來完成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。制度留人,主要是指在企業(yè)發(fā)展的過程中,企業(yè)對員工的職位的升遷的政策,如果企業(yè)能夠完成前兩項(xiàng),而不給員工足夠的升遷機(jī)會(huì)的話,員工的積極性一樣會(huì)下降?,F(xiàn)在我們來看第一項(xiàng)薪酬激勵(lì)。薪酬管理是一種看似簡單、但是操作起來具有很大難度的體系。它可以簡單的歸納成給員工漲工資。我們在現(xiàn)實(shí)中經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到這樣的情況,就是給員工漲了工資,但是到了最后它還是“跳槽“了,這就是薪酬激勵(lì)政策的失敗。企業(yè)在執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)政策的過程中,要考慮的問題很多,主要有以下兩點(diǎn)員工的心理期望值、員工的心理平衡感。1、員工的心理期望值在薪酬體系管理過程中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)不同員工的心理要求是不同的,一個(gè)中層干部可能需要1000元能調(diào)動(dòng)他的工作積極性,但是到了一個(gè)具體的員工身上可能只要200元就可以完成同樣的效果了。所以如果你給了一個(gè)管理人員500元或者給了一個(gè)工人50元就起不到激勵(lì)的效果,如果你給了他們2000元、400元,就是對企業(yè)資源的一種浪費(fèi),加大了企業(yè)的經(jīng)營成本。這個(gè)能夠?qū)T工起到最大激勵(lì)效果的最小成本我們稱為員工的心理期望值。在具體的實(shí)行過程中,我們可能要通過多次的測試才能得到這個(gè)值。它沒有一個(gè)具體的定例,可能一個(gè)基本工資是5000元的員工的心理期望值是2000元,但是另一個(gè)單位從事同一工作的基本工資是2000元的員工的心理期望值就只有500元,因此它需要我們“具體問題,具體分析“。
下載積分: 10 賞幣
上傳時(shí)間:2024-03-17
頁數(shù): 18
大?。?0.03(MB)
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簡介:企業(yè)研發(fā)投入與企業(yè)創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略企業(yè)研發(fā)投入與企業(yè)創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略以華為公司為例文獻(xiàn)綜述以華為公司為例文獻(xiàn)綜述一、前言一、前言研發(fā)投入是指企業(yè)對于研究和開發(fā)兩項(xiàng)互相聯(lián)系的活動(dòng)的支出或者說投資。在企業(yè)經(jīng)營活動(dòng)和各種內(nèi)部和對外報(bào)告中,研發(fā)投入首先體現(xiàn)為研發(fā)費(fèi)用科目。研發(fā)費(fèi)用隨著各個(gè)國家和企業(yè)對于科學(xué)技術(shù)對于生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展作用重要性認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷深化,如同管理費(fèi)用、銷售費(fèi)用一樣,逐漸變成一種必須性的企業(yè)費(fèi)用,并且很多企業(yè)將其單獨(dú)作為一種會(huì)計(jì)核算對象進(jìn)行核算和報(bào)表列示。但是與管理費(fèi)用、銷售費(fèi)用、財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用不一樣,研發(fā)費(fèi)用意味著企業(yè)進(jìn)行了一種特殊的活動(dòng),即對新產(chǎn)品和新技術(shù)的研究開發(fā),這種活動(dòng)(RESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT)是對于新的知識(shí)、技術(shù)的探索和發(fā)現(xiàn),性質(zhì)上不同于企業(yè)的經(jīng)營活動(dòng)。這種活動(dòng)如果不能切實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化為產(chǎn)品成果,會(huì)成為一種純粹的支出,在利潤表中抵減利潤額。但是企業(yè)的研發(fā)費(fèi)用投入到研發(fā)活動(dòng)中之后,如果最終形成了科技成果并且應(yīng)用到產(chǎn)品中,可能會(huì)為企業(yè)帶來豐厚的利潤,將企業(yè)提升為所在市場的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和價(jià)格制定者。二、國外研究綜述二、國外研究綜述研發(fā)投入對于企業(yè)績效產(chǎn)生的影響,已經(jīng)被很多學(xué)者所討論過,而且隨著世界范圍內(nèi)創(chuàng)新已經(jīng)變成一種趨勢,研發(fā)投入與創(chuàng)新績效之間的關(guān)系也開始變得越來越清晰明了,這些結(jié)論最終又會(huì)被運(yùn)用到企業(yè)對于創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施,進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展,形成一個(gè)良好的循環(huán)。