簡介：中文9160字譯自ENVIRONMENTALSCIENCETECHNOLOGY，2013，47，74377445電子廢棄物拆解與管理的影響稻粒中重金屬隨時間和空間的分布、遷移和健電子廢棄物拆解與管理的影響稻粒中重金屬隨時間和空間的分布、遷移和健康潛在風(fēng)險康潛在風(fēng)險摘要摘要自2005年起，考慮到環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟兩方面的因素，中國在電子廢棄物處理處置領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)開始不斷強化管理、集中拆解和采用先進循環(huán)回收技術(shù)等手段。在本研究中，為了研究砷、鎘、銅、鉛等元素隨時空的變化，采集了電子廢棄物拆解區(qū)2006年至2010年的水稻樣本。這些樣本中AS、CD、CU、PB含量的幾何平均值分別為111、217、4676、237NGG1。在取樣周期里，鉛含量的水平表現(xiàn)出顯著的下降趨勢，另外三種元素含量則保持相對連續(xù)甚至上升的趨勢。電子廢棄物拆解區(qū)的稻粒樣本中砷、鎘、銅、鉛濃度明顯高于其他地區(qū)P005，這表明電子垃圾拆解活動與升高的鉛、銅、鎘含量之間的密切下相關(guān)。通過電子廢棄物拆解區(qū)大米消費對人類進行的風(fēng)險評估表明調(diào)查結(jié)果中超過60的CD的危險系數(shù)都超過1。研究結(jié)果表明嚴(yán)格貫徹電子廢棄垃圾拆解控制措施對控制重金屬向環(huán)境排放產(chǎn)生積極影響。然而，重金屬的環(huán)境行為不同于單個元素的地球化學(xué)特征。我們?nèi)匀恍枰嗟男迯?fù)技術(shù)以減少對周圍環(huán)境的重金屬污染。1引言引言近幾十年來，隨著經(jīng)濟和技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，電力和電子設(shè)備廢物（EWASTE）的數(shù)量正持續(xù)增長，相應(yīng)的環(huán)境問題也造成了公眾對電子廢棄物處理處置的擔(dān)憂13。盡管巴塞爾公約對電子廢棄物的跨境轉(zhuǎn)移行為做出了嚴(yán)格地控制管理規(guī)定，大量的電子廢棄物還是通過違法途徑或“灰市”被輸出到中國、印度和非洲一些國家4。除此之外，近年來在中國生產(chǎn)出的本土電子廢棄物數(shù)量也在持續(xù)增加5。電子設(shè)備包含大量可回收的化學(xué)成分，其中稀有金屬最值得人們關(guān)注。這是電子廢棄物循環(huán)產(chǎn)業(yè)數(shù)量在近幾十年迅速增長的主要原因之一，尤其在發(fā)展中國家。由于安裝和操作的高成本，環(huán)境友好型循環(huán)回收技術(shù)對發(fā)展中國家，尤其是小型車間作坊來說并不是最佳的選擇6。因此，發(fā)展中國家的很多地區(qū)采用原始的電子廢棄物回收技術(shù)，這也導(dǎo)致了相當(dāng)大量有害污染物的排放失去了控制，例如重金屬和持久性有機污染物（POPS）7,8。中國已經(jīng)起草和頒布了法律法規(guī)來管理電子廢棄物的違法處理，但是執(zhí)法不嚴(yán)已經(jīng)在近幾十年造成了一些的地方環(huán)境污染加重。一些惡名昭著的電子廢棄物拆解區(qū)坐落在中國，其中臺州和貴嶼是最大的電子垃圾拆解區(qū)9,10。在臺州、貴嶼電子廢棄物拆解區(qū)周圍的生物種群和人類在內(nèi)的，發(fā)現(xiàn)了高水平的重金屬和持久性有機污染物的殘留8,1114。其中DENG,WJ等人15在電子廢棄物回收區(qū)的總懸浮顆粒（TSP）和細顆粒物（PM25）中發(fā)現(xiàn)了含量極高的鎘（CD）、銅（CU）和鉛PB。LEUNG等人曾評估了電子廢棄物循環(huán)再生據(jù)點和公共場所（如食品市場和學(xué)校操場）周圍的地表浮土樣本中重金屬的濃度，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)這回收區(qū)之一，早在21世紀(jì)初期，很多以家庭為單位的電子垃圾加工作坊就普遍存在。峰江鎮(zhèn)于20世紀(jì)80年代開始回收改造廢棄的變壓器和發(fā)電機。在20世紀(jì)90年代早期，大量的電子廢棄物包括計算機、電纜、電視機、冰箱和其他家用電器廣泛以進口渠道進入這個區(qū)域。這里也是重要的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)，其中水稻是主要的農(nóng)作物。本項研究的采樣區(qū)域分為兩部分。有共計采集99個的水稻谷粒樣品。第一部分采集于（79個樣本，2006年5個，2007年19個，2008年24個，2009年19個，2010年12個）是在峰江鎮(zhèn)2006年至2010年收獲期間，這部分樣品代表執(zhí)行更嚴(yán)格的法規(guī)以后，重金屬在水稻谷粒中的時間變化趨勢。第二部分（20個樣本）收集用來考察重金屬的空間分布和電子垃圾拆解活動對周圍的非電子垃圾拆解區(qū)的潛在影響。該部分樣本采集于2010年在峰江鎮(zhèn)電子垃圾拆解區(qū)周圍的非電子垃圾拆解區(qū)，采樣區(qū)域覆蓋了方圓50KM范圍（如圖1）。每個樣本包含5個重復(fù)，都至少從每個村莊中幾個稻田中獲得的子樣本組成。這些樣本經(jīng)冷凍干燥后被分離成糙米，再用實驗室去殼機去殼。經(jīng)過研究討論，考慮到實驗的便捷性，我們把樣品分成四組，分別標(biāo)記為來自電子垃圾回收區(qū)的稻米樣本（RE），來自非電子垃圾回收區(qū)的稻米樣本（RN），來自電子垃圾回收區(qū)的去殼稻米樣本（HE），來自非電子垃圾回收區(qū)的去殼稻米樣本（HN）。22化學(xué)分析化學(xué)分析所有樣本都被磨成纖細的粉末，保存在4oC環(huán)境下，然后分析。分析方法是依據(jù)我們之前的工作17，只在此做簡要描述。大約02G的樣本在聚四氯乙烯消化罐中被消化。其中加入2ML濃縮的硝酸（69，分析級純，SIGMAALDRIC提供）并預(yù)先消化4H。然后，加入1ML30的過氧化氫（北京化學(xué)試劑公司提供），在如下條件下用微波消解裝置（CEMMARSX500，美國）消化在10MIN內(nèi)逐漸加熱到160oC并保持恒溫30MIN，再在10MIN內(nèi)由160oC逐漸加熱到180oC保持恒溫30MIN。冷卻后，用超純水將消化產(chǎn)物稀釋至40ML，待分析。用電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜法（ICPMS，AGILENT7500CE，US）分析這些樣本的非金屬砷（AS）和三種重金屬CD、CU和PB的總濃度。所有的測定都用外標(biāo)法，平行測定三份獨立的實驗結(jié)果，并遵循我們實驗室先前制定的質(zhì)量保證方法16,17。23質(zhì)量保證和質(zhì)量控制質(zhì)量保證和質(zhì)量控制表1電子垃圾拆解區(qū)和非電子垃圾拆解區(qū)的稻米及去殼稻米樣本中重金屬成分的含量電子垃圾拆解區(qū)和非電子垃圾拆解區(qū)的稻米及去殼稻米樣本中重金屬成分的含量元素地點N范圍中值A(chǔ)MAASDBGMGSDCASREDRNE7920142847233711711611942137671111512615CDRERN792029515428258260244496715867217383034CURERN79202808606638434146072619494413812560742467615242515PBRERN79202548210316123711525072118142371511711ASHEFHNG792092539116635267159274892221422591419416CDHEHN792029313715142285364735664936283283920CUHEHN792025411762576411637179572273104551920333933321803917264519PBHEHN7920106934471611281533477404013385091448334301684714A算術(shù)平均值；B算數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差；C幾何標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差；D電子垃圾拆解區(qū)稻米樣本；E非電子垃圾拆解區(qū)稻米樣本；F電子垃圾拆解區(qū)去殼稻米樣本；G非電子垃圾拆解區(qū)去殼稻米樣本。

簡介：現(xiàn)代辦公建筑發(fā)展新趨勢現(xiàn)代辦公建筑發(fā)展新趨勢綠色決定價值個性贏得市場綠色決定價值個性贏得市場威廉．克萊因進入二十一世紀(jì)后，美國人做過一項統(tǒng)計，發(fā)現(xiàn)美國稅收來源的835來自于寫字樓，而不是工廠。中國的比例估計還沒那么高，但同樣，寫字樓已經(jīng)不再像二十世紀(jì)工業(yè)文明時代那樣，僅僅是工廠的管理附屬，僅僅是企業(yè)的接待站，僅僅是管理者的門面，而真正成為了財富的聚集地。因為寫字樓性質(zhì)的這一種根本性變化，寫字樓開發(fā)，自然也越來越關(guān)注使用者，尤其是創(chuàng)造最大價值的員工本身的舒適、健康、個性化需求，能否激發(fā)使用者的靈感，進行更有效率的腦力創(chuàng)造，成為衡量新時代寫字樓的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?，F(xiàn)代辦公建筑開發(fā)，因而出現(xiàn)了以下一些新的趨勢。生態(tài)辦公綠色決定價值好幾年前，IBM就因為環(huán)境因素從中關(guān)村搬了出去，因為IBM的全球?qū)懽謽嵌家裱?2攝氏度的辦公溫度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，用養(yǎng)熱帶魚的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)養(yǎng)人、養(yǎng)設(shè)備，而中關(guān)村達不到這個要求。大企業(yè)的挑剔顯示了現(xiàn)代寫字樓的最大特征生態(tài)辦公成為一種趨勢，最貴的樓不再是最高的樓，而是環(huán)境最好、最舒適的樓。當(dāng)然，生態(tài)辦公不僅意味著小環(huán)境的綠色舒適，還意味著針對大環(huán)境的節(jié)能環(huán)保，既讓員工快樂工作，提高效率，更能節(jié)省使用費用，讓老板快樂賺錢。高層生態(tài)寫字樓第2頁對流；建筑與三個三角形的綠化庭園結(jié)合，為大廈雙面均提供了富有生機的綠色空間，讓人感覺就像在園林中辦公一樣。空調(diào)系統(tǒng)是生態(tài)寫字樓的重要組成部分。像北京世紀(jì)財富中心、北京新保利大廈和深圳頂級寫字樓華潤大廈，都采用了VAV變風(fēng)量空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，通過高效的空氣處理設(shè)備、VAV分風(fēng)箱以及高精度的DDC控制器（直接數(shù)字控制器），并配以初效、中效雙級過濾設(shè)備，令樓內(nèi)的空氣更加清新、舒適。在杭州，生態(tài)寫字樓的建設(shè)剛剛起步，像黃龍世紀(jì)廣場用的是呼吸幕墻，濱江區(qū)的UT斯達康新大樓大面積采用LOWE玻璃，而黃龍區(qū)的公元大廈，則可以算得上是一個較為全方位的生態(tài)寫字樓，采用了開放式幕墻、外遮陽板、內(nèi)充氬氣的LOWE中空玻璃、新冷媒超級變頻多聯(lián)中央空調(diào)、全熱交換器、節(jié)能水龍頭等一系列材料、設(shè)備，還有一個7000平方米的綠色中央庭院，非常難得。生態(tài)低層庭院式商務(wù)樓生態(tài)辦公更徹底一些，自然是直接搬到郊外的景觀辦公區(qū)，趴在地面上，跟綠化結(jié)合，這在歐美已漸漸成為趨勢，尤其是高科技、需要頭腦創(chuàng)意的企業(yè)。景觀辦公區(qū)來源于霍華德的“花園城市”理念，一般坐落于大城市邊緣的新城，低密度、小體量的辦公樓與優(yōu)美的綠色園林景觀有機結(jié)合，使工作者能在休閑的環(huán)境中產(chǎn)生更多的靈感。最典型的景觀辦公區(qū)是美國的硅谷，由各種各樣的商務(wù)花園群落組成，像著名的甲骨文公司就沿湖建造，整個建筑群在湖邊徐徐展開，景觀如畫。美國科羅拉多州奧羅拉市的水園辦公園區(qū)，人工湖、小水池、瀑布、溪流，營造出夢幻般的水園景色，在里面辦公，自然是神清

