工程外文翻譯---政策主要機(jī)構(gòu)的影響

1、<p>　　XXXX畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　附件：1.外文資料翻譯譯文（約3000漢字）；</p><p>　　2.外文資料原文(與課題相關(guān)的1萬(wàn)印刷符號(hào)左右)。</p><p><b>　　政策主要機(jī)構(gòu)的影響</b></p><p>　　多部門(mén)中多個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)的能力建設(shè)，無(wú)論是在政府和非政

2、府領(lǐng)域都是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。發(fā)但是展道路的安全，只能由國(guó)家提供，政治承諾（見(jiàn)專(zhuān)欄1.2）。根據(jù)觀(guān)察，現(xiàn)在有足夠證據(jù)表明，在沒(méi)有政府的干預(yù)或者取代時(shí)，自由市場(chǎng)機(jī)制能夠提供更大的安全保障。</p><p><b>　　政府的作用</b></p><p>　　古往今來(lái)，大多數(shù)交通發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家，交通運(yùn)輸?shù)陌踩徒煌ň斓牟渴鸲际菍儆谡块T(mén)的監(jiān)管范圍。司法，衛(wèi)生，規(guī)劃和教育等重要領(lǐng)

3、域政府部門(mén)也富有監(jiān)管的責(zé)任。但是，在某些情況下，車(chē)輛安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只能由由行業(yè)主管部門(mén)特別處理。</p><p>　　在政府如何處理道路安全問(wèn)題上，決策部門(mén)總結(jié)以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)得出結(jié)論，在許多情況下，行車(chē)安全的體制基本上已經(jīng)支離破碎，并且缺乏一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，從而導(dǎo)致了道路安全所產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題在其他利益的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)下被忽略了。</p><p>　　一些國(guó)家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，減少交通傷害有一個(gè)行之有效策略，就是設(shè)立一個(gè)

4、獨(dú)立的政府機(jī)構(gòu)，如果能夠給予它一定的權(quán)力和預(yù)算，那么在計(jì)劃和實(shí)施政府制定的方案時(shí)取得好效果的機(jī)會(huì)較大。但是畢竟“獨(dú)立”的交通安全機(jī)構(gòu)的例子是少見(jiàn)的。然而，在20世紀(jì)60年代，瑞典和美國(guó)就曾經(jīng)建立了交通安全機(jī)構(gòu)，在一個(gè)相對(duì)較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)，他的地位是凌駕于主要的交通部門(mén)之上的。他的主要職責(zé)是負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督交通政策的實(shí)施。</p><p>　　瑞典道路安全辦公室（SRSO）成立于60年代后期，其職能是負(fù)責(zé)道路交通安全。雖然它缺

5、乏顯著的權(quán)力和充足的資源，但是在其影響下，道路死亡人數(shù)在1970年到1980年間不斷地減少。1993年，瑞典道路安全辦公室（SRSO）與資源信息更豐富的瑞典國(guó)家公路路政管理（SNRA）合并，主要負(fù)責(zé)道路的運(yùn)輸和通訊部，給予道路更加安全的通訊政策和適時(shí)的道路交通信息。</p><p>　　在美國(guó)，針對(duì)交通意外事故傷亡人數(shù)急劇上升的情況 ，1970年公路安全法建立了交通安全機(jī)構(gòu)—美國(guó)國(guó)家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA

6、）。國(guó)家公路交通安全管理局交付了第一套完善的車(chē)輛安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范，并鼓勵(lì)建立有關(guān)交通安全的戰(zhàn)略新思維。該機(jī)構(gòu)責(zé)任是減少機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)事故造成的人員傷亡和經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。它旨在通過(guò)制定和執(zhí)行安全政策，發(fā)揮設(shè)備的安全性能，并及時(shí)的給國(guó)家和當(dāng)?shù)卣峁┭a(bǔ)助金，使他們能夠進(jìn)行有效的地方道路安全計(jì)劃措施。美國(guó)國(guó)家公路交通安全管理局（NHTSA）通過(guò)調(diào)查機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)輛的安全缺陷，幫助各州和地方社區(qū)，解決醉酒駕駛造成的威脅處理問(wèn)題，促進(jìn)汽車(chē)安全帶的使用，鼓勵(lì)設(shè)置兒童安全座椅