GRILICHES于1981年用樣本分析法對美國157家企業(yè)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析,用實(shí)證方法說明企業(yè)對研究開發(fā)活動(dòng)的投資以及由此形成的專利數(shù)量的增加可以顯著提升市場價(jià)值與資本重置成本的比值,即TOBINQ值,這說明研發(fā)費(fèi)用的投入對企業(yè)價(jià)值起到明顯的正向影響。MANRY2004對韓國企業(yè)的研究分析也證實(shí)了企業(yè)研發(fā)投入對企業(yè)業(yè)績和股價(jià)的促進(jìn)作用,這種作用可以反過來認(rèn)為研發(fā)投入對企業(yè)績效的影響并不會(huì)在當(dāng)年反應(yīng)出來,而是存在一年或者幾年的滯后期。在創(chuàng)新績效的研究中,申請專利的數(shù)量或者是被通過授權(quán)的數(shù)量,以及公司研發(fā)出的新的產(chǎn)品的市場銷售額或者銷售額的占比最常用的衡量創(chuàng)新績效的指標(biāo)。大部分研究最經(jīng)常使用研發(fā)投入的總額或者是研發(fā)投入的人才數(shù)量來作為研發(fā)投入的衡量指標(biāo)。大多數(shù)的研究都認(rèn)為研發(fā)投入對創(chuàng)新績效有一定的正向影響作用,但是其中又有人認(rèn)為存在邊際,過量投入只會(huì)帶來效率的降低,最終效果還取決于這些因素的綜合作用。大多數(shù)已有文獻(xiàn)研究都使用了大樣本分析法,通過數(shù)據(jù)回歸探索幾個(gè)因素之間的影響系數(shù)大小。這樣的研究方式和研究結(jié)果在對某個(gè)具體的企業(yè)進(jìn)行識(shí)別和應(yīng)用時(shí),會(huì)受到行業(yè)特征和企業(yè)特質(zhì)的影響,使得研究結(jié)果的應(yīng)用受限。作為一個(gè)包含許多內(nèi)容的概念,公司戰(zhàn)略代表了企業(yè)對業(yè)務(wù)和遠(yuǎn)景的整體性規(guī)劃過程,可以分為職能戰(zhàn)略、業(yè)務(wù)戰(zhàn)略及產(chǎn)品戰(zhàn)略,根據(jù)具體內(nèi)容可以分為營銷戰(zhàn)略、發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、品牌戰(zhàn)略、融資戰(zhàn)略、技術(shù)開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略、人才開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略、資源開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略等,并且與公司治理水平有千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系。企業(yè)在總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、評估當(dāng)下和預(yù)測未來的基礎(chǔ)上,為謀求生存和發(fā)展而對長遠(yuǎn)性、全局性的整體戰(zhàn)略進(jìn)行定調(diào)的同時(shí),也就意味著企業(yè)對要做什么、怎么做有了具體的路線。很多學(xué)者都只去研究了研發(fā)投入與創(chuàng)新績效的關(guān)系,很少有人會(huì)去研究這兩者對于企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略會(huì)有什么影響,但其實(shí)前面兩者的發(fā)展對于企業(yè)后續(xù)創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略的制定也肯定是存在關(guān)聯(lián)的,并且這種關(guān)聯(lián)的相關(guān)研究能夠給到很多企業(yè)以幫助,所以存在深入研究的必要性。尚洪濤13和黃曉碩14認(rèn)為政府補(bǔ)貼與研發(fā)投入存在滯后13期的相互促進(jìn)作用,國企比非國企表現(xiàn)更顯著;研發(fā)投入與創(chuàng)新績效存在滯后13期的相互促進(jìn)作用,非國企比國企表現(xiàn)表現(xiàn)更顯著。在研究政府補(bǔ)貼會(huì)促進(jìn)企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績效的同時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)了創(chuàng)新績效的提升卻會(huì)企業(yè)未來12期獲得的政府補(bǔ)貼的支持?jǐn)?shù)額,其中非國企比國企更顯著。