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）英文翻譯英文翻譯題目專業(yè)金融學(xué)班級20102010金融秋季班金融秋季班學(xué)生學(xué)號學(xué)生學(xué)號10610012575561061001257556學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名崔航崔航指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師高建霞高建霞2012年2FACEDTHEPROBLEMOFBANKSBEINGCLOSEDATNONWORKINGHOURSANDWECANHANDLEBANKINGAFFAIRSALLTHETIMETHEREFOREITSAVESTHECUSTOMERSTIMEANDMONEYONTHEOTHERHANDINRECENTYEARSMOBILEPHONESHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDANDWIDELYUSEDAFTERTHEMOBILEPHONESHAVEGOTSODEVELOPEDANDSOPHISTICATEDANDHAVEBEENMODIFIEDTOBECAPABLEOFNEWSERVICESTHEBANKSTOOKINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEPRESENTATIONOFBANKINGSERVICESTHROUGHMOBILEPHONESTOMENTIONTHEREASONSOFSUPERIORITYOFMBANKINGMOBILEBANKINGOVEREBANKINGELECTRONICBANKINGWECANPOINTTOTHEFOLLOWINGITEMS2,31NOPLACERESTRICTIONINMBANKINGWECANHANDLEOURBANKINGTRANSACTIONSWHEREVERWEAREANDWHENEVERWEWANT2HIGHPENETRATIONCOEFFICIENTHIGHCOEFFICIENTOFMOBILEPHONEUSEINTHEWORLDGUARANTEESPROBABILITYOFGROWTHANDSUCCESSFORMOBILEBANKINGSERVICES3FULLYPERSONALIZEDMOBILEPHONESARECOMPLETELYPRIVATEANDAREUSEDONLYBYITSOWNERTHEREFOREITINCREASESAUTHENTICITYOFIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEPEOPLEWHOUSETHEBANKINGSERVICES4AVAILABILITYMOSTPEOPLECARRYTHEIRMOBILEPHONESWITHTHEMWHEREVERTHEYGOWHETHERINDOORSOROUTDOORSASARESULTITISPOSSIBLETOOFFERBANKINGSERVICESTOCUSTOMERSALLTHETIMEOFCOURSEMOBILEBANKINGHASSOMEDISADVANTAGESTOOAMONGMOSTIMPORTANTITEMSOFTHESEDISADVANTAGESWECANPOINTTOLACKOFPROPERKEYBOARDFORMOSTMOBILEPHONES,SMALLDISPLAYANDUNCERTAINTYOFUSERSABOUTSECURITYSYSTEMOFMOBILEBANKINGBUTASAWHOLEMOBILEBANKINGHASBEENWELCOMEDDUETOINCREASEOFCUSTOMERSWELFAREANDDECREASEOFCOSTSOFBANKINGSERVICESMOBILEBANKINGISDIVIDEDINTOMOBILEFORWARDINGSERVICESANDMOBILEBANKINGSERVICESMOBILEBANKINGSERVICESWHICHARETHESAMEASNORMALBANKINGSERVICESAREDIVIDEDINTOFOURTYPES1NOTIFICATIONSANDALERTSTHESESERVICESAREPRESENTEDFORADVISINGTHECUSTOMERSOFTHETRANSACTIONSDONEORTOBEDONECONCERNINGHISACCOUNT2INFORMATIONTHESPECIALPIECESOFINFORMATIONCONCERNINGTRANSACTIONSANDTHEAMOUNTOFMONEYAVAILABLEINCUSTOMERSACCOUNTARESENTATCERTAININTERVALS3APPLICATIONSINTHISTYPEOFSERVICESANAPPLICATIONISSENTTOTHESERVERCONCERNINGTHEACCOUNTORSPECIALTRANSACTION4TRANSFERTHROUGHTHISSERVICEBANKSCANTRANSFERAMOUNTOFMONEYBETWEENCUSTOMERSACCOUNTSORPAYANAMOUNTTOATHIRDPARTYTOIMPLEMENTMOBILEBANKINGWEREQUIREANINFRASTRUCTURESERVERSUCHASWAPWIRELESSAPPLICATIONPROTOCOL,IMODE,PALMNET,ETCFOREXCHANGEOFINFORMATIONWITHTHECUSTOMERWECANUSESERVICESSUCHASSMSSHORTMESSAGINGSERVICEORMMSMULTIMESSAGINGSERVICE4BUTINSOMEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESSUCHASIRANSERVICES

簡介：中文中文4195字出處出處JMANAGGOV201014115–144一個關(guān)于應(yīng)急理論基礎(chǔ)的內(nèi)部控制因素及其后果的形成ANNUKKAJOKIPII摘要摘要為了保證企業(yè)需求內(nèi)部控制活動的有效性和信息的可靠性以及遵守法律的適用性。因此，COCO,COSO等幾個框架顯示公司的特征，這個不同對內(nèi)部的控制也不同。每個組織要選擇最適合的控制系統(tǒng)時，必須考慮到意外事故的風(fēng)險是否切合權(quán)變理論。本文研究的是檢視這些風(fēng)險特點的選擇是否適應(yīng)他們公司內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)和它是否會導(dǎo)致一些更加優(yōu)惠的有效性的評估控制管理。雖然內(nèi)部控制的組成部分已進行單獨控制，本文嘗試闡明內(nèi)部控制的關(guān)鍵點并將其放到更加廣闊的背景中。結(jié)果證明，基于對741芬蘭公司W(wǎng)EB調(diào)查，表明公司用內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)來應(yīng)對環(huán)境的不確定性，并觀測控制的有效性的戰(zhàn)略對其內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)有著顯著的效果。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞內(nèi)部控制、成效、權(quán)變理論、結(jié)構(gòu)方塊建模11文章概述文章概述人們普遍認(rèn)為，一個內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)可以幫助企業(yè)降低風(fēng)險的財務(wù)報表的可靠性保證體系和法律的遵循情況（SPIRAANDPAGE2003）因此，越來越多的企業(yè)倒閉和一些廣泛宣傳企業(yè)舞弊行為導(dǎo)致企業(yè)在他們具體的操作環(huán)境下更多的關(guān)注自己的內(nèi)部控制。在巨大的管理壓力下，如何提高內(nèi)部控制的有效性以及有效的與董事會和股東溝通。由于內(nèi)部控制可能會影響長期的報告，導(dǎo)致審計人員、供應(yīng)商、客戶都對內(nèi)部控制感興趣。KINNEY在2000年指出，盡管內(nèi)部控制對公司影響很大，但在組織環(huán)境中內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)卻無法實現(xiàn)。關(guān)于內(nèi)部控制的抓也文獻在國際研究上已取得進展，但迄今為止，內(nèi)部控制的研究數(shù)量有限。在2004年SELTOANDWIDENER出版的專業(yè)文章中提出，在管理控制中研究較少的內(nèi)部控制有著很強的實用性。在2000年MAIJOOR越來越重視企業(yè)內(nèi)部的控制，以及現(xiàn)有的研究不足，為其創(chuàng)造了新的研究基于和需求。這項研究有助于了解內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)及其在公司環(huán)境中觀察到對公司的效果。即使內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)框架中提出了一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)部控制目標(biāo)，但仍然需要注意的是，有效地內(nèi)部控制是要根據(jù)公司的不同特點來制定的。因此，即使是內(nèi)部控制的框架中也無法提供一個企業(yè)的特點和其控制系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系。因此，本研究利用一個應(yīng)急方法，審查內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計，并且將其放到不同釋。權(quán)變理論構(gòu)成了一種新的方法來演技有內(nèi)部控制的理論和基礎(chǔ)特點，這些從應(yīng)急控制文件總結(jié)而來。戰(zhàn)略尺寸組織結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)知環(huán)境的不確定性應(yīng)變特征RQ1RQ2RQ3RQ4控制環(huán)境風(fēng)險評估控制活動信息和通信監(jiān)控內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)RQ5效率和效力活動可靠性信息遵守法律和法規(guī)內(nèi)部控制評判效果因此管理控制在組織制度中的一個重要控制子集一直是權(quán)變理論的研究主體。研究主要集中在上下文變量對管理控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的影響，在這文獻中，是對文獻回顧的研究基礎(chǔ)上分析的。其目的是利用了解內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)的特點和影響來觀察成效以作為制定權(quán)變理論。內(nèi)部控制和權(quán)變理論共享某些元素，但是共同點和不同點的廣度取決于所用的定義。在2003年CHENHALL指出，以前的應(yīng)變研究是基礎(chǔ)的管理控制研究，遵循傳統(tǒng)的感知旨在協(xié)助管理人員決策的被動工具。一是管理控制系統(tǒng)包含了一個會計系統(tǒng)，還包括個人或家族控制的控制因素。圖1說明了研究框架和理論基礎(chǔ)上的內(nèi)部控制框架。變量之間的關(guān)系有三組，在應(yīng)變特點，內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)和觀察成效是本文研究的終點。前四個研究問題（RQ1RQ4）旨在測試（戰(zhàn)略，規(guī)模，組織應(yīng)變特征結(jié)構(gòu)和環(huán)境的不確定性）等因素對內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。這些因素前人都有所研究（例如CHENHALL2003；DONALDSON2001；HOQUEANDJAMES2000；MACINTOSH1994；SIMONS1987；DRAZINANDVANDEVEN1985；OTLEY1980指出，指出這些因素對控制結(jié)構(gòu)和企業(yè)的績效產(chǎn)生一定的影響。第五個研究因素（RQ5）集中于內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)部控制有效性的關(guān)系上。變量之間的理論關(guān)系是基于COSO1994年提出的。指出根據(jù)特定的情況對內(nèi)部控制的需求不盡相同，但是內(nèi)部控制組成的部分功能可以引導(dǎo)有效地內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)。FISHER1998年指出，成功的剪裁控制系統(tǒng)以適應(yīng)企業(yè)的特點等類似的權(quán)變理論對公司的業(yè)績有著突出的貢獻。然而企業(yè)可能有著傳統(tǒng)性能的其他目標(biāo)。因此根據(jù)FISHER1995年的建議，在模型中所設(shè)想的一個非財務(wù)目標(biāo)對內(nèi)部控制的有效性產(chǎn)生理想的效果。用內(nèi)部控制因素管理眼力大的公司已成為關(guān)鍵的因