7、和安全氣囊。與此同時(shí)，美國(guó)國(guó)家公路交通安全局還提供了有關(guān)汽車(chē)安全的課題，要求進(jìn)行消費(fèi)者安全使用信息的培訓(xùn)。國(guó)家公路交通安全管理局還不斷地進(jìn)行交通安全和駕駛行為的研究。</p><p>　　我們一般會(huì)優(yōu)先選擇一個(gè)獨(dú)立的機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)道路安全，因?yàn)檫@樣會(huì)增加道路安全的可能性。同時(shí)，我們還應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到強(qiáng)有力的政治支持和其他機(jī)構(gòu)的行動(dòng)也是必不可少的，只有這樣才能實(shí)現(xiàn)交通安全的重大的變化。如果僅僅通過(guò)設(shè)置一個(gè)獨(dú)立的機(jī)構(gòu)，用以協(xié)調(diào)

8、交通安全，那是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，那么還有一個(gè)辦法就是豐富現(xiàn)有道路交通安全課程的內(nèi)容，并且積極開(kāi)展這方面的培訓(xùn)，賦予政府的運(yùn)輸部門(mén)更大的權(quán)力。</p><p>　　我們可以從一個(gè)疆域遼闊的國(guó)家，了解一些關(guān)于交通安全方面的實(shí)施經(jīng)驗(yàn)，當(dāng)然不難總結(jié)出這樣一個(gè)道理，不管是什么組織結(jié)構(gòu)，重要的是負(fù)責(zé)道路安全方面的領(lǐng)頭政府組織，應(yīng)明確界定其具體職責(zé)和在交通安全協(xié)調(diào)中所扮演的角色。</p><p><b&

9、gt;　　議會(huì)委員會(huì)的成立</b></p><p>　　全世界的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，有效的道路安全政策也可以產(chǎn)生出議會(huì)委員會(huì)，并將最終的成果致力于全體議會(huì)成員的共同努力。</p><p>　　80年代初，澳大利亞的新南威爾士州州議會(huì)常設(shè)委員會(huì)來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)道路交通的安全，引進(jìn)并全面實(shí)施隨機(jī)呼氣測(cè)試系統(tǒng)，這一舉措使現(xiàn)在的死亡人數(shù)降低了20％，據(jù)調(diào)查，90％的人都支持這一措施。此前，在鄰近的維多利亞

10、州，政治行動(dòng)和一個(gè)議會(huì)委員會(huì)的報(bào)告相結(jié)合產(chǎn)生了世界上的前座椅安全帶，并且把強(qiáng)制使用政策進(jìn)行了第一次立法管理。維多利亞州的這一法律規(guī)定于1971年正式開(kāi)始生效，在該年年底，汽車(chē)乘員死亡人數(shù)就已經(jīng)下降了18％，而到1975年人數(shù)下降到26％。聯(lián)合小組的成員主要包括立法會(huì)議員和專(zhuān)業(yè)人士。他們的工作為道路交通安全作出了寶貴的貢獻(xiàn)。在20世紀(jì)80年代的英國(guó)，一個(gè)國(guó)會(huì)議員跨黨聯(lián)盟與有關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)人士聚集一堂形成了一個(gè)非政府組織，命名為運(yùn)輸安全會(huì)議咨詢(xún)理事

11、會(huì)（PACTS）。第一次會(huì)議取得了圓滿(mǎn)的成功，基于強(qiáng)烈的證據(jù)，并且參考前有使用安全帶通過(guò)的法例規(guī)定，精選出了新的道路安全政策。PACTS借鑒了以前的主張，并最終實(shí)施了進(jìn)一步的措施，包括速度限制和后排座椅安全帶的使用介紹。合理的制度環(huán)境必須建立在道路預(yù)防傷害上，專(zhuān)業(yè)人員和決策者，都應(yīng)該相互鼓勵(lì)，執(zhí)行立法機(jī)關(guān)的規(guī)定，提供一個(gè)刺激和有效的反應(yīng)制度。更重要的是，立法機(jī)</p><p>　　哥倫比亞的波哥大致力于減少交通事