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然沒有直接研究創(chuàng)新績效與企業(yè)后續(xù)創(chuàng)先發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的關(guān)系,卻在這一方向打開了一扇窗,讓人不禁思索,政府補(bǔ)貼既然會(huì)隨著企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績效的提升而下降,那就說明政府樂于補(bǔ)貼那些在創(chuàng)新行業(yè)并沒有顯著成功的企業(yè),而對與那些已經(jīng)小有成就的企業(yè),尤其是非國有企業(yè),在獲得了成績之后,伴隨著政府補(bǔ)貼的減少,這些企業(yè)是傾向于見好就收,穩(wěn)步前進(jìn)還是選擇自己加大投入,彌補(bǔ)政府補(bǔ)貼減少的同時(shí),繼續(xù)增加研發(fā)的投入,這就是對于企業(yè)研發(fā)投入和創(chuàng)新績效對于企業(yè)后續(xù)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的研究的內(nèi)容。此研究若是發(fā)現(xiàn)政府補(bǔ)貼的減少會(huì)對未來企業(yè),尤其是非國有企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略產(chǎn)生消極的影響,那么政府就該加大對企業(yè),尤其是非國有企業(yè)的補(bǔ)貼力度以及補(bǔ)貼的持續(xù)度,若是沒有負(fù)面影響或者甚至有正面的影響,那么政府的此種行為就可以保持并且有利于政府補(bǔ)貼資金未來的合理分配,所以此項(xiàng)研究也有著非常重大的實(shí)際意義,能對未來的企業(yè)的持續(xù)
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簡介:本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)翻譯本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)翻譯英文原文名英文原文名COSTCONTROLBASEDONVALUECHAINPAYINGEQUALATTENTIONTOEARNINGMOREINCOMEANDCUTTINGDOWNEXPENSE中文譯名中文譯名在價(jià)值鏈的成本控制下減少費(fèi)用和獲得更多的利潤英文原文版出處英文原文版出處現(xiàn)代會(huì)計(jì)與審計(jì)2007年第3卷第11期1418頁,40頁譯文成績譯文成績指導(dǎo)教師(導(dǎo)師組長)簽名指導(dǎo)教師(導(dǎo)師組長)簽名根據(jù)價(jià)值鏈理論,如果企業(yè)是要被客戶接受,它必須創(chuàng)造和提供能滿足其客戶的價(jià)值。因此,成本(價(jià)值或資源支付費(fèi)用)這不離為創(chuàng)造和提供顧客價(jià)值的活動(dòng),其活動(dòng)的價(jià)值鏈。因此,我們應(yīng)該從價(jià)值鏈角度看成本的重要。因此,根據(jù)基于價(jià)值鏈的成本的概念,成本有三層含義首先,投資資源;其次,資源消耗;第三,投資時(shí)間和資源消耗。雖然成本是指相同的價(jià)值創(chuàng)造過程中產(chǎn)生的犧牲,從不同角度掃描的成本,它的意義和作用是完全不同的。因此,基于價(jià)值鏈的控制它提供了強(qiáng)大的支持成本理論,并使它有可能控制企業(yè)的實(shí)踐操作。根據(jù)價(jià)值鏈理論,企業(yè),獲得“持續(xù)競爭優(yōu)勢”,應(yīng)該首先構(gòu)建價(jià)值鏈,創(chuàng)造客戶價(jià)值,實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)目的,這是贏得客戶的基本。一方面,企業(yè)必須投入資源創(chuàng)建客戶價(jià)值;另一方面,創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的活動(dòng)時(shí)也消耗資源,提供客戶價(jià)值(產(chǎn)品或服務(wù))。同時(shí),在整個(gè)價(jià)值鏈的同時(shí),從縱向和橫向價(jià)值鏈關(guān)系看活動(dòng)構(gòu)成的價(jià)值鏈的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。事實(shí)上,“時(shí)間鏈”,這種意味著兩件事首先,從價(jià)值創(chuàng)造活動(dòng)的物理的角度來看,價(jià)值的操作鏈需要時(shí)間(簡稱,“時(shí)間消費(fèi)觀”);其次,從關(guān)系的角度價(jià)值鏈的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)來看,時(shí)間本身是一種資源的項(xiàng)目(簡稱,“時(shí)間投資觀”)。22基于價(jià)值鏈的成本控制的思想基于價(jià)值鏈的成本控制思路是“基于成本控制的”三元和二元價(jià)值”。即,它是基于投資和資源消耗和成本控制的思想時(shí)間鏈。因此,從價(jià)值鏈的構(gòu)建和運(yùn)行看,基于成本控制的思想價(jià)值鏈具有雙重性質(zhì)。首先,它是必要的控制,確保有足夠的資源投入為客戶創(chuàng)造價(jià)值(代表更多的價(jià)值和高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品)。其次,它是必要的保證對它是有必要的投資的前提下,資源要消耗的最低水平和必要的資源,以提供盡可能多的顧客價(jià)值(代表更多的利潤低成本)。此外,從投資的時(shí)間和非時(shí)間資源消耗的角度來看,思想對基于價(jià)值鏈的成本控制具有三維控制成本”,即,投資和消費(fèi)時(shí)間和非時(shí)間資源。