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簡介：蘇州大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）1THEMENTALSTATEREQUIREMENTFORACCOMPLICELIABILITYINAMERICANCRIMINALLAWDUETOTHEINCONSISTENCYBETWEENTHEPLAINLANGUAGEOFSTATESACCOMPLICELIABILITYLEGISLATIONANDITSRESPECTIVEINTERPRETATIONINTHESTATECOURTS,MANYSTATESACCOMPLICELAWSPRESENTACONFUSEDPICTUREINTERMSOFTHELAWSSTANCEONACCOMPLICELIABILITYNOASPECTOFTHISLAWISMORECOMPLEXTHANTHATRELATINGTOTHEMENTALSTATEREQUIREMENTFORACCOMPLICELIABILITYNEVERTHELESS,IFONEENGAGESINACURSORYEXAMINATIONOFTHELEGALLITERATURE,CASELAW,ANDSTATELEGISLATIONCONCERNINGTHEMENTALSTATEREQUIREMENTFORACCOMPLICELIABILITY,ESSENTIALLYTHREEAPPROACHESSURFACETHESEAPPROACHESDIFFERINTHEDEGREETOWHICHTHEYHOLDANINDIVIDUALCULPABLEFORTHECONDUCTOFANOTHERFIRST,THEREISTHEPERSPECTIVEWHICHISPARTICULARLYPOPULARINTHEACADEMICCOMMUNITYTHATFAVORSAVERYLIMITED,NARROWAPPROACHWHEREBYACCOMPLICELIABILITYISDEPENDENTUPONAFINDINGTHATANACCUSEDS“PURPOSEWASTOENCOURAGEORASSISTANOTHERINTHECOMMISSIONOFACRIME“MEANWHILE,ASECONDPERSPECTIVEWHICHTHEMODELPENALCODEFOLLOWSTOSOMEEXTENT2TOLERATESAMOREEXPANSIVEAPPROACHWHEREBYANACCOMPLICESLIABILITYTURNSONWHETHERTHEACCOMPLICEHARBOREDTHEMENTALSTATEREQUIREDOFTHESUBSTANTIVECRIMEALLEGEDLYAIDEDORABETTEDTHEFIRSTAPPROACH,ASSERTSTHATANINDIVIDUALSHOULDONLYBELIABLEFORTHEACTSOFAPRINCIPALIFTHATINDIVIDUALACTEDWITHTHESPECIFICINTENTTOPROMOTEORASSISTTHEPRINCIPALSCOMMISSIONOFTHECRIMETHISTHEORYHOLDSTHATAMENTALSTATEOFKNOWLEDGEORRECKLESSNESSONTHEPARTOFANALLEGEDACCOMPLICEISINSUFFICIENTTOHOLDTHEALLEGEDACCOMPLICECULPABLEJURISDICTIONSFOLLOWINGTHISAPPROACHWILLONLYHOLDANALLEGEDACCOMPLICELIABLEFORTHECRIMESTHATTHEALLEGEDACCOMPLICEINTENDEDAPERPETRATORCOMMITALSO,IFTHEPERPETRATORCOMMITSASECONDARYCRIMEINPURSUANCEOFTHEINTENDEDCRIME,THEACCOMPLICEISNOTLIABLEFORTHESECONDARYCRIMEUNLESSTHEACCOMPLICEINTENDEDTOPROMOTEORFACILITATETHISOFFENSEASWELLSOLONGASTHEALLEGEDACCOMPLICEINTENDEDTOSOMEHOWASSISTORENCOURAGETHEPRINCIPALSCRIMINALITY,THEACCOMPLICEISLIABLEEVENIFTHESUBSTANTIVECRIMEONLYREQUIRESRECKLESSNESSORNEGLIGENCEONTHEPARTOFTHEPRINCIPALTHUS,IFALOANSHISGUNTOBKNOWINGBINTENDSTOUSEITTOSHOOTHISNEIGHBORSBARKINGDOG,AWOULDNOTBEANACCOMPLICETOBSACTUNLESSHEHIMSELFINTENDSTHATBSNEIGHBORSDOGBESHOTLIKEWISE,IFXGIVESTHEKEYSOFHERCARTOY,WHOISINTOXICATED,KNOWINGY蘇州大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）3THATDONOTDISTINGUISHBETWEENCONDUCTANDRESULTORIENTEDCRIMESWILLHOLDANINDIVIDUALLIABLEFORTHECONDUCTOFANOTHERASLONGASTHEINDIVIDUALPOSSESSEDTHESTATUTORILYPRESCRIBEDMENTALSTATEFORTHESUBSTANTIVECRIMETHETHIRDAPPROACH,WHICHTHISARTICLEREFERSTOASCATEGORY1I1,ISTHEMOSTEXPANSIVEOFTHEAPPROACHESSTATESFOLLOWINGTHISAPPROACHWILLHOLDANACTORLIABLEFORALLTHENATURALANDPROBABLECONSEQUENCESOFTHEINTENDEDCRIMEALTHOUGHSOMEJURISDICTIONSMAYNOTUSETHISEXACTLANGUAGE,THESESTATESREJECTTHENECESSITYOFPROVINGTHEACCOMPLICEHADEITHERTHESPECIFICINTENTREQUIREDBYTHECATEGORYIAPPROACHORTHESTATUTORILYPRESCRIBEDMENTALSTATEMANDATEDBYTHECATEGORYIIAPPROACHTHEREFORE,IFTHEPRINCIPALCOMMITTEDASECONDARYCRIMEINTHECOURSEOFCARRYINGOUTTHETARGETCRIMEEVENIFTHEACCOMPLICEHADNOWAYOFKNOWINGORANTICIPATINGTHATANINCIDENTALORSECONDARYCRIMEWOULDOCCUR,ACOURTWILLNONETHELESSCONVICTTHEACCOMPLICEOFTHEINCIDENTALCRIMEIFTHECOURTDETERMINESITTOBEANATURALANDPROBABLECONSEQUENCEOFTHEINTENDEDCRIMENOWTHEHYPOTHETICALABOVEBECOMEREALLYINTERESTINGASSUMEAFTERBSHOOTSHISNEIGHBORSBARKINGDOGWITHASGUN,THENEIGHBOR,C,BECOMESANGRYANDENGAGESBINAPHYSICALALTERCATIONDURINGWHICHBSHOOTSANDINJURESCIFWEAGREETHEALTERCATIONANDRESULTANTINJURYSUFFEREDBYCARENATURALANDPROBABLECONSEQUENCESOFASARMINGBWHILEKNOWINGOFBSINTENTIONS,AWOULDBELIABLEASANACCOMPLICEFORBSBATTERYOFCINTHEEXAMPLEWHEREXGIVESHERKEYSTOTHEINTOXICATEDYWHICHITSELFISAVIOLATIONOFTHESTATESMOTORVEHICLECODE,NOWASSUMEYNOTONLYRECKLESSLYBECOMESINVOLVEDINAFATALVEHICLECRASHBUTALSOTHATYCOLLIDESWITHAGASOLINETRUCK,WHICHEXPLODESANDCAUSESANEARBYBUILDINGTOCATCHFIREIFWEAGREETHATWHENXGIVESTHEINTOXICATEDYTHEKEYSTOHERCARSHESHOULDBEHELDACCOUNTABLEFORALLNATURALANDPROBABLECONSEQUENCES,ITISARGUABLETHATXISLIABLENOTONLYFORRECKLESSHOMICIDEIFYISINVOLVEDINAFATALCOLLISIONWHILEDRIVINGXSCARBUTALSOFORCRIMINALDAMAGETOPROPERTYORPERHAPSARSONOR,WORSEYET,IFAFIREFIGHTERORBUILDINGOCCUPANTDIESINTHEFIRE,ITMIGHTEVENBEASSERTEDTHATXISLIABLEFORMANSLAUGHTERMEMBERSOFTHEACADEMICCOMMUNITY,INCLUDINGPROFESSORSWAYNELAFAVE,JOSHUADRESSIER,ANDAUDREYROGERS,HAVESTRONGLYCRITICIZEDTHECATEGORYIIIAPPROACHBECAUSEITHOLDSANINDIVIDUALTOTHESAMECULPABILITYASAPRINCIPALFORACRIMETHECOMMISSIONOFWHICHTHEACCOMPLICEHADNOKNOWLEDGEOFORINTENTTO

簡介：景觀設(shè)計風(fēng)格和園林價值保護之間的關(guān)系德國魏瑪歷史公園的案例研究景觀設(shè)計風(fēng)格和園林價值保護之間的關(guān)系德國魏瑪歷史公園的案例研究MARTINKüMMERLING,NORBERTMüLLER景觀管理與生態(tài)恢復(fù)部門以及URBIO總公司，德國埃爾福特應(yīng)用技術(shù)大學(xué)關(guān)鍵詞生物多樣性；歷史公園；園藝；城市公園；植被；摘要城市公園可以通過被引入植物的種植成為入侵源。另一方面，城市公園作為生物多樣性的熱點地區(qū)，可以支持保護瀕危和罕見的分類單元。即使歷史城市公園首先被評估為遺產(chǎn)，但它們依然為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和積極的審美以及社會價值服務(wù)。雖然在歐洲有許多研究是關(guān)于設(shè)計的，公園的哲學(xué)和歷史背景就像生物多樣性的研究一樣，幾乎沒有研究提出景觀設(shè)計原則如何影響了公園的生物保護價值。因為在歐洲，公園的景觀風(fēng)格是一個最具影響力的歷史景觀設(shè)計風(fēng)格，我們將我們的研究集中在德國魏瑪?shù)摹耙翣柲泛优瞎珗@”。它創(chuàng)建于18世紀(jì)晚期，并且在1998年被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界遺產(chǎn)的一部分。我們的研究問題是1哪些設(shè)計原則、植物原料和技術(shù)實施被使用在創(chuàng)建和管理公園的過程中2對于公園的生物保護尤其是瀕危植物物種和棲息地的保護來說，當(dāng)前什么才是具有價值的3設(shè)計原則和現(xiàn)代公園的價值之間是什么關(guān)系我們將我們的結(jié)果與類似的公園景觀做一對比，并對未來可持續(xù)的公園設(shè)計和公園恢復(fù)管理給出建議。我們的研究問題是1哪些設(shè)計原則、植物原料和技術(shù)實施被使用在創(chuàng)建和管理公園的過程中2對于公園的生物保護尤其是瀕危植物物種和棲息地的保護來說，當(dāng)前什么才是具有價值的3設(shè)計原則和現(xiàn)代公園的價值之間是什么關(guān)系我們將我們的結(jié)果與類似的公園景觀做一對比，并對未來可持續(xù)的公園設(shè)計和公園恢復(fù)管理給出建議。22研究地點研究地點“伊爾姆河畔公園”坐落在德國中部的魏瑪（215MASL），公園的起源可以追溯到1778年。對于許多歐洲的歷史公園來說，“伊爾姆河畔公園”是建在以前的一個規(guī)整花園的位置上（幾何式的），它被設(shè)計在卡爾奧格斯特公爵的宮殿旁邊。當(dāng)時公園位于魏瑪?shù)慕紖^(qū)，1860年魏瑪城開始擴展，公園便開始位于城市邊界內(nèi)。在魏瑪公爵的城市宮殿、北部的城市中心、現(xiàn)在OBERWEIMAR的SUBURBANISED村以及南方的高級住宅區(qū)之間，公園形成了伊爾姆河的泛濫平原的一部分（圖一為公園概況）。它周長15公里，占地約048平方公里。泛濫平原的土壤是沖積土，山谷兩邊所包含的鈣質(zhì)材料就像KEUPER和含有石灰物質(zhì)的貝殼。

