外文翻譯----審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)內(nèi)控的審計(jì)意見(jiàn)對(duì)貸款決策的影響

1、<p><b>　?、?外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　外文翻譯之一</b></p><p>　　The E?ect of Auditors’ Internal Control Opinions on Loan Decisions（節(jié)選）</p><p>　　Auditor：Arnold Schne

2、ider , Bryan K</p><p>　　Nationality：The U.S.</p><p>　　Derivation：Journal of Accounting and Public Policy[J], 2008（P.1－18）</p><p><b>　?。≒.1－3）</b></p><p><

3、;b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　We examine the e?ect of internal control reports on lending o?cers’ assessments of a company’s creditworthiness. We suggest that an adverse internal control opinion can un

4、dermine the assurance provided by an unquali?ed opinion on ?nancial statements taken as a whole and have a negative a?ect on lenders’ assessments. In addition, we investigate whether auditor size plays a role in determin

5、ing the e?ect on lenders’ judgments. We gather data from 111 loan o?cers and ?nd that their judgments are a?e</p><p>　　are presented fairly in conformance with generally accepted accounting principles.</p

6、><p>　　Introduction </p><p>　　This paper reports the results of an experiment designed to examine the e?ect of internal control reports on bank loan o?cers’ assessments of a company’s creditworthin

7、ess. According to Section 404 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX), the auditor must attest to,and report on, management’s assessment of the e?ectiveness of internal control over ?nancial reporting. If the system includes one

8、 or more material weaknesses, management may not conclude that internal control is e?ective, and the auditor must</p><p>　　Notwithstanding the regulatory mandate, the need for reporting on internal control e

9、?ectiveness, attested by the auditor, is debatable. Generally Accepted Auditing Standards require the auditor to obtain a su?cient understanding of internal control as part of every engagement. Such an understanding is n

10、ecessary to properly plan and conduct an audit (e.g., the mix of tests of controls and substantive tests). Furthermore, the auditor can issue an unquali?ed opinion on ?nancial statements even if a</p><p>　　T

11、he current study investigates bank loan o?cers’ reaction to internal control reports. We study bank loan o?cers because this group of users routinely analyzes ?nancial data and has an inherent interest in the reliability

12、 of such data. Moreover, the e?ect of credit decisions in the marketplace is far reaching. Because bank loan o?cers are knowledgeable users of ?nancial statements, the ?ndings of this study may generalize to other sophis

13、ticated user groups.</p><p>　　We conduct an experimental study to investigate whether the disclosure of internal control weaknesses has a negative e?ect on bank loan o?cers’ assessments of risk and, in turn,

14、the likelihood of granting a loan. The use of an experimental approach allows us to completely control the information that is available to participants. We are able to control for factors that can create challenges for

15、archival researchers, including concurrent information disclosure, ?rm-speci?c characteristics, and sel</p><p>　　We carefully craft two cases in which the auditor’s opinion on internal controls is the only d

16、i?erence in the information presented. Archival ?ndings are mixed as to the e?ect of internal control disclosures on the cost of equity. Ashbaugh-Skaife et al. (2007b) suggest that the disclosure of internal control weak

17、nesses is associated with a higher cost of equity. Ogneva et al. (2007) ?nd that, after controlling for ?rm-speci?c characteristics, the disclosure of internal control weaknesses is not </p><p>　　In our expe

18、rimental study, we manipulate the auditor’s opinion on internal control (unquali?ed versus adverse), but in all cases the auditor expresses an unquali?ed opinion on ?nancial statements.The manipulation allows us to deter

19、mine whether internal control weaknesses undermine the assurance provided by an unquali?ed audit opinion on ?nancial statements taken as a whole.</p><p>　　審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)內(nèi)控的審計(jì)意見(jiàn)對(duì)貸款決策的影響（節(jié)選）</p><p>　　作者：Ar

20、nold Schneider , Bryan K</p><p>　　國(guó)籍：The U.S.</p><p>　　原文出處：會(huì)計(jì)與公共政策雜志[J], 2008（P.1－18）</p><p><b>　?。≒.1-3）</b></p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><

21、;p>　　我們測(cè)試了內(nèi)部控制報(bào)告對(duì)貸款人員評(píng)價(jià)一家公司信譽(yù)的影響。我們認(rèn)為，一個(gè)否定的內(nèi)控審計(jì)意見(jiàn)會(huì)削弱企業(yè)的信用保證（該信用保證是由對(duì)整個(gè)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的無(wú)保留意見(jiàn)帶來(lái)的），并且對(duì)貸款機(jī)構(gòu)的信用評(píng)價(jià)產(chǎn)生副面影響。另外，我們觀察審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的規(guī)模大小是否對(duì)貸款機(jī)構(gòu)的判斷有影響。我們收集了111家貸款機(jī)構(gòu)并發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的判斷受內(nèi)控有效性審計(jì)報(bào)告的影響。與收到無(wú)保留意見(jiàn)相比，當(dāng)一家公司收到內(nèi)控審計(jì)的否定意見(jiàn)時(shí)，貸款機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)擴(kuò)大信用額度的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)以及擴(kuò)