因此,在本質(zhì)上,基于價(jià)值的成本控制的思想供應(yīng)鏈成本控制具有“二元和三元”。23基于價(jià)值創(chuàng)造和供應(yīng)的雙重視角的成本控制在本質(zhì)上,顧客價(jià)值是在使用產(chǎn)品的客戶滿意度。這包括基于價(jià)值鏈的同時(shí)賺取更多的收入和降低成本費(fèi)用的控制滿意度(以定量的方式,例如性能)和精神上的滿足(僅在定性的方式)??蛻粽J(rèn)可的價(jià)值產(chǎn)品,他們購買(客戶價(jià)值)包括至少在三個(gè)方面。首先是產(chǎn)品的性能,二是顧客使用產(chǎn)品的成本和第三是產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。性能(即基本功能)的產(chǎn)品主要取決于產(chǎn)品的獨(dú)特性,它主要取決于投資資源的使用成本的程度。產(chǎn)品取決于其性能和質(zhì)量。它主要取決于產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì),因此,也就在資源的投入程度。質(zhì)量主要取決于產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)和制造。因此,投資資源的投入程度有密切的關(guān)系。一般來說,客戶價(jià)值是指這些客戶愿意支付的上述三方面的產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值。然而,從制造過程或活動(dòng)鏈的觀點(diǎn),在活動(dòng)中,任何產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)需要消耗的資源,資源的消耗量對間接的影響購買價(jià)格,在為產(chǎn)品支付客戶的直接費(fèi)用時(shí),如果資源消耗低,對客戶的直接費(fèi)用低,這將對所提供的總價(jià)值會(huì)
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簡介:中文中文85878587字出處出處CONTEMPORARYACCOUNTINGRESEARCH,2010,2711747附錄附錄A會(huì)計(jì)信息質(zhì)量在投資中的決策作用對私人信息和監(jiān)測的影響會(huì)計(jì)信息質(zhì)量在投資中的決策作用對私人信息和監(jiān)測的影響安妮比蒂,美國俄亥俄州立大學(xué)安妮比蒂,美國俄亥俄州立大學(xué)瓦特史考特廖,多倫多大學(xué)瓦特史考特廖,多倫多大學(xué)約瑟夫韋伯,美國麻省理工學(xué)院約瑟夫韋伯,美國麻省理工學(xué)院1簡介管理者與外部資本的供應(yīng)商信息是不對稱的在這種情況下企業(yè)是如何影響金融資本的投資的呢越來越多的證據(jù)表明,會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量越好,越可以減少信息的不對稱和對融資成本的約束。與此相一致的可能性是,減少了具有更高敏感性的會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量的公司的投資對內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量。威爾第和希拉里發(fā)現(xiàn),對企業(yè)投資和與投資相關(guān)的會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量容易不足,是容易引發(fā)過度投資的原因。當(dāng)投資效率低下時(shí),會(huì)計(jì)的質(zhì)量重要性可以減輕外部資本的影響,供應(yīng)商有可能獲得私人信息或可直接監(jiān)測管理人員。通過訪問個(gè)人信息與控制管理行為,外部資本的供應(yīng)商可以直接影響企業(yè)的投資,降低了會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量的重要性。符合這個(gè)想法的還有比德爾和希拉里的比較會(huì)計(jì)對不同國家的投資質(zhì)量效益的影響。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),會(huì)計(jì)品質(zhì)的影響在于美國投資效益,而不是在日本。他們認(rèn)為,一個(gè)可能的解釋是不同的是債務(wù)和股權(quán)的美國版本的資本結(jié)構(gòu)混合了SUS的日本企業(yè)。我們研究如何通過會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量靈敏度的重要性來延長不同資金來源對企業(yè)的投資現(xiàn)金流量的不同影響。直接測試如何影響不同的融資來源會(huì)計(jì),通過最近獲得了債務(wù)融資的公司來投資敏感性現(xiàn)金流的質(zhì)量的效果,債務(wù)融資的比較說明了對那些不能夠通過他們的能力獲得融資的沒有影響。為了緩解這一問題,我們限制我們的樣本公司有所有最近獲得的債務(wù)融資和利用訪問的差異信息和監(jiān)測通過公共私人債務(wù)獲得連續(xù)貸款的建議。我們承認(rèn),投資內(nèi)部現(xiàn)金流敏感性可能較低獲得債務(wù)融資的可能性。然而,這種可能性偏見拒絕了我們的假設(shè)。具體來說,我們確定的數(shù)據(jù)樣本證券公司有1163個(gè)采樣公司(議會(huì)),通過發(fā)行資本公共債務(wù)或銀團(tuán)債務(wù)。