簡介：1FPGA實現(xiàn)實時適應(yīng)圖像閾值ELHAMASHARI電氣與計算機工程系,滑鐵盧大學(xué)理查德霍恩西計算機科學(xué)和工程系,紐約大學(xué)摘要本文提出了一種基于實時閾值的通用FPGA結(jié)構(gòu)。硬件架構(gòu)是基于一種加權(quán)聚類算法的架構(gòu),這種算法的重點就在于聚類的前景和背景像素的閾值問題。該方法采用聚類的二值加權(quán)神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)法找到兩個像素組的質(zhì)心。圖像的閾值是兩個質(zhì)心的平均值。因為對于每個輸入的像素，選定的最近的權(quán)值是用來更新的，因而推薦一種自適應(yīng)的閾值技術(shù)。更新是基于輸入像素的灰度級和相關(guān)權(quán)值的差額的，通過學(xué)習(xí)快慢因素來衡量其速率。硬件系統(tǒng)是在FPGA平臺上實現(xiàn)的，它包含兩個功能模塊。第一個模塊獲得圖像框架閾值，另一個模塊將閾值應(yīng)用于圖像的框架。兩個模塊的并行性和簡單的硬件組成部分使其適用于實時應(yīng)用程序，并且，其性能可與經(jīng)常用于離線閾值技術(shù)相媲美。通過利用FPGA對無數(shù)的例子進行模擬和實驗，得到該算法的結(jié)果。這項工作的基本應(yīng)用是確定激光的質(zhì)心，但接下來將會討論它在其他方面的應(yīng)用。關(guān)鍵詞實時閾值,自適應(yīng)閾值,FPGA實現(xiàn)、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)1簡介圖像二值化是圖像處理的一個主要問題。如果要從一張圖像上提取有用的信息，我們需要將它分成不同的部分（例如背景色和前景色）來進行更為詳細的分析。一般來說，前景色的像素的灰度級與背景色的灰度級是不同的。現(xiàn)在已有一些較好的使圖像二值化地算法，就性能而不是就速度而言，這些算法的主要目標(biāo)在于高效率，然而對于一些應(yīng)用，尤其對是在那些定制的硬件和實時應(yīng)用程序來說，速度則是最關(guān)鍵的要求?？蓪崿F(xiàn)的快速而簡單的閾值技術(shù)在實際成像系統(tǒng)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。例如，結(jié)合了CMOS圖像傳感器的片上圖像處理技術(shù)普遍存在于各種各樣的成像系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中。在這樣一個系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中，圖像的實時處理及其得到的相關(guān)信息是至關(guān)重要的。實時閾值技術(shù)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域包括機器人、汽車、目標(biāo)追蹤以及激光測距。在激光測距，即確定目標(biāo)的運動范圍的過程中，所捕獲的圖像為二值圖像。閾值技術(shù)被用來從背景色中分離耀斑以及質(zhì)心的定位。本文接下來將重點描述該技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。實時閾值的另一個應(yīng)用是文件處理及光學(xué)字符識別（OCR）。例如，一個高速的掃描儀每分鐘可掃描并處理大約超過100頁的文件。這個系統(tǒng)中，為達到速度的要求，利用一種專用硬件對圖像進行處理和二值化。其中，最為典型的例子就是，通過CMOS或CCD相機，由掃描儀捕獲的圖像，都被轉(zhuǎn)換為二值圖像。再由文本文檔來儲存這些相對統(tǒng)一的背景色信息。由于將圖像轉(zhuǎn)換為二值圖像，可以在不丟失圖像的重要數(shù)據(jù)信息的基礎(chǔ)之上，明顯減少圖像的存儲空間，因此，更適合輸出和存儲。以上所提到的所有的應(yīng)用都有一個共同點，就是都是利用高性能、高精度的系統(tǒng)，通過快速算法來完成閾值的轉(zhuǎn)換。此外，在對圖像做進一步的處理之前，都將圖像的二值化作為預(yù)處理步36局部法，根據(jù)局部圖像的特征，計算出每一像素點的閾值，例如局部對比度的方法WHITE14,表面濾波閾值法YAOWITZ15。為定量性能評估,SEZGIN1對以上所述方法進行了具有比較性的調(diào)查研究，針對兩種不同的環(huán)境提出一些有用的閾值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),即文檔圖像無損檢測和無損檢測的圖像。采用了五種平均性能準(zhǔn)則分類錯誤、邊緣匹配錯誤、相對前景區(qū)域的誤差,改進的距離,以及區(qū)域的非均勻性聚類方法和基于聚類的閾值方法都是最常用的方法。這個排名同時也被認(rèn)為是對提取對象的視覺輪廓的主觀評價。從硬件實現(xiàn)的角度來看,一個閾值方法的有效性也可以用其他參數(shù)來衡量，例如速度和復(fù)雜性。這些在實時圖像處理應(yīng)用過程中，都是非常重要的。所有的高素質(zhì)技術(shù)集群在進行閾值計算之前，先對圖像的一些屬性進行估算,例如,直方圖、最大/最小灰度值或者圖像方差。因此,圖片進行逐像素的預(yù)處理。對數(shù)計算在基于熵的技術(shù)復(fù)雜的計算程序中也是必需的。硬件對數(shù)實現(xiàn)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差計算使這些方法對硬件的要求復(fù)雜化。此外,在獲得足以計算閾值的圖片之后，這種方法仍需要大量的處理時間。雖然我們所討論的這些方法都具有良好的性能,但他們一般不適合實時實現(xiàn)。或者我們可以增強或修改這些技術(shù)。對于閾值法最基本的要求就是其適應(yīng)性和高效性。它應(yīng)該也對圖像的與處理存在一定的依賴性。3提出的方法CLUSTERINGBASED方法仍是一個很常用的閾值技術(shù)1。在該方法中,圖像的灰度像素被分為兩個集群，即前景和背景。有幾種方法可得到聚類的一組輸入灰度像素。人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)ANN技術(shù)對解決分類和聚類問題是非常有用的。TALUKDAR和SRIDHAR18使用一種神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)作為一個聚類技術(shù),稱為WEIGHTEDBASEDWCT聚類閾值。WEIGHTEDBASED聚類方法使用的人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的聚類特性來計算一個閾值,其閾值為兩個聚類質(zhì)心的均值。人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)就是原始節(jié)點簡單聚類。聚類通過創(chuàng)建層產(chǎn)生，并且相互連接。網(wǎng)絡(luò)的處理能力儲存在層間連接處,稱為權(quán)、是通過從一組訓(xùn)練模式中學(xué)習(xí)獲得的每個節(jié)點的輸入都乘以了一個連接的權(quán)值。在最近幾十年里,研究人員提出了不同的類別神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。每個類別都有其適用的一個特定的域,因而提出一個通用的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)來解決所有的問題似乎是不可能的。其中提出一種有關(guān)自適應(yīng)分類和圖像分割問題的解決方案，就是非監(jiān)督的競爭學(xué)習(xí)19。

簡介：附錄附錄A科技文獻翻譯科技文獻翻譯原文原文CONSTRUCTIONANDBUILDINGMATERIALSVOLUME21,ISSUE5,MAY2007,PAGES10521060ANAPPROACHTODETERMINELONGTERMBEHAVIOROFCONCRETEMEMBERSPRESTRESSEDWITHFRPTENDONSABSTRACTTHECOMBINEDEFFECTSOFCREEPANDSHRINKAGEOFCONCRETEANDRELAXATIONOFPRESTRESSINGTENDONSCAUSEGRADUALCHANGESINTHESTRESSESINBOTHCONCRETEANDPRESTRESSINGTENDONSASIMPLEMETHODISPRESENTEDTOCALCULATETHELONGTERMPRESTRESSLOSSANDTHELONGTERMCHANGEINCONCRETESTRESSESINCONTINUOUSPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEMEMBERSWITHEITHERCARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERCFRPORARAMIDFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERAFRPTENDONSTHEMETHODSATISFIESTHEREQUIREMENTSOFEQUILIBRIUMANDCOMPATIBILITYANDAVOIDSTHEUSEOFANYEMPIRICALMULTIPLIERSASIMPLEGRAPHISPROPOSEDTOEVALUATETHEREDUCEDRELAXATIONINAFRPTENDONSITISSHOWNTHATTHEPRESTRESSLOSSINFRPTENDONSISSIGNIFICANTLYLESSTHANTHATWHENUSINGPRESTRESSINGSTEEL,MAINLYBECAUSEOFTHELOWERMODULIOFELASTICITYOFFRPTENDONSTHELONGTERMCHANGESINCONCRETESTRESSESANDDEFLECTIONCANBEEITHERSMALLERORGREATERTHANTHOSEOFCOMPARABLEGIRDERSPRESTRESSEDWITHSTEELTENDONS,DEPENDINGONTHETYPEOFFRPTENDONSANDTHEINITIALSTRESSPROFILEOFTHECROSSSECTIONUNDERCONSIDERATIONKEYWORDSCREEPFRPLONGTERMPRESTRESSLOSSPRESTRESSEDCONCRETERELAXATIONSHRINKAGENOMENCLATUREAAREAOFCROSSSECTIONDVERTICALDISTANCEMEASUREDFROMTOPFIBEROFCROSSSECTION31TRANSFORMEDSECTIONATT0CCONCRETECCNETCONCRETESECTIONFFRPREINFORCEMENTORFLANGEPPRESTRESSINGFRPTENDONPSPRESTRESSINGSTEELTENDONSSTEELREINFORCEMENTARTICLEOUTLINENOMENCLATURE1INTRODUCTION2RELAXATIONOFFRPPRESTRESSINGTENDONS3PROPOSEDMETHODOFANALYSIS31INITIALSTEPS32TIMEDEPENDENTCHANGEINCONCRETESTRESS33LONGTERMDEFLECTION4APPLICATIONTOCONTINUOUSGIRDERS5DEVELOPMENTOFDESIGNAIDS6ILLUSTRATIVEEXAMPLE7SUMMARYACKNOWLEDGEMENTSREFERENCES1INTRODUCTIONTHEUSEOFFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERFRPTENDONSASPRESTRESSINGREINFORCEMENTSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDINTHEPASTDECADEANDAFEWCONCRETEBRIDGESHAVEALREADYBEENCONSTRUCTEDUTILIZINGFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERFRPTENDONSCOMPAREDTOCONVENTIONALSTEELPRESTRESSINGTENDONS,FRPTENDONSHAVEMANYADVANTAGES,INCLUDINGTHEIRNONCORROSIVEANDNONCONDUCTIVEPROPERTIES,LIGHTWEIGHT,ANDHIGHTENSILESTRENGTHMOSTOFTHERESEARCHCONDUCTEDONCONCRETEGIRDERSPRESTRESSEDWITH