22、大額度的可能性都會(huì)受到不利影響。我們沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何證據(jù)表明這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：因?yàn)槭撬拇髮徲?jì)機(jī)構(gòu)出具的審計(jì)意見(jiàn)而弱化了這種影響。另外的分析表明：對(duì)內(nèi)控的否定意見(jiàn)削弱了貸款決策中資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表和利潤(rùn)表的重要性，并且削弱了貨款機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告是在公共會(huì)計(jì)原則基礎(chǔ)上編制出來(lái)的信心。</p><p><b>　　導(dǎo)論</b></p><p>　　本文呈報(bào)了一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果，該實(shí)驗(yàn)被設(shè)計(jì)用

23、來(lái)檢測(cè)內(nèi)控報(bào)告對(duì)銀行貸款人員評(píng)價(jià)一家公司信譽(yù)的影響。根據(jù)《薩班斯法案》第404條，審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)必須</p><p>　　證實(shí)并報(bào)告管理層如何評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)控對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的效用。如果內(nèi)控系統(tǒng)存在一項(xiàng)或更多項(xiàng)重大缺陷，管理層就可能因此得不出內(nèi)控有效的結(jié)論，而此時(shí)審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)必須出示否定意見(jiàn)（美國(guó)公眾公司會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督委員會(huì), 2004）</p><p>　　雖然說(shuō)是一項(xiàng)管理任務(wù)，但報(bào)告經(jīng)審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)證實(shí)的內(nèi)控效用的必要性

24、還存在爭(zhēng)議。公認(rèn)審計(jì)準(zhǔn)則要求審計(jì)師對(duì)內(nèi)部控制有著充分的理解，這是必備知識(shí)的一部分。比如，深刻理解內(nèi)控對(duì)正確計(jì)劃和實(shí)施審計(jì)是必須的（例如，控制測(cè)試和實(shí)質(zhì)性測(cè)試的測(cè)試組合）。而且，甚至在一家公司存在重大內(nèi)控缺陷時(shí)，審計(jì)師也可以對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表出具無(wú)保留審計(jì)意見(jiàn)。在不考慮一家公司的內(nèi)控效用時(shí)，審計(jì)師的審計(jì)報(bào)告提供了合理保證。甚至在審計(jì)師對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表出具無(wú)保留意見(jiàn)時(shí)，報(bào)表使用者也可以將對(duì)內(nèi)控的否定意見(jiàn)視為一項(xiàng)不利消息。威廉·麥克唐納（美國(guó)公眾

25、公司會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督委員會(huì)前主席）認(rèn)為，當(dāng)審計(jì)師對(duì)內(nèi)控出具否定意見(jiàn)并對(duì)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表表達(dá)明確意見(jiàn)時(shí)，市場(chǎng)會(huì)作何反應(yīng)還不清晰（CFO，2004）。少數(shù)檔案研究測(cè)驗(yàn)了內(nèi)控披露對(duì)股價(jià)的影響，大部分結(jié)果顯示市場(chǎng)會(huì)對(duì)報(bào)告中的重大缺陷作出副面反應(yīng)（例如，Whisenant 等，2003；De Franco等，2005；Cheng 等， 2007； Ashbaugh-Skaife 等，即將發(fā)表；Hammersley 等，即將發(fā)表）。</p><

26、p>　　目前的研究在觀察銀行貸款人員對(duì)內(nèi)控報(bào)告的反應(yīng)。我們之所以研究銀行貸款人員是因?yàn)檫@類人群要常規(guī)性地分析財(cái)務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)并對(duì)這些數(shù)據(jù)的可靠性有著天生的興趣。而且，信用決策在市場(chǎng)上的影響是深遠(yuǎn)的。因?yàn)殂y行貸款人員是財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的有效使用者，這項(xiàng)研究的成果也許可以推廣到其他復(fù)雜的用戶群體。</p><p>　　我們進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)性研究，用來(lái)觀察是否內(nèi)控缺陷的披露會(huì)對(duì)銀行貸款人員的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)以及（相反來(lái)說(shuō)）獲得一筆貸款的可

27、能性產(chǎn)生副面影響。實(shí)驗(yàn)方法的應(yīng)用使我們能夠完全控制參與者的可獲取信息。我們能夠?qū)σ恍┮蛩剡M(jìn)行控制，這些因素能夠?qū)n案研究者發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn)，包括非貨幣信息的披露，企業(yè)特點(diǎn)以及自我選擇。先前的研究（例如，Doyleet 等，2007a；Ashbaugh-Skaife 等， 2007a）發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分重大缺陷的披露都是在較弱公司里發(fā)生，并且都伴隨著重述，重組及其他壞消息。因?yàn)檫@些研究試圖去通過(guò)自我選擇控制程序來(lái)控制這類問(wèn)題，所以這些控制很可能是不充分的

28、。因此，一種實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法對(duì)于克服這些問(wèn)題極其有用。</p><p>　　我們仔細(xì)遴選了兩個(gè)案例，在案例中審計(jì)師對(duì)內(nèi)控的意見(jiàn)是現(xiàn)有信息中唯一不同的因素。檔案的調(diào)查分析發(fā)現(xiàn)了權(quán)益成本內(nèi)控披露的影響。Ashbaugh Skaife 等(2007b)認(rèn)為，重大內(nèi)控缺陷的披露與較高的權(quán)益成本相聯(lián)系。Ogneva等(2007)認(rèn)為，在控制企業(yè)特有特點(diǎn)之后，重大內(nèi)控缺陷的披露與權(quán)益成本無(wú)關(guān)。我們期望我們的研究能夠過(guò)一步弄清公司資