我們限制我們的樣本公司最近獲得的債務(wù)融資持有該公司不斷濟(jì)約束事務(wù)所、會(huì)計(jì)師質(zhì)量是同樣重要的投資在減少,在私人信息存在現(xiàn)金流敏感性。這些結(jié)果支持這一假說,即私人信息和會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量作為替代品。在第二個(gè)敏感性分析,我們采用資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的流動(dòng)性方法,去解決發(fā)展中捕獲的我們關(guān)注的機(jī)會(huì)現(xiàn)金流措施影響現(xiàn)金流和協(xié)會(huì)之間的投資目的。阿爾梅達(dá)CAMPELLO和魏茲巴赫(2004)認(rèn)為更換與現(xiàn)金持有量的變化會(huì)減少投資的進(jìn)而影響投資機(jī)會(huì)集合,如現(xiàn)金余額變動(dòng)應(yīng)與融資約束的情況下的投資機(jī)會(huì)相一致。與以往的結(jié)果是相同的,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量降低現(xiàn)金流量的敏感性,但貸款人獲得私人信息減少了這種影響。我們的研究結(jié)果證實(shí)了在麻省理工學(xué)院會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量的重要性,信息不對稱對投資的負(fù)面影響,現(xiàn)金流的敏感度。我們的研究結(jié)果也與比德爾和希拉里的一貫2006年會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量參數(shù)一致,應(yīng)發(fā)揮其作用時(shí),以較低的CAPI塔爾供應(yīng)商的選擇信息解決問題的緩解機(jī)制。然而,他們沒有通過與會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量發(fā)揮的作用不一致來改善投資在債券市場的效率。我們的論文也拓展了我們對帳戶重要性的認(rèn)識(shí),其手段是識(shí)別環(huán)境信息,其中該公司的質(zhì)量會(huì)計(jì)信息是可能重要的。當(dāng)信息嘗試問題可能是最大時(shí),會(huì)計(jì)信息質(zhì)量更顯得尤為重要。然而,在這些設(shè)置中,如果供應(yīng)商施加外部資本合同投資限制,或有機(jī)會(huì)獲得私人信息,那么會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量并不那么重要。此外,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量降低了資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表中的現(xiàn)金流動(dòng)性的敏感性流,而銀行債務(wù)表明在面對重要會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量下降時(shí),我們的投資現(xiàn)金流敏感性結(jié)果不只是由于現(xiàn)金流量捕捉企業(yè)的投資機(jī)會(huì)集構(gòu)成的。第二節(jié)是我們的研究背景。第3節(jié)中我們討論我們的會(huì)計(jì)科技發(fā)展。在第4節(jié)我們描述了我們的樣本。第5節(jié)為我們的研究設(shè)計(jì)。第六節(jié)為研究結(jié)論。2背景最近的幾項(xiàng)研究論文質(zhì)量的會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所效應(yīng),投資采用了多種方法。布須曼人,PIOTROSKI,史密斯(2005)公司的重點(diǎn)傾向,及時(shí)退出洛杉磯資本荷蘭國際集團(tuán)的項(xiàng)目。當(dāng)投資機(jī)會(huì)減少時(shí),他們調(diào)查是否與企業(yè)所在的國家會(huì)計(jì)確認(rèn)的更及時(shí)的會(huì)計(jì)制度的特點(diǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)損失更迅速地減少資本投資。他們爭辯說,他們的研究結(jié)果支持這一假說而且這種影響是在國家加強(qiáng)同更加分散的所有權(quán)。威爾第(2006)不僅關(guān)注公司是否在美國過度投資,而且還與他們是否在ING投資不足項(xiàng)目的積極現(xiàn)在的價(jià)值工程。他的調(diào)查結(jié)果,即減輕了會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量更高過度投資的問題,而影響對企業(yè)加強(qiáng)與存款保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃,與PERSED、布須曼(2005)等人所有權(quán)相似。。不過,他指出,不能斷定是由于較低的投資不足,在減少信息不對稱會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量公司和投資者之間的。
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