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簡介：SHORTCOMMUNICATIONTHEEFFECTSOFHEATTREATMENTONTHEMICROSTRUCTUREANDMECHANICALPROPERTYOFLASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONCTIALINTERMETALLICALLOYSHPQUA,,PLIA,SQZHANGA,ALIA,HMWANGA,BALABORATORYOFLASERMATERIALSPROCESSINGANDMANUFACTURING,BEIJINGUNIVERSITYOFAERONAUTICSANDASTRONAUTICS,37XUEYUANROAD,BEIJING100191,PRCHINABKEYLABORATORYOFAEROSPACEMATERIALS,MINISTRYOFEDUCATIONOFCHINA,BEIJINGUNIVERSITYOFAERONAUTICSANDASTRONAUTICS,37XUEYUANROAD,BEIJING100191,PRCHINAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED23MAY2009ACCEPTED21OCTOBER2009AVAILABLEONLINE25OCTOBER2009ABSTRACTTI–47AL–25V–1CRANDTI–40AL–2CRATINTERMETALLICALLOYSWASFABRICATEDBYTHELASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONLMDMANUFACTURINGPROCESSTHEMICROSTRUCTUREWASCHARACTERIZEDBYOPTICALMICROSCOPYOM,SCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPYSEM,TRANSMISSIONELECTRONMICROSCOPYTEMANDXRAYDIFFRACTIONXRDTHEROOMTEMPERATURERTTENSILEPROPERTIESANDVICKERSHARDNESSOFTHEASDEPOSITEDANDHEATTREATEDSPECIMENSWEREEVALUATEDONLONGITUDINALDIRECTIONSRESULTSSHOWSTHATFULLDENSITYCOLUMNARGRAINWITHFULLYLAMELLARFLMICROSTRUCTURECONSISTEDOFCTIALANDA2TI3ALWASFORMEDINTHEASDEPOSITEDCTIALSAMPLESTHEROOMTEMPERATURETENSILESTRENGTHOFTHEASDEPOSITEDTI–47AL–25V–1CRALLOYISUPTOAPPROXIMATELY650MPAINTHELONGITUDINALDIRECTIONAND600MPAFORTHEASDEPOSITEDTI–40AL–2CRALLOY,WHILETHETENSILEELONGATIONISAPPROXIMATELY06ATMOSTDIFFERENTMICROSTRUCTURETYPESWEREOBTAINEDINTHETI–47AL–25V–1CRANDTI–40AL–2CRALLOYAFTERHEATTREATMENTTHESTRESS–STRAINCURVEANDTHETENSILEFRACTURESUBSURFACEINDICATETHATTHEFRACTUREMANNEROFTHEASDEPOSITEDANDHEATTREATEDSPECIMENSWASINTERGRANULARMANNERCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2009PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONCTIALINTERMETALLICALLOYSHAVEBEENCONTINUOUSLYRESEARCHEDASTHEPROMISINGHIGHTEMPERATURECANDIDATESTRUCTURALMATERIALSDUETOITSHIGHMELTINGPOINT1450?C,LOWDENSITYUPTO4G/CM3,HIGHELASTICMODULUS160–180GPAANDHIGHCREEPSTRENGTHUPTO900?C1–4ONEOFTHEMAJORLIMITATIONSTOTHEIRSTRUCTURALAPPLICATIONSISLACKOFDUCTILITYATAMBIENTTEMPERATURETHESEALLOYSAREALSODIFFICULTTOBEPROCESSEDBYCONVENTIONALMANUFACTURINGROUTESSUCHASFORGING,ROLLINGANDWELDING5THEDISADVANTAGEOFTHECONVENTIONALCASTINGTECHNOLOGIESFORTIALCOMPONENTSISITSCOARSEASCASTMICROSTRUCTURETHATLEADSTOTHEPOORROOMTEMPERATUREMECHANICALPROPERTIESONTHEOTHERHAND,METALLURGICALDEFECTSSUCHASPOROSITYANDSHRINKAGEAREINEVITABLEDURINGTHECONVENTIONALSLOWCOOLINGSOLIDIFICATIONPROCESSTHESHAPEANDTHEDIMENSIONOFTHEPRODUCTSWEREALSORESTRICTEDBYTHESERIOUSTHERMALSTRESSINDUCEDCASTINGCRACKINGDEFECTSDUETOITSLOWDUCTILITYALTHOUGHFAIRLYGOODCOMPONENTSCOULDBEFABRICATEDBYCONVENTIONALCASTINGPROCESS,ITISRELATIVELYTOOCOSTLYANDTIMECONSUMINGSOMEOTHERMANUFACTURINGANDPROCESSINGROUTESSUCHASSPARKPLASMASINTERINGSPS6,7,SEMISOLIDFORMINGFROMBLENDEDELEMENTALPOWDERS8,REACTIVEFOILMETALLURGY9ANDLASERENGINEEREDNETSHAPINGLENS10HAVELONGBEENRESEARCHEDINORDERTOFABRICATEHIGHQUALITYTIALALLOYCOMPONENTSCONVENIENTLYUNFORTUNATELY,THENITROGENANDOXYGENCONTENTSAREINEVITABLYENHANCEDDURINGTHOSEPOWDERMETALLURGICALPROCESSES,FURTHERDETERIORATINGDUCTILITYOFTHETIALALLOYSLASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONLMDISARAPIDSOLIDIFICATIONMATERIALADDITIVELAYEREDMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGYFORBUILDINGCOMPONENTSFROMACOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCADMODEL11DURINGTHELMDPROCESS,THEMOTIONOFTHEHIGHPOWERLASERBEAMISCONTROLLEDBYCNCSYSTEM,WHICHWASDEVELOPEDFROMTHECADMODELOFADESIREDCOMPONENTTHEMETALPOWDERSWEREINJECTEDINTOTHELASERFOCALZONEANDCONTINUOUSLYMELTFROMAPOWDERSDELIVERYNOZZLESUCCESSIVELAYERSARETHENSTACKEDTOPRODUCETHENEARNETSHAPECOMPONENTSWITHFULLDENSITYANDEXTREMELYFINERAPIDLYSOLIDIFIEDMICROSTRUCTUREDUETOTHEHIGHSOLIDIFICATIONCOOLINGRATEANYCOMPLICATEDSHAPESANDTHEDIMENSIONOFTHENEARNETSHAPECOMPONENTSCOULDBECONVENIENTLYPRODUCEDBYTHELMDADDITIVELAYEREDMANUFACTURINGMANNERFROMTHECADFILESINTHEPRESENTSTUDY,TI–47AL–25V–1CRANDTI–40AL–2CRATINTERMETALLICALLOYSWASSUCCESSFULLYFABRICATEDBYTHELASERMELTINGDEPOSITIONMANUFACTURINGPROCESSMICROSTRUCTUREOFTHEASDEPOSITEDANDHEATTREATEDSPECIMENWASINVESTIGATEDVICKERSHARDNESSANDROOMTEMPERATURETENSILEPROPERTYOFTHEASDEPOSITEDSPECIMENSONTHELONGITUDINALDIRECTIONWASEVALUATEDANDTHETENSILEFRACTURESURFACEANDSUBSURFACEWERECHARACTERIZED02613069/SEEFRONTMATTERCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2009PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMATDES200910045CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL861082317102FAX861082338131EMAILADDRESSQUHUAPENG0926163COMHPQUMATERIALSANDDESIGN3120102201–2210CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTMATERIALSANDDESIGNJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MATDESPRESSURESHIELDEDTHEMELTPOOLFROMOXIDATIONANDTHEOXYGENCONTENTINTHECHAMBERISLESSTHAN100PPMTHELMDPROCESSINGPARAMETERSARELASERBEAMPOWER1500W,BEAMDIAMETER5MM,BEAMSCANNINGSPEED5MM/S,SINGLELAYERDEPOSITIONTHICKNESS02–03MM,POWDERDELIVERYRATE4–55G/MININTHISWORK,TI–47AL–25V–CRANDTI–40AL–2CRPOWDERSWITHANOXYGENCONTENTLESSTHAN01WTWASPRODUCEDBYVACUUMNONCONTACTINGPLASMAMELTINGARGONATOMIZATIONPROCESSTHEASCASTTI–6AL–2ZR–MO–1VANDTI–47AL–25V–CRALLOYINGOTWASMECHANICALLYPROCESSEDTOTHESHAPEOFTHINROBWITHTHEDIAMETERSOFABOUT10MMANDTHENMELTEDINAVACUUMNONCONTRACTINGPLASMAMELTINGFURNACETHROUGHASPECIFICALLYDESIGNEDNOZZLEULTIMATELY,THEMOLTENALLOYINTHENOZZLEWASRAPIDLYSOLIDIFIEDUNDERTHEHIGHSPEEDANDPURITYARFLOWTOTHEFORMOF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簡介：EXPERIMENTALRESEARCHONSEISMICBEHAVIOROFABNORMALJOINTINREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMEABSTRACTBASEDONNINEPLANEABNORMALJOINTS,ONESPACEABNORMALJOINTEXPERIMENTANDAPSEUDODYNAMICTESTOFAPOWERPLANTMODEL,THEWORKMECHANISMANDTHEHYSTERETICCHARACTERISTICOFABNORMALJOINTAREPUTTOANALYSISINTHISPAPERACONCEPTIONOFMINORCOREDETERMINEDBYTHESMALLBEAMANDSMALLCOLUMN,ANDACONCLUSIONTHATTHESHEARCAPACITYOFAB2NORMALJOINTDEPENDSONMINORCOREAREPUTFORWARDINTHISPAPERTHISPAPERALSOANALYZESTHEEFFECTSOFAXIALCOMPRES2SION,HORIZONTALSTIRRUPSANDSECTIONVARIATIONOFBEAMANDCOLUMNONTHESHEARBEHAVIOROFABNORMALJOINTFINALLY,THEFORMULAOFSHEARCAPACITYFORABNORMALJOINTINREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMEISPROVIDEDKEYWORDSABNORMALJOINTMINORCORESEISMICBEHAVIORSHEARCAPACITYCLCNUMBERTU3754TU3171DOCUMENTCODEAARTICLEID100627930200602201682101INTRODUCTIONFORREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMESTRUCTURE,THEJOINTISAKEYCOMPONENTITISSUBJECTEDTOAXIALCOMPRESSION,BENDINGMOMENTANDSHEARFORCETHEKEYISWHETHERTHEJOINTHASENOUGHSHEARCAPACI2TYTHECHINESECODEFORSEISMICDESIGNOFBUILDINGSGB5001122001ADOPTSTHEFOLLOWINGFORMULATOCALCULATETHESHEARCAPACITYOFTHEREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAMEJOINTVJ11ΗJFTBJHJ005ΗJNBJBCFYVASVJHB0A′SS1WHEREVJDESIGNVALUEOFTHESEISMICSHEARCAPACITYOFTHEJOINTCORESECTIONΗJINFLUENTIALCOEFFICIENTOFTHEORTHOGONALBEAMTOTHECOLUMNFTDESIGNVALUEOFCONCRETETENSILESTRENGTHBJEFFECTIVEWIDTHOFTHEJOINTCORESECTIONHJDEPTHOFTHEJOINTCORESECTION,WHICHCANBEADOPTEDASTHEDEPTHOFTHECOLUMNSECTIONINTHEVERIFICATIONDIRECTIONNDESIGNVALUEOFAXIALCOMPRESSIONATTHEBOTTOMOFUPPERCOLUMNWITHCONSIDERINGTHECOMBI2NATIONOFTHEEARTHQUAKEACTION,WHENN015FCBCHC,LETN05FCBCHCBCWIDTHOFTHECOLUMNSECTIONFYVDESIGNVALUEOFTHESTIRRUPTENSILESTRENGTHASVJTOTALSTIRRUPAREAINASETMAKINGUPONELAYERHB0EFFECTIVEDEPTHOFTHEBEAMIFTHEDEPTHOFTWOBEAMSATTHESIDEOFTHEJOINTISUNEQUAL,HB0THEAVERAGEDEPTHOFTWOBEAMSA′SDISTANCEFROMTHECENTROIDOFTHECOMPRESSIONBEAMSTEELBARTOTHEEXTREMECONCRETEFIBERSDISTANCEOFTHESTIRRUPEQ1ISBASEDONTHEFORMULAINTHEPREVIOUSSEISMICCODE1ANDSOMEMODIFICATIONSMADEEAVLICRANDITISSUIT2ABLETOTHENORMALJOINTOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEFRAME,BUTNOTTOTHEABNORMALONEWHICHHASLARGEDIFFERENTINTHESECTIONOFTHEUPPERCOLUMNANDLOWERONE3600MMAND1200MM,LEFTBEAMANDRIGHTBEAM1800MMAND1200MMTHESHEARCAPACITYOFABNORMALJOINTSCALCULAT2EDBYEQ1MAYCAUSESOMEUNSAFERESULTSATYPEOFAB2NORMALJOINTWHICHOFTENEXISTSINTHEPOWERPLANTSTRUC2TUREISDISCUSSEDSEEFIG1,ANDITSBEHAVIORWASSTUD2IEDBASEDONTHEEXPERIMENTINTHISPAPERBONDGRADUALLYPERMEATEDTOWARDSTHEINTERNALCORE,ENHANCINGTHEBURDENOFTHEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARMECHANISMANDACCELERATESTHECOMPRESSIONFAILUREOFCONCRETEFIG4SHOWSTHEPHOTOSOFTYPICALDAMAGEDJOINTSAPSEUDODYNAMICTESTOFSPACEMODELOFPOWERPLANTSTRUCTUREWASCARRIEDOUTTORESEARCHTHEWORKINGBEHAVIOROFTHEABNORMALJOINTSINRE2ALSTRUCTUREANDTHESEISMICBEHAVIOROFSTRUCTUREFIG5SHOWSTHEPHOTOOFMODELTHETESTINCLUDESTWOSTEPSTHEFIRSTISTHEPSEUDODYNAMICTESTATTHISSTEP,EL2CENTROWAVEISINPUTANDTHEPEAKACCELERATIONVARIESFROM50GALTO1200GALTHESEISMICRESPONSEISMEASUREDTHESECONDISTHEPSEUDOSTATICTESTTHELOADINGCAN’TSTOPUNTILTHEMODELFAILSFIG7MINORCORETHEEXPERIMENTSHOWSTHATTHEDISTRIBUTIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHECRACKISINFLUENCEDBYTHERESTRICTIVEEFFECTOFTHEORTHOGONALBEAM,ANDTHECRACKOFJOINTCOREMAINLYDISTRIBUTESUNDERTHEORTHOGONALBEAMSEEFIG6,WHICHISDIFFERENTFROMTHERESULTOFTHEPLANEJOINTTEST,BUTSIMILARTOJ421033ANALYSISOFTESTRESULTS331MECHANICALANALYSISINTHEEXPERIMENT,THELOCATIONOFTHEINITIALCRACKOFTHEEXTERIORJOINTANDTHECRUSHEDPOSITIONOFCONCRETEBOTHAPPEARINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEJOINTCORE,ANDTHEPOSITIONISNEARTHECENTERLINEOFTHEUPPERCOL2UMNTHEINITIALCRACKANDCRUSHEDPOSITIONOFTHECONCRETEOFTHEINTERIORJOINTBOTHAPPEARINTHEMI2NORCORESEEFIG4,FIG7FORINTERIORABNORMALJOINTTHECRACKDOESN’TAPPEARORDEVELOPINTHEMA2JORCOREOUTSIDEOFTHEMINORCOREUNTILTHOROUGHCRACKINGTAKESPLACE,WHILETHECRACKSELDOMAPPEARSINTHESHADOWREGIONSEEFIG7ASTHEJOINTFAILSTHEREFORE,FORABNORMALJOINT,THESHEARCAPACITYOFTHEJOINTCOREDEPENDSONTHEPROPERTIESOFTHEMINORCORE,NAMELY,ONTHESTRENGTHGRADESOFCONCRETE,THESIZEANDTHEREINFORCEMENTOFTHEMINORCORE,GETTHEEFFECTOFTHEMAJORCOREDIMENSIONCAN’TBENEGLECTEDMECHANICALEFFECTSARETHESAMEWILLTHATOFTHENORMALJOINT,WHENTHEFORCESTRANSFERTOTHEMI2NORCORETHROUGHCOLUMNANDBEAMANDREINFORCEMENTBARTHEREFORE,THEWORKINGMECHANISMSOFNOR2MALJOINT,INCLUDINGTRUSSMECHANISM,DIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARMECHANISMANDRESTRICTIVEMECHANISMOFSTIRRUP,AREALSOSUITABLEFORMINORCOREOFTHEABNORMALJOINT,BUTTHEIRWORKINGCHARACTERISTICISNOTSYMMETRICALWHENTHELOADREVERSESFIG8ILLUSTRATESTHEWORKINGMECHANISMOFTHEABNORMALJOINTWHENTHELOADTRANSFERTOMINORCORE,THEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARAREAOFMINORCOREISBIGGERTHANNORMALJOINTCORE2COMPOSEDBYSMALLCOLUMNANDSMALLBEAMOFABNORMALJOINT,WHICHISDUETOTHECOMPRESSIVESTRESSDIFFUSIONOFCONCRETECOMPRESSIVEREGIONOFTHEBEAMANDCOLUMN,WHILEATTHESAMETIMETHECOMPRESSIONCARRIEDBYTHEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARBECOMESLARGEBECAUSETHEMAINPARTOFBONDFORCEOFCOLUMNANDBEAMISADDEDTOTHEDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARBUTCONTRASTINGWITHTHEINCREASEDAREAOFDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBAR,THEINCREASEDACTIONISSMALLTHEREGIONINTHEMAJORCOREBUTOUTOFTHEMINORCOREHASLESSSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONANDFEWERCRACKSTHEREGIONCANCONFINETHEEXPANSIONOFTHECONCRETEOFTHEMINORCOREDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBARCONCRETE,WHICHENHANCESTHECONCRETECOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHOFMINORCOREDIAGONALCOMPRESSIONBAR

簡介：CHANGINGROLESOFTHECLIENTS,ARCHITECTSANDCONTRACTORSTHROUGHBIMRIZALSEBASTIANTNOBUILTENVIRONMENTANDGEOSCIENCES,DELFT,THENETHERLANDSABSTRACTPURPOSE–THISPAPERAIMSTOPRESENTAGENERALREVIEWOFTHEPRACTICALIMPLICATIONSOFBUILDINGINFORMATIONMODELLINGBIMBASEDONLITERATUREANDCASESTUDIESITSEEKSTOADDRESSTHENECESSITYFORAPPLYINGBIMANDREORGANISINGTHEPROCESSESANDROLESINHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTSTHISTYPEOFPROJECTISCOMPLEXDUETOCOMPLICATEDFUNCTIONALANDTECHNICALREQUIREMENTS,DECISIONMAKINGINVOLVINGALARGENUMBEROFSTAKEHOLDERS,ANDLONGTERMDEVELOPMENTPROCESSESDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–THROUGHDESKRESEARCHANDREFERRINGTOTHEONGOINGEUROPEANRESEARCHPROJECTINPRO,THEFRAMEWORKFORINTEGRATEDCOLLABORATIONANDTHEUSEOFBIMAREANALYSEDTHROUGHSEVERALREALCASES,THECHANGINGROLESOFCLIENTS,ARCHITECTS,ANDCONTRACTORSTHROUGHBIMAPPLICATIONAREINVESTIGATEDFINDINGS–ONEOFTHEMAINFINDINGSISTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEMAINFACTORSFORASUCCESSFULCOLLABORATIONUSINGBIM,WHICHCANBERECOGNISEDAS“POWER”PRODUCTINFORMATIONSHARINGP,ORGANISATIONALROLESSYNERGYO,WORKPROCESSESCOORDINATIONW,ENVIRONMENTFORTEAMWORKE,ANDREFERENCEDATACONSOLIDATIONRFURTHERMORE,ITISALSOFOUNDTHATTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFBIMINHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTSISSTILLLIMITEDDUETOCERTAINCOMMERCIALANDLEGALBARRIERS,ASWELLASTHEFACTTHATINTEGRATEDCOLLABORATIONHASNOTYETBEENEMBEDDEDINTHEREALESTATESTRATEGIESOFHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONSORIGINALITY/VALUE–THISPAPERCONTRIBUTESTOTHEACTUALDISCUSSIONINSCIENCEANDPRACTICEONTHECHANGINGROLESANDPROCESSESTHATAREREQUIREDTODEVELOPANDOPERATESUSTAINABLEBUILDINGSWITHTHESUPPORTOFINTEGRATEDICTFRAMEWORKSANDTOOLSITPRESENTSTHESTATEOFTHEARTOFEUROPEANRESEARCHPROJECTSANDSOMEOFTHEFIRSTREALCASESOFBIMAPPLICATIONINHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTSKEYWORDSEUROPE,HOSPITALS,THENETHERLANDS,CONSTRUCTIONWORKS,RESPONSEFLEXIBILITY,PROJECTPLANNINGPAPERTYPEGENERALREVIEW1INTRODUCTIONHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTS,AREOFKEYIMPORTANCE,ANDINVOLVESIGNIFICANTINVESTMENT,ANDUSUALLYTAKEALONGTERMDEVELOPMENTPERIODHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTSAREALSOVERYCOMPLEXDUETOTHECOMPLICATEDREQUIREMENTSREGARDINGHYGIENE,SAFETY,SPECIALEQUIPMENTS,ANDHANDLINGOFALARGEAMOUNTOFDATATHEBUILDINGPROCESSISVERYDYNAMICANDCOMPRISESITERATIVEPHASESANDINTERMEDIATECHANGESMANYACTORSWITHSHIFTINGAGENDAS,ROLESANDRESPONSIBILITIESAREACTIVELYINVOLVED,SUCHASTHEHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONS,NATIONALANDLOCALGOVERNMENTS,PROJECTDEVELOPERS,FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS,ARCHITECTS,CONTRACTORS,ADVISORS,FACILITYMANAGERS,ANDEQUIPMENTMANUFACTURERSANDSUPPLIERSSUCHBUILDINGPROJECTSAREVERYMUCHINFLUENCED,BYTHEHEALTHCAREPOLICY,WHICHCHANGESRAPIDLYINRESPONSETOTHEMEDICAL,SOCIETALANDTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTS,ANDVARIESGREATLYBETWEENCOUNTRIESWORLDHEALTHORGANIZATION,2000INTHENETHERLANDS,FOREXAMPLE,THEWAYABUILDINGPROJECTINTHETHECURRENTISSUEANDFULLTEXTARCHIVEOFTHISJOURNALISAVAILABLEATWWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM/09699988HTMECAM18,2176RECEIVEDJANUARY2010ACCEPTEDFEBRUARY2010ENGINEERING,CONSTRUCTIONANDARCHITECTURALMANAGEMENTVOL18NO2,2011PP176187QEMERALDGROUPPUBLISHINGLIMITED09699988DOI101108/096999811111111482008,NEWLEGISLATIONONTHEMANAGEMENTOFHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTSANDREALESTATEHASCOMEINTOFORCEINTHISNEWLEGISLATION,APERMITFORHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTUNDERTHEWTZIISNOLONGEROBLIGATORY,NOROBTAINABLEDUTCHMINISTRYOFHEALTH,WELFAREANDSPORT,2008THISCHANGEALLOWSMOREFREEDOMFROMTHESTATEDIRECTEDPOLICY,ANDRESPECTIVELY,ALLOCATESMORERESPONSIBILITIESTOTHEHEALTHCAREORGANISATIONSTODEALWITHTHEFINANCINGANDMANAGEMENTOFTHEIRREALESTATETHENEWPOLICYIMPLIESTHATTHEHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONSAREFULLYRESPONSIBLETOMANAGEANDFINANCETHEIRBUILDINGPROJECTSANDREALESTATETHEGOVERNMENT’SSUPPORTFORTHECOSTSOFHEALTHCAREFACILITIESWILLNOLONGERBEGIVENSEPARATELY,BUTWILLBEINCLUDEDINTHEFEEFORHEALTHCARESERVICESTHISMEANSTHATHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONSMUSTEARNBACKTHEIRINVESTMENTONREALESTATETHROUGHTHEIRSERVICESTHISNEWPOLICYINTENDSTOSTIMULATESUSTAINABLEINNOVATIONSINTHEDESIGN,PROCUREMENTANDMANAGEMENTOFHEALTHCAREBUILDINGS,WHICHWILLCONTRIBUTETOEFFECTIVEANDEFFICIENTPRIMARYHEALTHCARESERVICESTHENEWSTRATEGYFORBUILDINGPROJECTSANDREALESTATEMANAGEMENTENDORSESANINTEGRATEDCOLLABORATIONAPPROACHINORDERTOASSURETHESUSTAINABILITYDURINGCONSTRUCTION,USE,ANDMAINTENANCE,THEENDUSERS,FACILITYMANAGERS,CONTRACTORSANDSPECIALISTCONTRACTORSNEEDTOBEINVOLVEDINTHEPLANNINGANDDESIGNPROCESSESTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHENEWSTRATEGYAREREFLECTEDINTHECHANGINGROLESOFTHEBUILDINGACTORSANDINTHENEWPROCUREMENTMETHODINTHETRADITIONALPROCUREMENTMETHOD,THEDESIGN,ANDITSDETAILS,AREDEVELOPEDBYTHEARCHITECT,ANDDESIGNENGINEERSTHEN,THECLIENTTHEHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONSENDSANAPPLICATIONTOTHEMINISTRYOFHEALTHTOOBTAINANAPPROVALONTHEBUILDINGPERMITANDTHEFINANCIALSUPPORTFROMTHEGOVERNMENTFOLLOWINGTHIS,ACONTRACTORISSELECTEDTHROUGHATENDERPROCESSTHATEMPHASISESTHESEARCHFORTHELOWESTPRICEBIDDERDURINGTHECONSTRUCTIONPERIOD,CHANGESOFTENTAKEPLACEDUETOCONSTRUCTABILITYPROBLEMSOFTHEDESIGNANDNEWREQUIREMENTSFROMTHECLIENTBECAUSEOFTHEHIGHLEVELOFTECHNICALCOMPLEXITY,ANDMOREOVER,DECISIONMAKINGCOMPLEXITIES,THEWHOLEPROCESSFROMINITIATIONUNTILDELIVERYOFAHOSPITALBUILDINGPROJECTCANTAKEUPTOTENYEARSTIMEAFTERTHEDELIVERY,THEHEALTHCAREINSTITUTIONISFULLYINCHARGEOFTHEOPERATIONOFTHEFACILITIESREDESIGNSANDCHANGESALSOTAKEPLACEINTHEUSEPHASETOCOPEWITHNEWFUNCTIONSANDDEVELOPMENTSINTHEMEDICALWORLDVANREEDTDORTLAND,2009THEINTEGRATEDPROCUREMENTPICTURESANEWCONTRACTUALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEPARTIESINVOLVEDINABUILDINGPROJECTINSTEADOFARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECLIENTANDARCHITECTFORDESIGN,ANDTHECLIENTANDCONTRACTORFORCONSTRUCTION,INANINTEGRATEDPROCUREMENTTHECLIENTONLYHOLDSACONTRACTUALRELATIONSHIPWITHTHEMAINPARTYTHATISRESPONSIBLEFORBOTHDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONJOINTCONTRACTSTRIBUNAL,2007THETRADITIONALBORDERSBETWEENTASKSANDOCCUPATIONALGROUPSBECOMEBLURREDSINCEARCHITECTS,CONSULTINGFIRMS,CONTRACTORS,SUBCONTRACTORS,ANDSUPPLIERSALLSTANDONTHESUPPLYSIDEINTHEBUILDINGPROCESSWHILETHECLIENTONTHEDEMANDSIDESUCHCONFIGURATIONPUTSTHEARCHITECT,ENGINEERANDCONTRACTORINAVERYDIFFERENTPOSITIONTHATINFLUENCESNOTONLYTHEIRROLES,BUTALSOTHEIRRESPONSIBILITIES,TASKSANDCOMMUNICATIONWITHTHECLIENT,THEUSERS,THETEAMANDOTHERSTAKEHOLDERSTHETRANSITIONFROMTRADITIONALTOINTEGRATEDPROCUREMENTMETHODREQUIRESASHIFTOFMINDSETOFTHEPARTIESONBOTHTHEDEMANDANDSUPPLYSIDESITISESSENTIALFORTHECLIENTANDCONTRACTORTOHAVEAFAIRANDOPENCOLLABORATIONINWHICHBOTHCANOPTIMALLYUSETHEIRCOMPETENCIESTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFINTEGRATEDCOLLABORATIONISALSODETERMINEDBYTHECLIENT’SCAPACITYANDSTRATEGYTOORGANIZEINNOVATIVETENDERINGPROCEDURESSEBASTIANETAL,2009ECAM18,2178