12、故</p><p>　　波哥大，哥倫比亞的首都，一個(gè)擁有七百萬(wàn)居住人口的大城市，經(jīng)過(guò)了1995到2002這八年時(shí)間，不斷地?cái)U(kuò)大實(shí)施政策的范圍，減少了道路交通事故的致命傷害和由于外因而引起的非致命傷害。因而在2002年里，與交通相關(guān)的死亡的數(shù)量與1995年相比幾乎下跌了一半，即從1995年的1387起到2002年到697起。</p><p>　　第一項(xiàng)政策措施是設(shè)定暴力和罪行的一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的數(shù)據(jù)

13、系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)是由法醫(yī)學(xué)和科學(xué)學(xué)院設(shè)計(jì)的，用于收集暴力和交通引起的死亡資料，特別是碰撞。在波哥大，通過(guò)使用對(duì)公路交通崩潰數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)，有關(guān)傷害流行病學(xué)監(jiān)視的部門(mén)委員會(huì)，根據(jù)外在因素制定了一套公眾期待的減少交通事故的數(shù)量的法律法規(guī)，這些政策法規(guī)不僅改善了城市附近交通的流動(dòng)性而且增加了汽車(chē)駕駛員的安全系數(shù)。</p><p>　　提高執(zhí)法性能和圖像交警的使用</p><p>　　2000年在許多情況

14、下，誰(shuí)未能執(zhí)行交通法規(guī)的警察，都被替換。這之前，大多數(shù)的警察都是由于貪污被替換的。次年，調(diào)節(jié)流量和執(zhí)行規(guī)則的責(zé)任移交給了首都警察，其中超過(guò)1000名交警和500名輔助交通員進(jìn)行了職責(zé)分配。這種警察部隊(duì)現(xiàn)在有一個(gè)正面的公眾形象，集中管理和執(zhí)行交通紀(jì)律。探員一旦采取行動(dòng)舞弊被發(fā)現(xiàn)將給予解雇處分。</p><p>　　自1996年以來(lái)，進(jìn)行抽查醉酒駕駛。司機(jī)未能通過(guò)測(cè)試的車(chē)輛將被扣押美元并罰款150元。媒體將密切關(guān)注事

15、故黑點(diǎn)，并且在周末也把高速攝影機(jī)設(shè)置在城市的主要道路上，對(duì)過(guò)往的車(chē)輛進(jìn)行檢查。</p><p>　　1998年，哥倫比亞國(guó)立大學(xué)受委托進(jìn)行了交通事故的研究。根據(jù)他們的調(diào)查結(jié)果，政府決定進(jìn)一步增加道路安全的措施，包括公路，人行道和人行天橋建設(shè)。該研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)個(gè)人的行為可以增加交通傷害的危險(xiǎn)，由此制定了交通安全的公民教育課程。</p><p><b>　　改變?nèi)说男袨?lt;/b>

16、;</p><p>　　該市市長(zhǎng)推出的這個(gè)計(jì)劃，旨在改變?nèi)藗冊(cè)隈R路上的行為。主要措施包括佩戴安全帶和觀(guān)察行人過(guò)街。雖然公路法已列入這些規(guī)則，人們也普遍意識(shí)到它們，但是大多數(shù)人沒(méi)有遵守他們，這與當(dāng)局未能強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行這些措施有關(guān)。</p><p>　　在節(jié)目中，默劇廣泛應(yīng)用于整個(gè)波哥大的網(wǎng)站中。利用公眾的手語(yǔ)節(jié)目，工作啞劇演員向司機(jī)指出，他們沒(méi)有戴安全帶，引導(dǎo)行人過(guò)路處。起初，只是警告，司機(jī)會(huì)被告

17、知要改變他們的行為。如果這次失敗，交通警將進(jìn)來(lái)，司機(jī)需要遞交罰款，并且忍受?chē)^(guān)者指責(zé)的掌聲。如今，已有95％的司機(jī)已開(kāi)始遵守這些規(guī)則。</p><p>　　行人專(zhuān)用區(qū)的空間轉(zhuǎn)換</p><p>　　自1996年以來(lái)，采取先進(jìn)的措施可以使行人從街頭商販和季節(jié)性供應(yīng)商的領(lǐng)域安全離開(kāi)。大型公共場(chǎng)所已將公共場(chǎng)所或停車(chē)場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)換為行人專(zhuān)用區(qū)，并且興建了新的人行道和人行天橋。</p><

18、;p>　　除交警，政府當(dāng)局在其波哥大，雇用了約有500名受過(guò)交通規(guī)則訓(xùn)練的導(dǎo)游，講述急救，安全防范措施和詳細(xì)的城市布局的措施。他們的任務(wù)是鼓勵(lì)行人注意在公共道路上的安全。</p><p><b>　　集體運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用</b></p><p>　　一個(gè)新的大眾運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)，不僅改善城市交通和流動(dòng)性，但也降低了其路線(xiàn)沿交通傷害的人數(shù)。隨著基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的發(fā)展，行人和其他

19、道路使用者的安全得到不斷提高。周邊地區(qū)也進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)，使用了更好的照明和其他設(shè)備，以使系統(tǒng)更安全，友好，高效。</p><p>　　The key organizations influencing policy development </p><p>　　The construction of multisectoral institutional capacity, both in t

20、he governmental and non-governmental spheres, is a key to developing road safety,and can only be delivered by a national,political commitment (see Box 1.2).As wesemann observes, there is sufficient evidence to show that

21、free-market mechanisms are no substitute for government intervention when it comes to providing greater safety(71).</p><p>　　The role of government</p><p>　　Historically, in most highly-motorize

22、d countries, governmental responsibilities for traffic safety policy fall within the transport ministry or the police department. Other government departments such as those of justice, health, planning and education may

23、also have responsibilities for key areas. In some instances, vehicle safety standards are handled by the department (or ministry) of industry.</p><p>　　Trinca et al .- in their historical analysis of how gov

24、ernments have dealt with road safety - conclude that in many cases the institutional arrangements for traffic safety have been fragmentary and lacking a strong lead, and that road safety interests have been submerged by

25、other competing interests.</p><p>　　The experience of several countries indicates that effective strategies for reducing traffic injury have a greater chance of being applied if there is a separate governmen

26、t agency with the power and the budget to plan and implement its programme(34).Examples of "stand-alone" traffic safety agencies are limited. However, in the 1960s, Sweden and the United States created traffic

27、safety bodies, separate from the main transport departments, that oversaw the implementation, in a relatively short per</p><p>　　The Swedish Road Safety Office(SRSO) was established in the late 1960s, with r

28、esponsibility for road safety. Though it lacked significant powers or resources, the number of road deaths between 1970 and the mid-1980s was reduced each year. In 1993, the SRSO merged with the more powerful and better-

29、resourced Swedish National Road Administration(SNRA), to which the ministry of transport and communications delegated full responsibility for road safety policy.</p><p>　　In the United States - against a bac

30、kground of sharply rising road casualties - the Highway Safety Act of 1970 created a traffic safety agency, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA). NHTSA delivered the first set of vehicle safety stand

31、ards and encouraged a new way of thinking about traffic safety strategy. The agency is responsible for reducing deaths, injuries and economic losses resulting from motor vehicle crashes. It aims to accomplish this by set

32、ting and enforcing safet</p><p>　　While giving responsibility for road safety to a stand-alone agency is likely to increase the priority given to road safety, strong political support and actions from other

33、agencies are essential to bring about major changes(72). If the establishment of a stand-alone agency to coordinate activity is not possible, then an alternative is to strengthen the existing road safety unit, giving it

34、greater powers within the government transport ministry(34).</p><p>　　The experience from a wide rang of countries is that, whatever the organizational structure, it is important that the lead governmental o

35、rganization for road safety should be clearly defined,with its specific responsibilities and coordinating roles set out (66,72). </p><p>　　Parliamentary committees </p><p>　　Experience worldwid

36、e demonstrates that effective road safety policies can also arise out of the efforts of informed and committed members of parliament.</p><p>　　In the Australian state of New South Wales in the early 1980s, t

37、he Parliamentary Standing Committee on Road Safety was responsible for the introduction and full implementation of random breath testing, which led to a 20% reduction in deaths and- according to surveys - was supported b

38、y over 90% of people. Earlier, in the neighbouring state of Victoria, political action and a report by a parliamentary committee had led to the world's first legislation on the compulsory use of front seat-belts. The

39、</p><p>　　Joint groups comprising legislators and professionals can also make a valuable contribution. In the United Kingdom in the 1980s, for example, a cross-party coalition of members of parliament came t

40、ogether with concerned professionals and non-governmental organizations to form the Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety (PACTS). The first success of the Council-which campaigned strongly for road safety

41、policy to be based on evidence- was in having legislation passed for front seat-bel</p><p>　　A sympathetic institutional climate needs to be built up where the mutual encouragement of road injury prevention

42、professionals and policy-makers-both in the executive and the legislature-can provide a stimulus and effective response. </p><p><b>　　BOX1.2</b></p><p>　　Reducing traffic fatalities

43、in Bogota, Colombia</p><p>　　Over an eight-year period from 1995 to 2002,the Colombia capital,Bogota,with a population of seven million,Implemented a rang of policies to reduce fatal and non-fatal injuries f

44、rom extemal causes. As a result, the number of traffic-related deaths fell over the period by almost a half-from 1387 in 1995 to 697 in 2002.</p><p>　　The first measure was to set up a unified data system on

45、 violence and crime, designed by the institute of Forensic Medicine and Science to gather data on deaths from violence,and in particular from traffic crashes. Using the statistics on road traffic crashes in Bogota,the in

46、teragency Committee for Epidemiological Surveillance of accidents, improving mobility around the city and increasing the safety of road users.</p><p>　　Improving the performance and Image of traffic police&l

47、t;/p><p>　　The following year,2000 traffic police who had failed to enforce traffic regulations and, in many cases, were guilty of corruption were replaced. Responsibility for regulating traffic and enforcing r

48、ules was transferred to the Metropolitan Police,which assigned more than 1000 officers and 500 auxiliaries to traffic duties. This police force now has a positive public image and concentrates exclusively on enforcing tr

49、affic discipline. Officers found acting corruptly are dismissed.</p><p>　　Since 1996,spot checks have been carried out for drunken. Drivers failing the test have their vehicles impounded and are fined around

50、 US﹩150. The media are closely involved with these checks, conducted on weekends at crash black spots Speed cameras have also been set up on the city's main roads.</p><p>　　In 1998,the Colombian National

51、 University was commissioned to carry out research into traffic crashes. Based on their findings, further decisions to increase road safety were taken, including the construction of highways, pavements and pedestrian bri

52、dges. The study also identified individual behaviour that increased the risk of traffic injuries, and from this drew up civic education programmes on traffic safety.</p><p>　　Attempts to change behavlour <

53、;/p><p>　　One of these programmes, launched by the city's mayor, was aimed at changing people's behaviour on the roads. Measures promoted included the wearing of safety belts and observing pedestrian cr

54、ossing. While the Highway Code already included these rules and people were generally aware of them, most people had failed to observe them and the authorities had generally failed to enforce them.</p><p>　　

55、In the programme, mime was used on numerous sites throughout Bogota. The mime actors working for the programme used sign language to point out to drivers that they were not wearing seat-belts, or that they had failed to

56、give way at pedestrian crossings. At first, drivers were simply warned and told to change their behaviour. If this failed, a traffic policeman stepped in and handed out a fine, to the applause of onlookers. Nowadays, ove

57、r 95% of drivers have been found to observe these rules.</p><p>　　Converting space into pedestrian areas</p><p>　　Since 1996, radical steps have been taken to win back areas from street traders

58、and seasonal vendors. Large public spaces that had been taken over by vendors or vehicles have been converted into pedestrian areas, with new pavements and pedestrian bridges constructed.</p><p>　　In additio

59、n to the traffic police, the administration employs some 500 guides in its Bogota Mission programme-young people trained in traffic regulations, first aid, preventive safety measures and the detailed layout of the city.

60、Their task is to encourage safe behaviour on public roads.</p><p>　　Mass transport system</p><p>　　A new mass transport system, known as the transmilenio, has not only improved urban transport a

61、nd mobility, but has also reduced the number of traffic injuries along its routes, with the construction of infrastructure to ensure the safety of pedestrians and other road users. Surrounding areas have also been improv