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻及譯文1英文原文REHABILITATIONOFRECTANGULARSIMPLYSUPPORTEDRCBEAMSWITHSHEARDEFICIENCIESUSINGCFRPCOMPOSITESAHMEDKHALIFAA,,ANTONIONANNIBADEPARTMENTOFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFALEXANDRIA,ALEXANDRIA21544,EGYPTBDEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFMISSOURIATROLLA,ROLLA,MO65409,USARECEIVED28APRIL1999RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM30OCTOBER2001ACCEPTED10JANUARY2002ABSTRACTTHEPRESENTSTUDYEXAMINESTHESHEARPERFORMANCEANDMODESOFFAILUREOFRECTANGULARSIMPLYSUPPORTEDREINFORCEDCONCRETERCBEAMSDESIGNEDWITHSHEARDEFICIENCIESTHESEMEMBERSWERESTRENGTHENEDWITHEXTERNALLYBONDEDCARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERCFRPSHEETSANDEVALUATEDINTHELABORATORYTHEEXPERIMENTALPROGRAMCONSISTEDOFTWELVEFULLSCALERCBEAMSTESTEDTOFAILINSHEARTHEVARIABLESINVESTIGATEDWITHINTHISPROGRAMINCLUDEDSTEELSTIRRUPS,ANDTHESHEARSPANTOEFFECTIVEDEPTHRATIO,ASWELLASAMOUNTANDDISTRIBUTIONOFCFRPTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSINDICATEDTHATTHECONTRIBUTIONOFEXTERNALLYBONDEDCFRPTOTHESHEARCAPACITYWASSIGNIFICANTTHESHEARCAPACITYWASALSOSHOWNTOBEDEPENDENTUPONTHEVARIABLESINVESTIGATEDTESTRESULTSWEREUSEDTOVALIDATEASHEARDESIGNAPPROACH,WHICHSHOWEDCONSERVATIVEANDACCEPTABLEPREDICTIONS2002ELSEVIERSCIENCELTD○CALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSREHABILITATIONSHEARCARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMER1INTRODUCTIONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERFRPCOMPOSITESYSTEMS,COMPOSEDOFFIBERSEMBEDDEDINAPOLYMERICMATRIX,CANBEUSEDFORSHEARSTRENGTHENINGOFREINFORCEDCONCRETERCMEMBERS1–7MANYEXISTINGRCBEAMSAREDEFICIENTANDINNEEDOFSTRENGTHENINGTHESHEARFAILUREOFANRCBEAMISCLEARLYDIFFERENTFROMITSFLEXURALFAILUREINSHEAR,THEBEAMFAILSSUDDENLYWITHOUTSUFFICIENTWARNINGANDDIAGONALSHEARCRACKSARECONSIDERABLYWIDERTHANTHEFLEXURALCRACKS8THEOBJECTIVESOFTHISPROGRAMWERETO畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻及譯文3THEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFTHEMATERIALSUSEDFORMANUFACTURINGTHETESTSPECIMENSARELISTEDINTABLE1FABRICATIONOFTHESPECIMENSINCLUDINGSURFACEPREPARATIONANDCFRPINSTALLATIONISDESCRIBEDELSEWHERE10TABLE122STRENGTHENINGSCHEMESONESPECIMENFROMEACHSERIESSW31,SW41,SO31ANDSO41WASLEFTWITHOUTSTRENGTHENINGASACONTROLSPECIMEN,WHEREASEIGHTBEAMSPECIMENSWERESTRENGTHENEDWITHEXTERNALLYBONDEDCFRPSHEETSFOLLOWINGTHREEDIFFERENTSCHEMESASILLUSTRATEDINFIG2INSERIESSW3,SPECIMENSW32WASSTRENGTHENEDWITHTWOCFRPPLIESHAVINGPERPENDICULARFIBERDIRECTIONS90°/0°THEFIRSTPLYWASATTACHEDINTHEFORMOFCONTINUOUSUWRAPWITHTHEFIBERDIRECTIONORIENTEDPERPENDICULARTOTHELONGITUDINALAXISOFTHESPECIMEN90°THESECONDPLYWASBONDEDONTHETWOSIDESOFTHESPECIMENWITHTHEFIBERDIRECTIONPARALLELTOTHEBEAMAXIS（0°）THISPLYIE0°PLYWASSELECTEDTOINVESTIGATETHEIMPACTOFADDITIONALHORIZONTALRESTRAINTONSHEARSTRENGTHINSERIESSW4,SPECIMENSW42WASSTRENGTHENEDWITHTWOCFRPPLIESHAVINGPERPENDICULARFIBERDIRECTION90°/0°ASFORSPECIMENSW32FOURBEAMSPECIMENSWERESTRENGTHENEDINSERIESSO3SPECIMENSO32WASSTRENGTHENEDWITHONEPLYCFRPSTRIPSINTHEFORMOFUWRAPWITH90°FIBERORIENTATIONTHESTRIPWIDTHWAS50MMWITHCENTERTOCENTERSPACINGOF125MMSPECIMENSO33WASSTRENGTHENEDINAMANNERSIMILARTOTHATOFSPECIMENSO32,BUT

簡介：1文獻綜述1引言沖壓模具是沖壓生產(chǎn)必不可少的工藝裝備，是技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品。沖壓件的質(zhì)量、生產(chǎn)效率以及生產(chǎn)成本等，與模具設(shè)計和制造有直接關(guān)系。模具設(shè)計與制造技術(shù)水平的高低，是衡量一個國家產(chǎn)品制造水平高低的重要標(biāo)志之一，在很大程度上決定著產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、效益和新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)能力。2005年2008年，我國沖壓模具產(chǎn)品均出口較大幅度的增長。2009年在全球高壓鍋爐管市場總需求量下降的情況下，國際采購商通過國內(nèi)某網(wǎng)站采購沖壓模具的數(shù)量仍逆勢上揚。我國沖壓模具的國際競爭力正在不斷提升。根據(jù)我國海關(guān)統(tǒng)計資料顯示，2005年2008年，我國沖壓模具產(chǎn)品均出口較大幅度的增長。2008年，即使遭受全球金融危機，我們沖壓模具出口金額達411億美元，比2007年的326億美元增長了26。另外，2009年在全球高壓鍋爐管市場總需求量下降的情況下，國際采購商通過國內(nèi)某網(wǎng)站采購沖壓模具的數(shù)量仍逆勢上揚。從全年采購情況來看，總體趨于上漲的趨勢。其中，2009年下半年回暖明顯，國際采購商借此網(wǎng)站采購頻次約616頻次，比上半年的288頻次增長了114％。雖然近年來我國模具行業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，但是離國內(nèi)的需要和國際水平還有很大的差距。差距較大主要表現(xiàn)在（1）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度低。（2）模具制造精度低、周期長。解決這些問題主要體現(xiàn)在模具設(shè)計上，故改善模具設(shè)計的水平成為拉近差距的關(guān)鍵性問題。若要很好的設(shè)計出一副沖壓模具，就必須去了解沖壓模具的歷史、現(xiàn)狀以及發(fā)展趨勢。2主體21沖壓模具的發(fā)展歷史我國考古發(fā)現(xiàn)，早在2000多年前，我國已有沖壓模具被用于制造銅器，證明了中國古代沖壓成型和沖壓模具方面的成就就在世界領(lǐng)先。1953年，長春第一汽車制造廠在中國首次建立了沖模車間，該廠于1958年開始制造汽車覆蓋件模具。我國于20世紀(jì)60年代開始生產(chǎn)精沖模具。在走過了溫長的發(fā)展道路之后，目前我國已形成了300多億元（未包括港、澳、臺的統(tǒng)計數(shù)字，下同）各類沖壓模具的生產(chǎn)能力。浙江寧波3色列公司的DIMATRON，還引進了BUTODBD、DBTIB等軟件及法國MARTADARAVISION公司用于汽車及覆蓋件模具的EUCLIDIS等專用軟件。國內(nèi)汽車覆蓋件模具生產(chǎn)企業(yè)普遍采用了DBD/DBM技術(shù)。DL圖的設(shè)計和模具結(jié)構(gòu)圖的設(shè)計均已實現(xiàn)二維DBD，多數(shù)企業(yè)已經(jīng)向三維過渡，總圖生產(chǎn)逐步代替零件圖生產(chǎn)。且模具的參數(shù)化設(shè)計也開始走向少數(shù)模具廠家技術(shù)開發(fā)的領(lǐng)域。在沖壓成型DBE軟件方面，除了引進的軟件外，華中科技大學(xué)、吉林大學(xué)、湖南大學(xué)等都已研發(fā)了較高水平的具有自主知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的軟件，并已在生產(chǎn)實踐中得到成功應(yīng)用，產(chǎn)生了良好的效益?？焖僭停≧P）與傳統(tǒng)的快速經(jīng)濟模具相結(jié)合，快速制造大型汽車覆蓋件模具，解決了原來低熔點合金模具靠樣件澆鑄模具，模具精度低、制件精度低，樣件制作難等問題，實現(xiàn)了以三維DBD模型作為制模依據(jù)的快速模具制造，并且保證了制件的精度，為汽車行業(yè)新車型的開發(fā)、車身快速試制提供了覆蓋件制作的保證，它標(biāo)志著RPM應(yīng)用于汽車車身大型覆蓋件試制模具已取得了成功。圍繞著汽車車身試制、大型覆蓋件模具的快速制造，今年來也涌現(xiàn)出一些新的快速成型方法，例如目前已開始在生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用俄無模多點成型及激光沖擊和電磁成型等技術(shù)。它們都表現(xiàn)出了降低成本、提高效率等優(yōu)點。（2）模具設(shè)計與制造能力狀況在國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的正確引導(dǎo)下，經(jīng)過幾十年努力，現(xiàn)在我國沖壓模具的設(shè)計與制造能力已達到較高水平，包括信息工程和虛擬技術(shù)等許多現(xiàn)代設(shè)計制造技術(shù)已在很多模具企業(yè)得到應(yīng)用。雖然如此，我國的沖壓模具設(shè)計制造能力與市場需要和國際先進水平相比仍有較大差距。這些主要表現(xiàn)在高檔轎車和大中型汽車覆蓋件模具及高精度沖模方面，無論在設(shè)計還是加工工藝和能力反面，都有較大差距。轎車覆蓋件模具，具有設(shè)計和制造難度大，質(zhì)量和精度要求高的特點，可代表覆蓋件模具的水平。雖然在設(shè)計制造方面和手段方面已基本達到了國際水平，模具結(jié)構(gòu)功能方面也接近國際水平，在轎車模具國產(chǎn)化進程中前進了一大步，但在制造質(zhì)量、進度、制造周期等方面，與國外相比還存在一定的差距。標(biāo)志沖模技術(shù)先進水平的多工位級進模和多功能模具，是我國重點發(fā)展的精密模具品種。有代表性的是集機電一體化的鐵芯精密自動閥片多功能模具，已基本達到國際水平。但總體上和國外多工位級進模相比，在制造精度、使用壽命、模具結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上，仍存在一定差距。汽車覆蓋件模具制造技術(shù)正在不斷地提高和完善，高精度、高效益加工設(shè)備的使用越來越廣泛。高性能的五軸高速銑床和三軸的高速銑床的應(yīng)用已越來越多。ND、DND技術(shù)的應(yīng)用越來越成熟，可以進行傾角加工和超精加工。這些都提高了模具型面加工精度，提高了模具的質(zhì)量，縮短了模具的制造周期。模具表面強化技術(shù)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。工藝成熟、無污染、成本